Investigates of substrate mingling ratio and organic loading rate of KOH pretreated corn stover and pig manure in batch and semi-continuous system:Anaerobic digestion performance and microbial characteristics

The effects of substrate mingling ratio(SMR)(1:1,1:2,1:3,3:1,and 2:1)and organic loading rate(OLR)(50-90 g total solids per liter per day)on anaerobic co-digestion performance and microbial characteristics were investigated for pig manure(PM)and pretreated/untreated corn stover in batch and semicontinuous anaerobic digestion(AD)system.The results showed that SMR and pretreatment affected co-digestion performance.The maximum cumulative methane yield of 428.5 ml·g^(-1)(based on volatile solids(VS))was obtained for PCP13,which was 35.7%and 40.0%higher than that of CSU and PM.In the first 5 days,the maximum methane yield improvement rate was 378.1%for PCP13.The daily methane yield per gram VS of PCP13 was 11.4%-18.5%higher than that of PC_(U)13.Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1,DMER64,and Bacteroides and Methanosaeta,Methanobacterium,and Methanospirillum had higher relative abundance at the genus level.Therefore,SMR and OLR are important factor affecting the AD process,and OLR can affect methane production through volatile fatty acids.

Performance of rotating drum biofilter for volatile organic compound removal at high organic loading rates

Uneven distribution of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and biomass, and excess biomass accumulation in some biofilters hinder the application of biofiltration technology. An innovative multilayer rotating drum biofilter （RDB） was developed to correct these problems. The RDB was operated at an empty bed contact time （EBCT） of 30 s and a rotational rate of 1.0 r/min. Diethyl ether was chosen as the model VOC. Performance of the RDB was evaluated at organic loading rates of 32,1, 64.2, 128, and 256 g ether/（m^3·h） （16.06 g ether/（m^3·h） ≈ 1.0 kg chemical oxygen demand （COD）/（m^3·d））. The EBCT and organic loading rates were recorded on the basis of the medium volume. Results show that the ether removal efficiency decreased with an increased VOC loading rate. Ether removal efficiencies exceeding 99% were achieved without biomass control even at a high VOC loading rate of 128 g ether/（m^3·h）. However, when the VOC loading rate was increased to 256 g ether/（m^3·h）, the average removal efficiency dropped to 43%. Nutrient limitation possibly contributed to the drop in ether removal efficiency. High biomass accumulation rate was also observed in the medium at the two higher ether loading rates, and removal of the excess biomass in the media was necessary to maintain stable performance. This work showed that the RDB is effective in the removal of diethyl ether from waste gas streams even at high organic loading rates. The results might help establish criteria for designing and operating RDBs.

Transformation and performance of granular sequence batch reactor under conventional organic loading rate condition

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the transformation and performance of a granular sequence batch reactor(SBR) under the conventional organic loading rate(OLR) condition.Aerobic granules were successfully cultivated in a SBR by means of alternative feeding load combined with reducing settling time after 60 d operational period.Subsequently,the black fungal granules were presented in reactor because of the filamentous overgrowth on the surface of aerobic granules.A small amount of fungal granules had no effect on the performance of granular SBR.Aerobic granules completely vanished and fungal granules eventually became the dominant species in subsequent 90 d operation after granulation.The three-dimensional excitation emission matrix(EEM) spectra result shows that the extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) component in both granules has no much difference,whereas the content of EPS in fungal granules is higher than that in bacterial granules.Due to their low bioactivity,the chemical oxidation demand(COD) and NH4-N removal efficiencies gradually decrease from 90.4%–96.5% and 99.5% to 71.8% and 32.9% respectively while the fungal granules become dominant in the SBR.

