By using internal standard method based on gas chromatography-electron capture detector （GC-ECD）, the contents of persistent or- ganochlorine pollutants polychorinated biphenyls （PCBs） and organochlorine pesticid...By using internal standard method based on gas chromatography-electron capture detector （GC-ECD）, the contents of persistent or- ganochlorine pollutants polychorinated biphenyls （PCBs） and organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in eggs of seabirds （ Catharacta Ionnbergi, Cathar- acta maccormicki, Pygoscelis papua and Macronectes giganteus） breeding on King George Island, Antarctica were detected, and their ecological environment significance was discussed. The results showed that the recovery of various compounds ranged from 68.6% to 90.8% ; relative stand- ard deviation （RSD） was 3.6%, and the lowest detection limits of PCBs and OCPs were 0.8 - 16 and 2 - 12 pg respectively, which could meet the demands for the residue analysis of trace persistent organochlorine pollutants in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds. The contents of PCBs, DDTs, HCB and HCHs in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds were 0.5 -515.5, 2.0 -304.4,0.5 -70.5, and 0.5 -2.0 ng/g respectively. In addition, the accumula- tion of PCBs and OCPs in the skuas was enhanced gradually through the food chain. The maximums of persistent organochlorine pollutants ap- peared in the eggs of C. Ionnbergi, followed by the eggs of C. maccomicki. The detection of OCPs and PCBs in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds was not interfered by other compounds containing chlorine, showing that the extraction, purification and detection method was suitable for the analysis of OCPs and PCBs in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds and has high sensitivity and reliability.展开更多
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been a major environmental issue, attracting much scientific concern because of their nature of toxicity, persistence, and endocrine disrupting effects. Soil samples were collecte...Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been a major environmental issue, attracting much scientific concern because of their nature of toxicity, persistence, and endocrine disrupting effects. Soil samples were collected from ten college school yards in Beijing in 2006 and analyzed to determine fifteen OCPs. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were found to be the main pollutants, accounting for 93.70% of total OCPs, followed by hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (2.25%) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (1.82%). Content...展开更多
We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）. Water and sediment...We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）. Water and sediment samples were collected from 19 sites 031-1319） in the lake for analysis. Our analytical results show that the concentrations of total OCPs in water ranges from 30.3 to 91.6 ng/L and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from undetectable （ND） to 368.7 ng/L. The concentrations of total OCPs in surface （i.e., lake bottom） sediment ranges from 6.9 to 16.7 ng/g and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from 25.2 to 491.0 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexanes （HCHs） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） account for large proportions of the OCPs. Low α- to γ-HCH ratios in both water and sediment samples indicate possible contributions from both industrial products and lindane. DDTs in water are probably from historical input, whereas DDTs in sediments are from both historical and recent inputs. Moreover, DDT products in both water and sediments were from multiple sources in the northwestern part of the lake（B11, B12, B13, and B14）. Fugacity ratios for DDT isomers （p,p＇-DDE and p,p＇-DDT） at these sites were generally higher than equilibrium values. These results suggest that the input from the Kaidu River and diffusion of DDTs from the sediment to the water are responsible for DDT pollution in the water. Lower-molecular-weight PAHs, which originate primarily from wood and coal combustion and petroleum sources, represent the major fraction of the PAHs in both water and sediment samples. Our findings indicate that OCPs and PAHs in Bosten Lake can be attributed primarily to human activities. A risk assessment of OCPs and PAHs in water and sediment from Bosten Lake, however, suggests that concentrations are not yet high enough to cause adverse biological effects on the aquatic ecosystem.展开更多
The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage ...The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use （41800 t） in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat （28000 t, 25.7%） and on soybean （26600 t, 24.4%）. The highest DDT use （2300 t） was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize （1500 t, 31.3%） and on sorghum （600 t, 13.2%）. The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs （organochlorine pesticides）, in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5： HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5： DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.展开更多
