Economic feasibility and efficiency enhancement approaches for in situ upgrading of low-maturity organic-rich shale from an energy consumption ratio perspective

The technical feasibility of in situ upgrading technology to develop the enormous oil and gas resource potential in low-maturity shale is widely acknowledged.However,because of the large quantities of energy required to heat shale,its economic feasibility is still a matter of debate and has yet to be convincingly demonstrated quantitatively.Based on the energy conservation law,the energy acquisition of oil and gas generation and the energy consumption of organic matter cracking,shale heat-absorption,and surrounding rock heat dissipation during in situ heating were evaluated in this study.The energy consumption ratios for different conditions were determined,and the factors that influence them were analyzed.The results show that the energy consumption ratio increases rapidly with increasing total organic carbon(TOC)content.For oil-prone shales,the TOC content corresponding to an energy consumption ratio of 3 is approximately 4.2%.This indicates that shale with a high TOC content can be expected to reduce the project cost through large-scale operation,making the energy consumption ratio after consideration of the project cost greater than 1.In situ heating and upgrading technology can achieve economic benefits.The main methods for improving the economic feasibility by analyzing factors that influence the energy consumption ratio include the following:(1)exploring technologies that efficiently heat shale but reduce the heat dissipation of surrounding rocks,(2)exploring technologies for efficient transformation of organic matter into oil and gas,i.e.,exploring technologies with catalytic effects,or the capability to reduce in situ heating time,and(3)establishing a horizontal well deployment technology that comprehensively considers the energy consumption ratio,time cost,and engineering cost.

Efficiency of Blue Organic Light-emitting Diodes Enhanced by Employing an Exciton Feedback Layer

We report that a novel exciton feedback effect is observed by introducing the bis（2-methyl-8-quinolinolato）（4- phenylphenolato）Muminum （BAlq） inserted between the emitting layer （EML） and the electron transporting layer in blue organic light emitting diodes. As an exciton feedback layer （EFL）, the BAlq does not act as a traditional hole blocking effect. The design of this kind of device structure can greatly reduce excitons＇ quenching due to accumulated space charge at the exciton formation interface. Meanwhile, the non-radiative energy transfer from EFL to the EML can also be utilized to enhance the excitons＇ formation, which is confirmed by the test of photolumimescent transient lifetime decay and electroluminescence enhancement of these devices. Accordingly, the optimal device presents the improved performances with the maximum current efficiency of 4.2 cd/A and the luminance of 24600cd/m2, which are about 1.45 times and 1.75 times higher than those of device A （control device） without the EFL, respectively. Simultaneously, the device shows an excellent color stability with a tiny offset of the CIE coordinates （△x = ±0.003, △y = ±0.004） and a relatively lower efficiency roll-off of 26.2% under the driving voltage varying from 3 V to 10 V.

High Efficiency and Stable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitter

High efficiency, stable organic light-emitting diodes （OLEDs） based on 2-pheyl-4＇-carbazole-9-H-Thioxanthen-9- one-10, 10-dioxide （TXO-PhCz） with different doping concentration are constructed. The stability of the encap- sulated devices are investigated in detail. The devices with the 10 wt% doped TXO-PhCz emitter layer （EML） show the best performance with a current efficiency of 52.1 cd/A, a power efficiency of 32.71re^W, and an external quantum efficiency （EQE） of 17.7%. The devices based on the lOwt%-doped TXO-PhCz EML show the best operational stability with a half-life time （LTSO） of 8Oh, which is 8 h longer than that of the reference devices based on fac-tris（2-phenylpyridinato）iridium（ Ⅲ） （Ir（ppy）a）. These indicate excellent stability of TXO-PhCz for redox and oxidation processes under electrical excitation and TXO-PhCz can be potentially used as the emitters for OLEDs with high efficiency and excellent stability. The high-performance device based on TXO-PhCz with high stability can be further improved by the optimization of the encapsulation technology and the development of a new host for TXO-PhCz.

GaInP/GaInAs/GaInNAs/Ge Four-Junction Solar Cell Grown by Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition with High Efficiency

We directly grow a lattice matched GalnP/GalnAs/GalnNAs/Ge （1.88 eVil .42 eVil .05 eV/0.67eV） four-junction （4J） solar cell on a Ge substrate by the metal organic chemical vapor deposition technology. To solve the current limit of the GalnNAs sub cell, we design three kinds of anti-reflection coatings and adjust the base region thickness of the GalnNAs sub cell. Developed by a series of experiments, the external quantum efficiency of the GalnNAs sub cell exceeds 80%, and its current density reaches 11.24 mA/cm2. Therefore the current limit of the 4J solar cell is significantly improved. Moreover, we discuss the difference of test results between 4J and GalnP/GalnAs/Ge solar cells under the 1 sun AMO spectrum.

Highly Efficient Greenish-Yellow Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on a Novel 2,3-Diphenylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridine Iridium(Ⅲ) Complex

A cyclometalated greenish-yellow emitter 2,3-diphenylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine iridium（Ill） complex is successfully synthesized and used to fabricate phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes. The optimized device exhibits a greenish-yellow emission with the peak at 523nm and a strong shoulder at 557nm, corresponding to Commission Internationale de l＇Eclairage coordinates of （0.38, 0.68）. The full width at half maximum of the device is 93 nm, which is broader than the fac-tris（2-phenylpyridine）iridium [Ir（ppy）3] based reference device of 78 nm. Meanwhile, a maximum current efficiency of 62.6 cd/A （47.51m/W） is obtained. This result is higher than a maximum current efficiency of 54.8 cd/A （431m/W） of the Ir（ppy）a based device. The results indicate that this new iridium complex may have potential applications in fabricating high color rendering index white organic light emitting diodes.