Application of Heterogenous Catalysis with TiO2 Photo Irradiated by Sunlight and Latter Activated Sludge System for the Reduction of Vinasse Organic Load

Vinasse is the main residue generated during alcohol, sugar and blue rum production by fermentation process. This residue is effluent that could cause serious environmental pollution due to high organic load when is not treated adequately. The aim of this work consists of evaluating the efficiency and application of heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO2, followed by a biological treatment (activated sludge system) to reduce organic load in the referred effluent. Complete factorial designs indicated the best experimental conditions subsequent to photacatalytic and biological treatments providing a reduction of non-purgeable organic carbon (NPOC) as a variable response. After the photocatalytic process, the sample from the best experiment condition was treated by a biological process in order to verify the degradation efficiency of the effluent organic matter studied according to the hybrid system (Advanced Oxidation Process—Acti- vated Sludge System). This system, which presented more efficiency, had a photochemical treatment of 180 minutes carried out in aerated solutions, pH 9 and effluent in natura, while the biological treatment was performed at pH 8 and sludge concentration of 5 gL–1. The reduction of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) was >80%.

Microbial community dynamics at high organic loading rates revealed by pyrosequencing during sugar refinery wastewater treatment in a UASB reactor

The performance and rnicrobial community structure in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor （UASB） treating sugar refinery wastewater were investigated. The chemical oxygen demand （COD） removal reached above 92.0% at organic loading rates （OLRs） of 12.0-54.0 kgCOD/（m^3· d）. The volatile lhtty acids （VFAs） in effluent were increased to 451.1 mg/L from 147.9 mg/L and the specific methane production rate improved by 1.2 2.2-1bid as the OLR increased. The evolution of microbial comnmnities in anaerobic sludge at three different OLRs was investigated using pyrosequencing. Operational taxonomic units （OTUs） at a 3% distance were 353,337 and 233 for OLRI2, OLR36 and OLR54, respectively. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD/（m^3· d） from 12.0 kgCOD/ （m^3· d） by stepwise, the microbial community structure were changed significantly. Five genera （Bacteroides, Trichococcus, Cho,seobacterium, Longilinea and Aerococcus） were the dominant fermentative bacteria at the OLR 12-0 kgCOD/（m^3· d）. However, the sample of OLR36 was dominated by Lacmcoccus, Trichococcus, Anaer-arcus and Veillonella. At the last stage （OLR = 54.0 kgCOD/ （m^3· d）, the diversity and percentage of femlentative bacteria were markedly increased. Apart from fermentative bacteria, an obvious shift was observed in hydrogen-producing acetogens and non- acetotrophic methanogens as OLR increased. Svntrophohacter, Geobacter and Methanomethylovor- ans were the dominant hydrogen-producing acetogens and methylotrophic methanogens in the samples of OLRI2 and OLR36. When the OLR was increased to 54.0 kgCOD/（m^3· d）, the mare hydrogen-producing acetogens and hydrogenotrophic methanogens were substituted with Destd/bvi- brio and Methanospillum. However, the composition of acetotrophic methanogens （Methanosaeta） was relatively stable during the whole operation period of the UASB reactor.

Variations in organic carbon loading of surface sediments from the shelf to the slope of the Chukchi Sea,Arctic Ocean

The content of organic carbon （OC） normalized to the specific surface area （SSA） of sediment is widely used to trace variations in OC loading （OC/SSA）. This study presents observations of OC/SSA of surface sediments collected in the Chukchi Sea, a typical Arctic marginal sea. Shelf sediments exhibit much higher OC/SSA values than slope sediments in the study area. Compared with OC/SSA values reported from the East Siberian Shelf and Mackenzie River, the slope sediments possess lower OC loading. This abrupt decrease in OC/SSA is mostly related to the lower primary production on slope as well as possible oxidization processes. The results of linear regression analysis between OC and SSA indicate a sedimentary source rock for the OC in the Chukchi Sea sediments. Moreover, shelf sediments with low SSA possess a larger rock OC fraction than slope sediments do. The dataset of the present study enables a more thorough understanding of regional OC cycling in the Chukchi Sea.