The present study reports the concentration levels and distribution patterns of the organochlorine pesticide residues in the surface sediments of river Yamuna in the Indian capital state, Delhi. Analytical measurement...The present study reports the concentration levels and distribution patterns of the organochlorine pesticide residues in the surface sediments of river Yamuna in the Indian capital state, Delhi. Analytical measurements were carried out for twenty organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Pre-monsoon, Monsoon and Post-monsoon seasons, at six different sampling locations along the 22 km stretch of the river Yamuna in Delhi. The results revealed contamination of the surface sediments with several persistent organochlorine pesticides. Endrin aldehyde, Endosulfan sulfate and DDT showed the highest percentage composition of OCP at all the sampling sites in all the three seasons. The total organochlorine pesticides level ranged from 157.71 - 307.66 ng/g in Pre-monsoon to 195.86 - 577.74 ng/g in Monsoon and 306.9 - 844.45 ng/g in the Post-monsoon season. This not only demonstrates the pollution of the river with pesticide residues, but also the necessity of a continuous long-term monitoring of the affected environment.展开更多
This paper reports on the levels of 8 organochlorine pesticide residues and metabolites in three fish species; Tilapia （Oreochromis leucostictus）. Common carp （Cyprinus carpio） and Mirror carp （Cuprinus spectacul...This paper reports on the levels of 8 organochlorine pesticide residues and metabolites in three fish species; Tilapia （Oreochromis leucostictus）. Common carp （Cyprinus carpio） and Mirror carp （Cuprinus spectacularlus） from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. p,p＇-DDT, p,p＇-DDE, p,p＇-DDD, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and methoxychlor were analyzed in fish specimens collected from Lake Naivasha during the months of November - December in 2008. The pesticide concentrations （in ~ag/Kg, wet weight） ranged within 0.42-4.185 p,g/Kg, for Heptachlor, BDL-0.291 Heptachlor epoxide, 0.433-4.733 Aldrin, BDL -0.341 Dieldrin, p,p＇ DDT, BDL-6.691 p,p＇ DDE, BDL-27.153 p,p＇ DDD, and BDL-28.867 methoxychlor. The pesticide residue levels varied widely between and within species. C. spectacularhts showed high pesticide levels followed by C. carpio and O. leueostictus respectively; this was attributed to the trophic position and age/size of fish. The occurrences of the pesticides indicate recent use in the catchment. The mean values and ranges of residues found in fish ware below the FAO/WHO maximum acceptable limits in fish and sea food however increased monitoring is recommended to detect any changes.展开更多
The paper explores the degree of pollution of organochlorine pesticides in fish and water in the dam at Kpassa on a tributary of Okpara River that is pumped by Benin National Water agency (SONEB) in supplying drinking...The paper explores the degree of pollution of organochlorine pesticides in fish and water in the dam at Kpassa on a tributary of Okpara River that is pumped by Benin National Water agency (SONEB) in supplying drinking water to supply the city of Parakou. Doing so, fourteen parameters of organochlorine are analyzed. Most of obtain organoclorine concentration in water and fish below is indicated critical values. However, DDT and endrine concentration in water is slightly above legal tolerable values. Hexachlorobenen and dieldrine concentrations are three times higher than legal limit value while aldrine is ten times higher. However, heptachlore is double concentrated in fishery while aldrine (endrine, dieldrine aldrine, lindane, hexachloro-benzene, DDT) is found in the dam fish and surface water three times concentrated than tolerated value. These levels of concentrations result from the intensification of organoclorine pesticide used in agriculture especially in cotton production. These are caused by the chemical application accumulated in soil and through the food value chain system. Therefore, it is very important to extract sediment from the reservoir by dredging in oder to renew the ecosystem of the dam. To persistently manage the basin water resources, it is imperatively important to observe a significant behaviour changed from all stakeholders.展开更多
