Geochemical Constraints on the Origin and Evolution of Spring Waters in the Changdu-Lanping-Simao Basin, Southwestern China

Chemical and isotopic data were measured for 51 leached brine springs in the Changdu-Lanping-Simao Basin(CD-LP-SM),China.The predominance of Cl and Na,saturation indices of carbonate minerals,and Na/Cl and Ca/SO4 ratios of^1 suggest that halite,sulphate,and carbonate are the solute sources.Integration of geochemical,δ18 O,andδD values suggests that springs are mainly derived from meteoric water,ice-snow melt,and water-rock interactions.B concentrations range from 0.18 to 11.9 mg/L,withδ11 B values of-4.37‰to+32.39‰,indicating a terrestrial source.Theδ11 B-B relationships suggest B sources of crustal origin(marine carbonates with minor crust-derived volcanics);we did not identify a marine or deep mantle origin.Theδ11 B values of saline springs(+4.61‰to+32.39‰)exceed those of hot(-4.37‰to+4.53‰)and cold(-3.47‰to+14.84‰)springs;this has contributed to strong water-rock interactions and strong saturation of dissolved carbonates.Conversely,the global geothermalδ11 B-Cl/B relationship suggests mixing of marine and non-marine sources.Theδ11 B-Cl/B relationships of the CD-LP-SM are similar to those of the Tibet geothermal belt and the Nangqen Basin,indicating the same B origin.These differ from thermal waters controlled by magmatic fluids and seawater,suggesting that B in CD-LP-SM springs has a crustal origin.

Origins and pathways of the subsurface and intermediate water masses of the Indonesian Throughflow derived from historical and Argo data

On the basis of Argo data and historic temperature/salinity data from the World Ocean Database 2001 （ WOD01 ）, origins and spreading pathways of the subsurface and intermediate water masses in the Indonesian Throughflow （ITF） region were discussed by analyzing distributions of salinity on representative isopyenal layers. Results were shown that, subsurface water mostly comes from the North Pacific Ocean while the intermediate water originates from both the North and South Pacific Ocean, even possibly from the Indian Ocean. Spreading through the Sulawesi Sea, the Makassar Strait, and file Flores Sea, the North Pacific subsurface water and the North Pacific Intermediate water dominate the western part of the Indonesian Archipelago. Furthermore as the depth increases, the features of the North Pacific sourced water masses become more obvious. In the eastern part of the waters, high sa- linity South Pacific subsurface water is blocked by a strong salinity front between Halmahera and New Guinea. Intermediate water in the eastern interior region owns salinity higher than the North Pacific intermediate water and the antarctic intermediate water （ AAIW）, possibly coming from the vertical mixing between subsurface water and the AAIW from the Pacific Ocean, and possibly coming from the northward extending of the AAIW from the Indian Ocean as well.

Origins and transports of the low-salinity coastal water in the southwestern Yellow Sea

In the southwestern Yellow Sea there is a low-salinity and turbid coastal water,the Subei Coastal Water（SCW）.The origins of freshwater contents and thus the dissolved terrigenous nutrients in the SCW have been debated for decades.In this study,we used a well-validated numerical model to quantify the contributions of multiple rivers,i.e.,the Changjiang River in the south and the multiple Subei local rivers（SLRs） in the north,in forming this yearround low-salinity coastal water.It is found that the freshwater contents in the SCW is dominated by the Changjiang River south of 33.5°N,by the SLRs north of 34.5°N,and by both sources in 33.5°–34.5°N.Overall,the Changjiang River contributes ~70% in the dry season and ~80% in the wet season of the total freshwater contents in the SCW,respectively.Dynamics driving the Changjiang River Plume to flow northward is the tidal residual current,which can even overwhelm the wind effects in winter seasons.The residual currents turn offshore near the Old Yellow River Delta（OYRD） by the collision of the two tidal wave systems,which transport the freshwater from both sources into the interior Yellow Sea.Water age experiments show that it takes 50–150 d for the Changjiang River Plume to reach the SCW in the spring and summer seasons,thus there is a 2-month lag between the maximum freshwater content in SCW and the peak Changjiang River discharge.In the winter and autumn seasons,the low salinity in inner SCW is the remnant Changjiang River diluted water arrived in the previous seasons.

On the origin of the Tsushima Warm Current Water

The origin of the Tsushima Warm Current Water(TWCW) in summer is studied mainly on the basis of the CTD data and the observations of satellite-traced surface drifters of Coastal Ocean Process Experiment of the East China Sea(COPEX-ECS) conducted by Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute. The main results are as follows: (1) The structures of the TWCW show obvious regional varitaions. The TWCW can be divided into three layers in the northern Okinawa Trough west of Kyushu and into two layers on the continental shelf and in the Tsushima/Korea Strait. (2) The surface TWCW, charactered by a sub-high salinity (33. 5～ 34. 10), comes mainly from the coastal water composed largely of the Changjiang Diluted Water, the surface Kuroshio water and the shelf water in the area south of the East China Sea (ECS). (3) The middle TWCW is sub-grouped into two parts: the water of salinity (S) larger than 34. 50 located below the thermocline originates from the climbed sub-surface Kuroshio water;the TWCW lying in the thermocline is a mixture of the Kuroshio water and the shelf water with low salinity. (4) In the strait, the water from the source area is denatured obviously due to mixing unceasingly wth the shelf water and coastal water. The high salinity water of S >34. 5 appears only in the bottom layer with depths>50m.