Using a biological aerated filter to treat mixed water-borne volatile organic compounds and assessing its emissions

A biological aerated filter （BAF） was evaluated as a fixed-biofilm process to remove water-borne volatile organic compounds （VOCs） from a multiple layer ceramic capacitor （MLCC） manufacturing plant in southern Taiwan. The components of VOC were identified to be toluene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, bromodichloromethane and isopropanol （IPA）. The full-scale BAF was constructed of two separate reactors in series, respectively, using 10- and 15-cm diameter polypropylene balls as the packing materials and a successful preliminary bench-scale experiment was performed to feasibility. Experimental results show that the BAF removed over 90% chemical oxygen demand （COD） from the influent with （1188 ± 605） mg/L of COD. A total organic loading of 2.76 kg biochemical oxygen demand （BOD）/（m3 packing·d） was determined for the packed bed, in which the flow pattern approached that of a mixed flow. A limited VOC concentration of （0.97 ± 0.29） ppmv （as methane） was emitted from the BAF system. Moreover, the emission rate of VOC was calculated using the proposed formula, based on an air-water mass equilibrium relationship, and compared to the simulated results obtained using the Water 9 model. Both estimation approaches of calculation and model simulation revealed that 0.1% IPA （0.0031-0.0037 kg/d） were aerated into a gaseous phase, and 30% to 40% （0.006-0.008 kg/d） of the toluene were aerated.

Anaerobic tapered fluidized bed reactor for starch wastewater treatment and modeling using multilayer perceptron neural network

treatability of synthetic sago wastewater was investigated in a laboratory anaerobic tapered fluidized bed reactor （ATFBR） with a mesoporous granular activated carbon （GAC） as a support material. The experimental protocol was defined to examine the effect of the maximum organic loading rate （OLR）, hydraulic retention time （HRT）, the efficiency of the reactor and to report on its steady- state performance. The reactor was subjected to a steady-state operation over a range of OLR up to 85.44 kg COD/（m^3·d）. The COD removal efficiency was found to be 92% in the reactor while the biogas produced in the digester reached 25.38 m^3/（m^3·d） of the reactor. With the increase of OLR from 83.7 kg COD/（m^3·d）, the COD removal efficiency decreased. Also an artificial neural network （ANN） model using multilayer perceptron （MLP） has been developed for a system of two input variable and five output dependent variables. For the training of the input-output data, the experimental values obtained have been used. The output parameters predicted have been found to be much closer to the corresponding experimental ones and the model was validated for 30% of the untrained data. The mean square error （MSE） was found to be only 0.0146.

Performance evaluation of up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket(UASB) reactor for treatment of paper mill wastewater

The present study deals with the performance evaluation of the UASB reactor under varied organic loading rate(OLR) for the treatment of paper mill wastewater. The sludge granulation process started after 120 days from the start-up period. Sludge granules size was found to be 0 8 mm at OLR of 1 72 kgCOD/(m 3·d), which reached maximum size of about 1 0 to 1 2 mm at OLR of 2 1 kgCOD/(m 3·d). At the end of initial OLR of 1 0 kgCOD/(m 3·d) the VSS concentration was 12 86 gVSS/L, which got increased to 38 05 gVSS/L at the end of an OLR 2 1 kgCOD/(m 3·d). Most of the times VFA recorded were well within the limit of VFA reported in anaerobic fermentation process. Many times the pH observed was between 6 5 and 7 8, which is more favorable for any anaerobic process. It is also found that pH within the reactor increases along with the height of reactor. The total maximum biogas production was found to be 0 40 L/gCOD removals at OLR of 2 1 kgCOD/(m 3·d) and the maximum BOD removal at this stage was observed to be 90%.

Performance of Wuxi WWTP in China

In Wuxi Wastewater Treatment Plant, the Anaerobic, anoxic and oxic (A2/O) process was employed to remove the nitrogen and phosphorus, which exhibited the positive results of the high removal efficiency for phosphorus with a range of 67.7% to 89.9% and an average value of 78.0. The effluent of phosphorus met the national discharge standard. The removal of TN was effected by both BOD variation of influent and wastewater temperature. TN removal was in the range of 28.5% to 55.8% with an average value of 39.4%. The energy cost was 0.15 kWh(m3d)-1 or 1.35 kWh(kgBOD@d)-1. The annual average sludge production was 46.3 m3d-1, the annual average dosage for the dewatering was 40 kg d-1 .