Sixteen surface sediment samples were collected and analysed to evaluate the residues of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） from intertidal fiat in Jiangsu Province. Overall, 22 OCPs were detected with total concentra...Sixteen surface sediment samples were collected and analysed to evaluate the residues of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） from intertidal fiat in Jiangsu Province. Overall, 22 OCPs were detected with total concentrations of OCPs ranging widely from 0.96 to 12.14 ng/g （dry wt）. Total hexachlorocyclohexane （HCH） and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT） levels varied from 〈0.01 to 0.67 ng/g and from 0.23 to 4.85 ng/g, respectively. DDTs were the predominant compounds. The dominance of β-HCH indicated a history of HCH pollution. According to the ratios of （p,p＇-DDD＋p,p＇-DDE）/p,p＇DDT and o,p＇-DDT/p,p＇- DDT, new input of DDTs did not occur in most sites, and the main sources were historical usage of technical DDTs. OCPs such as dieldrin, endrin, p,p＇-DDD, and p,p＇-DDT exceeded the effects range low, showing adverse biological effects that would occasionally occur at some sites of the study area.展开更多
This study was motivated by the reported accumulation of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) residues in the various environmental matrices within Uganda, resulting from their use in agriculture and health sectors. This ...This study was motivated by the reported accumulation of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) residues in the various environmental matrices within Uganda, resulting from their use in agriculture and health sectors. This raised a concern of the likelihood of the accumulation of the OCPs residues in the honey produced within the country which would affect its purity as well as quality and consequently its competition on the world market. Sixty representative honey samples were collected from selected local beekeepers from four sampling stations in Muko sub-county, Kabale, and extracted for OCPs using a solid-phase procedure followed by a florisil column packed clean-up method and Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) analysis. Confirmation of the selected samples was done using an Agilent (6890N, USA) gas chromatograph combined with a mass spectrometer. Recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 71% to 96%, except for pp-DDE (54%), with relative standard deviations from 2% to 14% in terms of repeatability, and from 4% to 17% in terms of reproducibility. Limits of quantification were from 0.003 to 0.1 mg·kg-1. Endosulfan sulfate was the most frequently detected in 38% of the samples, followed by HexaChloroBenzene (Lindane) in 21% of the samples. Residues of DDT and their metabolites were detected in 17% of the samples. Mean concentrations of the pesticide residues detected range from ND (not detected) to 1.53 μg/Kg. The acceptable Maximum residual limits (MLRs) are 200 - 300 μg·kg-1 fresh weight for dieldrin, 500 μg·kg-1 for DDT and break down products, and 50 μg·kg-1 wet weight for Lindane (WHO/FAO 2011). Results indicate that the levels of OCP residues detected in honey from the country’s South Western District of Kabale were within the acceptable limits, and hence this honey was safe for human consumption.展开更多
文摘By using internal standard method based on gas chromatography-electron capture detector （GC-ECD）, the contents of persistent or- ganochlorine pollutants polychorinated biphenyls （PCBs） and organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） in eggs of seabirds （ Catharacta Ionnbergi, Cathar- acta maccormicki, Pygoscelis papua and Macronectes giganteus） breeding on King George Island, Antarctica were detected, and their ecological environment significance was discussed. The results showed that the recovery of various compounds ranged from 68.6% to 90.8% ; relative stand- ard deviation （RSD） was 3.6%, and the lowest detection limits of PCBs and OCPs were 0.8 - 16 and 2 - 12 pg respectively, which could meet the demands for the residue analysis of trace persistent organochlorine pollutants in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds. The contents of PCBs, DDTs, HCB and HCHs in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds were 0.5 -515.5, 2.0 -304.4,0.5 -70.5, and 0.5 -2.0 ng/g respectively. In addition, the accumula- tion of PCBs and OCPs in the skuas was enhanced gradually through the food chain. The maximums of persistent organochlorine pollutants ap- peared in the eggs of C. Ionnbergi, followed by the eggs of C. maccomicki. The detection of OCPs and PCBs in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds was not interfered by other compounds containing chlorine, showing that the extraction, purification and detection method was suitable for the analysis of OCPs and PCBs in the eggs of Antarctic seabirds and has high sensitivity and reliability.
基金the National Basic Re-search Program (973) of China (No. 2003CB415005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20607026/B0702, 20437020)
文摘Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been a major environmental issue, attracting much scientific concern because of their nature of toxicity, persistence, and endocrine disrupting effects. Soil samples were collected from ten college school yards in Beijing in 2006 and analyzed to determine fifteen OCPs. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) were found to be the main pollutants, accounting for 93.70% of total OCPs, followed by hexachlorohexanes (HCHs) (2.25%) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (1.82%). Content...