Effects of seawater salinity on nitrite accumulation in short-range nitrification to nitrite as end product

The effect of seawater salinity on nitrite accumulation in short-range nitrification to nitrite as the end product was studied by using a SBR. Experimental results indicated that the growth of nitrobacteria was inhibited and very high levels of nitrite accumulation at different salinities were achieved under the conditions of 25—28℃, pH 7.5? ?.0 , and the influent ammonia nitrogen of 40—70 mg/L when seawater flow used to flush toilet was less than 35%(salinity 12393 mg/L, Cl - 6778 mg/L) of total domestic wastewater flow, which is mainly ascribed to much high chlorine concentration of seawater. Results showed that high seawater salinity is available for short-range nitrification to nitrite as the end product. When the seawater flow used to flush toilet accounting for above 70% of the total domestic wastewater flow, the removal efficiency of ammonia was still above 80% despite the removal of organics declined obviously(less than 60%). It was found that the effect of seawater salinity on the removal of organics was negative rather than positive one as shown for ammonia removal.

Highly Efficient and Stable Hybrid White Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Controllable Exciton Behavior by a Mixed Bipolar Interlayer

Highly efficient and stable hybrid white organic light-emitting diodes （HWOLEDs） with a mixed bipolar interlayer between fluorescent blue and phosphorescent yellow emitting layers are demonstrated. The bipolar interlayer is a mixture of p-type diphenyl （l0-phenyl-lOH-spiro [acridine-9,9＇-fluoren]-3Lyl） phosphine oxide and n-type 2＇,2- （1,3,5-benzinetriyl）-tris（1-phenyl-l-H-benzimidazole）. The electroluminance and Commission Internationale de l＇Eclairage （CIE1931） coordinates＇ characteristics can be modulated easily by adjusting the ratio of the hole- predominated material to the electron-predominated material in the interlayer. The hybrid WOLED with a p-type：n-type ratio of 1：3 shows a maximum current efficiency and power efficiency of 61.1 ed/A and 55.8 lm/W, respectively, with warm white CIE coordinates of （0.34, 0.43）. The excellent efficiency and adaptive CIE coordi- nates are attributed to the mixed interlayer with improved charge carrier balance, optimized exciton distribution, and enhanced harvesting of singlet and triplet excitons.

A New Lease of Life Organ donation gains wider acceptance in China as an efficient donation system raises awareness

Wu Yue, a lung transplant recipi ent. now regards August 31, the day she underwent surgery, as her re-birth day. In the eyes＇ of many people, the 30-year- old woman is an embodiment of love, dili gence and intelligence.

Enhanced efficiency and brightness in organic lightemitting devices with MoO_3 as hole-injection layer

The organic light-emitting devices(OLEDs) using 4,4',4''-tris{N-(3-methylphenyl)-N-phenylamin}triphenylamine(m-MTDATA) and MoO_3 or 1,3,5-triazo-2,4,6-triphosphorine-2,2,4,4,6,6-tetrachloride(TAPC) and MoO_3 as the hole-injection layer(HIL) were fabricated. MoO_3 can be expected to be a good injection layer material and thus enhance the emission performance of OLED. The highest occupied molecular(HOMO) of MoO_3 is between those of m-MTDATA or TAPC and N,N'-bis-(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine(NPB),which reduces the hole-injection barrier and improves the luminance of the OLEDs. The current efficiency is improved compared with that of the device without the MoO_3 layer. The highest luminous efficiency of the device with 2-nm-thick MoO_3 as HIL is achieved as 5.27 cd/A at 10 V,which is nearly 1.2 times larger than that of the device without it. Moreover,the highest current efficiency and power efficiency of the device with the structure indium-tin oxide(ITO)/TAPC(40 nm)/MoO_3(2 nm)/Tc Ta:Ir(ppy)3(10%,10 nm)/ tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium(Alq)(60 nm)/Li F(1 nm)/Al are achieved as 37.15 cd/A and 41.23 lm/W at 3.2 V and 2.8 V,respectively.

Highly efficient blue organic light-emitting diodes using various hole and electron confinement layers

In this Letter, blue phosphorescence organic light-emitting diodes （PHOLEDs） employ structures for electron and/or hole confinement; 1,3,5-tris（N-phenylbenzimiazole-2-yl）benzene is used as a hole confinement layer and tris-（phenylpyrazole）iridium [Ir（ppz）3] is utilized for an electron confinement layer （ECL）. The electrical and optical properties of the fabricated blue PHOLEDs with various carrier-confinement structures are analyzed. Structures with a large ehergy offset between the carrier confinement and emitting layers enhance the charge-carrier balance in the emitting region, resulting from the effective carrier confinement. The maximum external quantum efficiency of the blue PHOLEDs with the double-ECLs is 24.02% at 1500 cd/m^2 and its luminous efficiency is 43.76 cd/A, which is 70.47% improved compared to the device without a carrier-confinement layer.

Organic functional materials based buffer layers for efficient perovskite solar cells

In this review, we highlight the recent development of organic π-functional materials as buffer layers in constructing efficient perovskite solar cells（PVSCs）. By following a brief introduction on the PVSC development, device architecture and material design features, we exemplified the exciting progresses made in field by exploiting organic π-functional materials based hole and electron transport layers（HTLs and ETLs） to enable high-performance PVSCs.