Three controllable factors of steady operation of EGSB reactor

The bench-scale EGSB (expanded granular sludge bed) reactor was operated to study the effect of sludge loading rate, pH value and nutrient element on the operation of the EGSB reactor and the control rule of these factors. Continuous flow was used to treat synthetic wastewater containing dextrose and beer, and the temperature of reactor was controlled at mesophiles temperature (33 ℃). The experimental results demonstrated that the proper sludge loading rate was 0.9-1.42 kg COD/(kg VSS·d); the pH value in the reactor was controlled by adding sodium bicarbonate, the proper additive quantity was 1000-1200 mg/L; the additive quantity of nutrient element was as follows: 41.3 mg/(SS·d) of FeCl2·4H2O, 4.3 mg/(SS·d) of CoCl2·6H2O, 8.2 mg/(SS·d) of NiCl2·6H2O, 7.5-13 mg/(SS·d) of CaCO3,and 56.7-22.7 mg/(SS·d) of 7Na2S·9H2O, respectively. When these parameters were properly determined, the EGSB reactor could treat wastewater with 400-5000 mg/L COD concentration. The COD removal efficiency was over 85%. The operation of the EGSB reactor was steady and the EGSB reactor had strong anti-shock load ability.

Treatment of Chinese traditional medicine wastewater in a submerged membrane bioreactor

A pilot scale test was conducted in a submerged membrane bioreactor SMBR with capacity of 10. 0 m^3/d for 120 days to treat high-strength Chinese traditional medicine wastewater. Performance of the SMBR was investigated with a sludge retention time （ TSR ） of 50 days, a hydraulic retention time （ THR ） of 8.0 h, membrane flux of 8. 0 IV（ m^2 · h） and dissolved oxygen （DO） concentration of 2. 0 - 3. 0 mg/L, respectively. It was observed that the SMBR had high capacity of COD and suspended solid （SS） removal. The influent COD concentration was fluctuated between I 000 and 5 000 mg/L, while the averaged effluent COl） concentration was only 44. 6 mg/L. The influent SS concentration was fluctuated between 1 000 and 1 600 mg/L, while little effluent SS was detected. It was found that the COD remove rate increased with mixed liquor suspended solids （MLSS） and organic loading rate （ROL）. In order to obtain good-quality effluent, the operational conditions of the SMBR were suggested as follows： the temperature was controlled above 10 ℃, MLSS about 7000 mg/L, R,L under 24. 76 kg/（ m^3 · d）, low vacuum value and constant water flux.

Development of Low Carbon Aquaculture System by Using Zeolite

Ammonia volatilization is a major process of N （nitrogen） loss that affects the environment. The best way of capturing volatilized ammonia-N could be using zeolite as a good ion exchange medium before it gets either volatilized or nitrified. Thus, captured ammonia-N could be used as a source of inorganic nitrogen in ponds to promote algal production without adding additional organic carbon and BOD （biochemical oxygen demand）. The zeolite used for the study was a commercially available zeolite, （CLINZEX） which was a fine powder （CEC （cation exchange capacity） 3.9-4 meq/g）. The experiment was conducted to assess the difference between manure loaded system and zeolite loaded system in terms of water quality, TAN （total ammoniacal nitrogen） release and algal productivity. The difference between the BOD values recorded in both the controls and treatments utilizing chicken manure as source of manure-N remained mostly above 10 ppm. Similarly, the difference between mean COD （chemical oxygen demand） values of control and treatment tanks always remained above 7 ppm. All the experimental tanks loaded with zeolite samples from chicken manure showed range of variation in TAN values （0.018-0.08 mg/1）. The range of values of chlorophyll a （1,029-5,150 mg/m~） recorded in the treatment tanks was higher than the values （54.6-1347 mg/m3） of chlorophyll a in the control tanks. F-test analysis done using highest mean values of BOD, COD, TAN and chlorophyll a showed a highly significant （P 〈 0.01） variation between the treatment and control tanks and at the same time no significant variation was found between time intervals.