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(4147117341671200+1 种基金U1603242)the Specific Scientific Research Fund from the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China(201309041)
文摘We evaluated organic pollution in Bosten Lake, Xinjiang, China, by measuring the concentrations and distributions of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs）. Water and sediment samples were collected from 19 sites 031-1319） in the lake for analysis. Our analytical results show that the concentrations of total OCPs in water ranges from 30.3 to 91.6 ng/L and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from undetectable （ND） to 368.7 ng/L. The concentrations of total OCPs in surface （i.e., lake bottom） sediment ranges from 6.9 to 16.7 ng/g and the concentrations of PAHs ranges from 25.2 to 491.0 ng/g. Hexachlorocyclohexanes （HCHs） and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes （DDTs） account for large proportions of the OCPs. Low α- to γ-HCH ratios in both water and sediment samples indicate possible contributions from both industrial products and lindane. DDTs in water are probably from historical input, whereas DDTs in sediments are from both historical and recent inputs. Moreover, DDT products in both water and sediments were from multiple sources in the northwestern part of the lake（B11, B12, B13, and B14）. Fugacity ratios for DDT isomers （p,p＇-DDE and p,p＇-DDT） at these sites were generally higher than equilibrium values. These results suggest that the input from the Kaidu River and diffusion of DDTs from the sediment to the water are responsible for DDT pollution in the water. Lower-molecular-weight PAHs, which originate primarily from wood and coal combustion and petroleum sources, represent the major fraction of the PAHs in both water and sediment samples. Our findings indicate that OCPs and PAHs in Bosten Lake can be attributed primarily to human activities. A risk assessment of OCPs and PAHs in water and sediment from Bosten Lake, however, suggests that concentrations are not yet high enough to cause adverse biological effects on the aquatic ecosystem.
文摘The use of technical HCH （1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-hexachlorocyclohexane）, DDT （dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane） and lindane in Heilongjiang River Basin （HRB） of China was studied. Between 1952 and 1984 the total usage in the HRB was 108900 t for technical HCH, and 4900 t for DDT, respectively, and the use of DDT due to dicofol application in the HRB was 220 t from 1984 to 2003. The usage of lindane in HRB was 109 t from 1991 to 2000. The results show that the highest technical HCH use （41800 t） in HRB was on maize, accounting for 38.3% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on wheat （28000 t, 25.7%） and on soybean （26600 t, 24.4%）. The highest DDT use （2300 t） was on soybean, accounting for 46.8% of the total usage on all crops, followed by the use on maize （1500 t, 31.3%） and on sorghum （600 t, 13.2%）. The major use of lindane was mainly on wheat. Gridded usage inventories of these three OCPs （organochlorine pesticides）, in HRB with a 1/6° latitude by 1/4° longitude resolution have been created by using different gridded cropland as surrogates. Some soil samples have also been collected in HRB. Data of usage and soil concentrations of 5： HCH in HRB match quite well to those in Shanghai region, and much higher soil concentration of 5： DDT in Shanghai region could be due to much heavier dicofol use in this region.
文摘The present study reports the concentration levels and distribution patterns of the organochlorine pesticide residues in the surface sediments of river Yamuna in the Indian capital state, Delhi. Analytical measurements were carried out for twenty organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the Pre-monsoon, Monsoon and Post-monsoon seasons, at six different sampling locations along the 22 km stretch of the river Yamuna in Delhi. The results revealed contamination of the surface sediments with several persistent organochlorine pesticides. Endrin aldehyde, Endosulfan sulfate and DDT showed the highest percentage composition of OCP at all the sampling sites in all the three seasons. The total organochlorine pesticides level ranged from 157.71 - 307.66 ng/g in Pre-monsoon to 195.86 - 577.74 ng/g in Monsoon and 306.9 - 844.45 ng/g in the Post-monsoon season. This not only demonstrates the pollution of the river with pesticide residues, but also the necessity of a continuous long-term monitoring of the affected environment.
文摘This paper reports on the levels of 8 organochlorine pesticide residues and metabolites in three fish species; Tilapia （Oreochromis leucostictus）. Common carp （Cyprinus carpio） and Mirror carp （Cuprinus spectacularlus） from Lake Naivasha, Kenya. p,p＇-DDT, p,p＇-DDE, p,p＇-DDD, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, aldrin, dieldrin and methoxychlor were analyzed in fish specimens collected from Lake Naivasha during the months of November - December in 2008. The pesticide concentrations （in ~ag/Kg, wet weight） ranged within 0.42-4.185 p,g/Kg, for Heptachlor, BDL-0.291 Heptachlor epoxide, 0.433-4.733 Aldrin, BDL -0.341 Dieldrin, p,p＇ DDT, BDL-6.691 p,p＇ DDE, BDL-27.153 p,p＇ DDD, and BDL-28.867 methoxychlor. The pesticide residue levels varied widely between and within species. C. spectacularhts showed high pesticide levels followed by C. carpio and O. leueostictus respectively; this was attributed to the trophic position and age/size of fish. The occurrences of the pesticides indicate recent use in the catchment. The mean values and ranges of residues found in fish ware below the FAO/WHO maximum acceptable limits in fish and sea food however increased monitoring is recommended to detect any changes.
文摘The paper explores the degree of pollution of organochlorine pesticides in fish and water in the dam at Kpassa on a tributary of Okpara River that is pumped by Benin National Water agency (SONEB) in supplying drinking water to supply the city of Parakou. Doing so, fourteen parameters of organochlorine are analyzed. Most of obtain organoclorine concentration in water and fish below is indicated critical values. However, DDT and endrine concentration in water is slightly above legal tolerable values. Hexachlorobenen and dieldrine concentrations are three times higher than legal limit value while aldrine is ten times higher. However, heptachlore is double concentrated in fishery while aldrine (endrine, dieldrine aldrine, lindane, hexachloro-benzene, DDT) is found in the dam fish and surface water three times concentrated than tolerated value. These levels of concentrations result from the intensification of organoclorine pesticide used in agriculture especially in cotton production. These are caused by the chemical application accumulated in soil and through the food value chain system. Therefore, it is very important to extract sediment from the reservoir by dredging in oder to renew the ecosystem of the dam. To persistently manage the basin water resources, it is imperatively important to observe a significant behaviour changed from all stakeholders.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.40871216,41271466)
文摘Sixteen surface sediment samples were collected and analysed to evaluate the residues of organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） from intertidal fiat in Jiangsu Province. Overall, 22 OCPs were detected with total concentrations of OCPs ranging widely from 0.96 to 12.14 ng/g （dry wt）. Total hexachlorocyclohexane （HCH） and total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane （DDT） levels varied from 〈0.01 to 0.67 ng/g and from 0.23 to 4.85 ng/g, respectively. DDTs were the predominant compounds. The dominance of β-HCH indicated a history of HCH pollution. According to the ratios of （p,p＇-DDD＋p,p＇-DDE）/p,p＇DDT and o,p＇-DDT/p,p＇- DDT, new input of DDTs did not occur in most sites, and the main sources were historical usage of technical DDTs. OCPs such as dieldrin, endrin, p,p＇-DDD, and p,p＇-DDT exceeded the effects range low, showing adverse biological effects that would occasionally occur at some sites of the study area.
文摘This study was motivated by the reported accumulation of Organochlorine Pesticides (OCPs) residues in the various environmental matrices within Uganda, resulting from their use in agriculture and health sectors. This raised a concern of the likelihood of the accumulation of the OCPs residues in the honey produced within the country which would affect its purity as well as quality and consequently its competition on the world market. Sixty representative honey samples were collected from selected local beekeepers from four sampling stations in Muko sub-county, Kabale, and extracted for OCPs using a solid-phase procedure followed by a florisil column packed clean-up method and Gas Chromatography-Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) analysis. Confirmation of the selected samples was done using an Agilent (6890N, USA) gas chromatograph combined with a mass spectrometer. Recoveries of spiked samples ranged from 71% to 96%, except for pp-DDE (54%), with relative standard deviations from 2% to 14% in terms of repeatability, and from 4% to 17% in terms of reproducibility. Limits of quantification were from 0.003 to 0.1 mg·kg-1. Endosulfan sulfate was the most frequently detected in 38% of the samples, followed by HexaChloroBenzene (Lindane) in 21% of the samples. Residues of DDT and their metabolites were detected in 17% of the samples. Mean concentrations of the pesticide residues detected range from ND (not detected) to 1.53 μg/Kg. The acceptable Maximum residual limits (MLRs) are 200 - 300 μg·kg-1 fresh weight for dieldrin, 500 μg·kg-1 for DDT and break down products, and 50 μg·kg-1 wet weight for Lindane (WHO/FAO 2011). Results indicate that the levels of OCP residues detected in honey from the country’s South Western District of Kabale were within the acceptable limits, and hence this honey was safe for human consumption.