Rgwo performances of submerged membrane bioreactor treating brewery wastewater: A laboratory study

Performances of submerged membrane bioreactor （SMBR） treating brewery wastewater were investigated in this study. With little variation of COD：TN：TP ratio （100：5：1） in influent, SMBR showed high removal efficiency （ 〉 90% ） for both COD and NH4^＋ - N, and it also showed a strong resistive ability for shock organics loading rate, evidenced by no obvious fluctuation for COD in the effluent when the organics loading rate suddenly increased from 0. 27 g/（ gMLSS · d） to 0. 54 g/（ gMLSS · d）. Comparatively different with the COD removal, TN and TP removal showed a strong correlation with the growth stage of the sludge in SMBR. When the sludge was in the multiplication stage, about 45% of TN was removed and an average removal efficiency of 30% for TP was also observed. However, when the activated sludge was in the steady stage, the removal efficiency for TN decreased to about 30% , whereas, the removal efficiency for TP was very low, and sometimes even below zero. The results of GC/MS indicated that the residual organic matters in the effluent were mainly alkyl hydrocarbon with high molecular weight, and coupling with the results of electroseopic scanning, it is speculated that biomass formed at external and internal membrane fibers played an important role for the removal of small organics.

Pre-treatment of mscanthus sinensis with Bacta-sile to aid anaerobic digestion

The investigation of the biodegradability and methane potential of bacterial pre-treated miscanthus sinensis has been carried out.One percent solution of Bacta-sile:A silage promoter was used to pre-treat miscanthus sinensis at 25℃.The anaerobic digestion experiments were carried out at 25℃ and 35℃ in batch experiments.The organic loading rates(OLR)varied between 1.25 g and 7 g in different batch reactors.The results showed that the highest methane concentration was 57% from digester 1 while the lowest methane produced was 38% from digester 3.The low methane production from digester 3 was attributed to temperature changes and poor organic loading rate.Bacterial pretreatment aided biodegradation of miscanthus at 25℃.Operating temperature of 25℃ had a great effect on digestion experiments resulting to longer required Hydraulic Retention Time(HRT).

Bioremediation and detoxification of real refinery oily sludge using mixed bacterial cells

Anaerobic biotreatment of real field petroleum refinery oily sludge(PROS)was investigated under using four different organic loads(OLs)in the order ofOL4>OL3>OL2>OL1,in bench-scale bioreactors.The bioremediation of raw PROS was carried out using mixed culture biocatalyst without chemicals addition or any type of pretreatment.The results revealed a potential performance of the used biocatalyst dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa(class:Gammaproteo)and Staphylococcus spp.(class:Bacilli)achieving significant removal of chemical oxygen demand(COD)and total petroleum hydrocarbons(TPH).The highest organic removal rate was recorded in OL4 followed by OL3,0L2,OL1,respectively indicating a positive relationship between the percentage removal of organics and their content.Maximum removal efficiencies of 96.7%and 90%were observed for COD and TPH,respectively in OL4 within 14 days only.Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)demonstrated that acenaph-thylene and phenanthrene exhibited the maximum removal efficiency(almost complete)among the 8-priority PAHs tested in this study.However,the overall degradation of PAHs in the oily sludge was 83.3%.

Application of high OLR-fed aerobic granules for the treatment of low-strength wastewater: Performance, granule morphology and microbial community

Aerobic granules, pre-cultivated at the organic loading rate （OLR） of 3.0 kg COD/（m3 ·day）, were used to treat low-strength wastewater in two sequencing batch reactors at low OLRs of 1.2 and 0.6 kg COD/（m3 ·day）, respectively. Reactor performance, evolution of granule morphology, structure and microbial community at low OLRs under long-term operation （130 days） were investigated. Results showed that low OLRs did not cause significant damage to granule structure as a dominant granule morphology with size over 540 μm was maintained throughout the operation. Aerobic granules at sizes of about 750 μm were finally obtained at the low OLRs. The granule reactors operated at low OLRs demonstrated effective COD and ammonia removals （above 90%）, smaller granule sizes and less biomass. The contents of extracellular polymeric substances in the granules were decreased while the ratios of exopolysaccharide/exoprotein were increased （above 1.0）. The granules cultivated at the low OLRs showed a smoother surface and more compact structure than the seeded granules. A significant shift in microbial community was observed but the microbial diversity remained relatively stable. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy observation showed that the live cells were spread throughout the whole granule, while the dead cells were mainly concentrated in the outer layer of the granule, and the proteins, polysaccharides and lipids were mainly located in the central regime of the granule. In conclusion, granules cultivated at high OLRs show potential for treating low-strength organic wastewater steadily under long-term operation.

Comparative investigations on pilot-scale anaerobic digestion of food waste at 30℃and 35℃

Parallel pilot-scale anaerobic digestion systems were conducted to evaluate the influence of system temperatures(30℃and 35℃)on digestion performance,greenhouse gas control and economic efficiency.Biogas productions(6.64-12.96 m3/d)and methane yields(0.46-0.61 m3/kg VS)of 35℃digestion system were significantly higher than those of 30℃digestion system with the organic loading rate(OLR)of 2.0-4.5 kg VS/m3·d.Two regression equations of methane yields with increasing OLRs were fitted at 30℃and 35℃to predict the methane production of practical food waste(FW)digestion plants.By analyzing process stability,the optimal operating OLRs of 35℃digestion system(4.0 kg VS/m3·d)was found to be higher than that of 30℃digestion system(3.0 kg VS/m3·d),indicating that the 35℃digestion system had better processing capacity.The greenhouse gas emission under corresponding optimal operating OLR of 35℃digestion system was also calculated to be better than that of 30℃digestion system.Even the system temperature of 30℃was found to be more suitable for the digestion where OLR was less than 3.0 kg VS/m3·d,a higher operational temperature of 35℃was still a better choice for conventional high-solid digestion.

Anaerobic treatment of fresh leachate from a municipal solid waste incinerator by upflow blanket filter reactor

This paper describes the feasibility of fresh leachate treatment by an upflow blanket filter(UBF).Through dilution and partial effluent recycling,the organic loading rates increased from 0.51 to 14.56 kg COD/(m^(3)·d),meanwhile the corresponding hydraulic retention time decreased from 9.0 to 3.6 d.The reactor was able to achieve steady-state within 80 d.Based on the distribution of COD fluxes in the process,it was concluded that anabolism was the main pathway of COD removal in the initial phase(1–33 d),accounting for 57%–85%of total COD removed.As the anaerobic consortium of bacteria reached steady-state(after 70–86 d),the majority of COD removed was transformed into methane,because the specific methane yield was close to the theoretical value(0.36 L CH4/(g CODdeg)).

Pollutant removal from municipal wastewater employing baffled subsurface flow and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetlands

This article reports pollutant removal performances of baffled subsurface flow, and integrated surface flow-floating treatment wetland units, when arranged in series for the treatment of municipal wastewater in Bangladesh. The wetland units （of the hybrid system） included organic, inorganic media, and were planted with nineteen types of macrophytes. The wetland train was operated under hydraulic loading fluctuation and seasonal variation. The performance analyses （across the wetland units） illustrated simultaneous denitrification and organics removal rates in the first stage vertical flow wetland, due to organic carbon leaching from the employed organic media. Higher mean organics removal rates （656.0 g COD]（m2.day）） did not completely inhibit nitrification in the first stage vertical flow system; such pattern could be linked to effective utilization of the trapped oxygen, as the flow was directed throughout the media by the baffle walls. Second stage horizontal flow wetland showed enhanced biodegradable organics removal, which depleted organic carbon availability for denitrification. The final stage integrated wetland system allowed further nitrogen removal from wastewater, via nutrient uptake by plant roots （along with nitrification）, and generation of organic carbon （by the dead macrophytes） to support denitrification. The system achieved higher E. coli mortality through protozoa predation, E. coli oxidation, and destruction by UV radiation. In general, enhanced pollutant removal efflciencies as demonstrated by the structurally modified hybrid wetland system signify the necessity of such modification, when operated under adverse conditions such as： substantial input organics loading, hydraulic loading fluctuation, and seasonal variation.