Molecular Geochemical Evidence for the Origin of Natural Gas from Dissolved Hydrocarbon in Ordovician Formation Waters in Central Ordos Basin

Having studied the biomarker composition and maturity of dissolved hydrocarbons from Ordovician formation waters, the authors presented molecular geochemical evidence for the controversial origin of natural gases in central Ordos Basin.The dissolved hydrocarbons in Well Shan 12 and Well Shan 78 are relatively high in abundance of tricylic terpane, pregnane series and dibenzothiophene series and low in Pr/Ph and hopane/sterane ratios, indicating the source input of marine carbonates. In contrast, the dissolved hydrocarbons in Well Shan 81 are free from tricyclic terpane and pregnane series, with trace dibenzothiophene series and high Pr/Ph and higher hopane/sterane ratios, which are the typical features of terrestrial organic matter. Furthermore, Well Shan 37 and Well Shan 34 are between the two situations, having a mixed source of marine carbonate and terrestrial organic matter. The maturity of biomarkers also supports the above suggestions. These results are consistent with the geological background and source rock distribution in this region.

用矿物元素指纹识别中华绒螯蟹产地及其养殖水体

分析测定体质量为180~200 g左右、产自阳澄湖湖区(YCL)、阳澄湖周边池塘(YCP)、洪泽湖(HZL)、高邮湖(GYL)、固城湖(GCL)湖区的雄性中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)体内Ca、Mg、K、Na、Sr和Fe等35种元素的含量,以开发中华绒螯蟹产地及其养殖水体的识别技术。结果表明,32种元素组间差异显著(P<0.05)。基于35种元素对中华绒螯蟹来源进行判别分析,10种元素进入判别模型,测试集和交叉验证判别准确率分别为98.3%和98.3%,仅有11.1%的HZL蟹被判入地理距离较近的GYL。剔除Ca、Mg、K、Na、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu这8种在中华绒螯蟹养殖过程中人为输入量较大的元素再行判别分析,则6种元素进入判别模型,测试集和交叉验证判别准确率分别为100.0%和96.7%,仍有11.1%的HZL蟹被判入GYL,还有11.1%的GCL蟹被判入GYL。上述结果表明,采用矿物元素指纹识别中华绒螯蟹产地和养殖水体具有较高的准确率,养殖过程中人为输入量较大的元素对中华绒螯蟹产地与养殖水体的识别无不利影响。

基于J函数建模的M油藏水淹层测井评价

滨里海盆地M油藏属于稠油油藏,目的层埋深较浅,储层较为疏松。油田开发主要以热采为主,水窜容易造成油藏水淹,且新井初期含水率较高,为此开展水淹层测井评价对于制定科学合理开发调整方案,提高油田开发效率具有重要的意义。通过J函数建模求取原始含油饱和度来评价水淹层,基于M油藏取芯井的岩心资料,结合粒度分析、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、物性分析及压汞实验等方法,通过毛管压力曲线对目的层J函数进行建模,计算原始含油饱和度,对比原始含油饱和度与目前含油饱和度评价水淹层。结合生产测试结论,证明J函数方法在水淹层评价方面效果较好,这种方法对于构造油藏水淹层评价具有重要的参考意义。

近海TBM始发井侧壁渗漏水注浆治理技术研究

TBM始发井渗漏水,造成井内湿度过高,锈蚀金属部件,影响TBM设备组装质量,同时,长期大量渗漏水可能造成周围地面沉降,影响始发井与周围建筑物安全。基于此,论文以青岛地铁2号线某TBM始发井渗漏水注浆治理工程为依托,开展近海裂隙岩体渗漏水注浆治理研究,为保护竖井锚索不被地表钻孔破坏,影响始发井安全,采用径向注浆工艺;基岩裂隙较小,且海水具有一定腐蚀性,为保证注浆止水效果,注浆材料选用硫铝酸盐水泥;试验区域通过上述注浆治理,仅有少量湿渍,无明水,已经达到治理效果。

利用Origin软件求解油水相对渗透率

对于水驱开发油藏来说,油水相对渗透率是一项重要的基础数据,通常通过非稳态法驱替岩心实验来测定、计算。针对在采用非稳态法计算相对油水渗透率时,需要涉及大量的数据处理和繁多的求解模型以及函数拟合非单调性等问题,利用Origin软件处理油水相对渗透率实验数据,并通过求导计算、函数拟合等方法绘制出相渗曲线。给出了实际的计算过程,并进行了计算实例验证。结果表明:采用Origin软件计算并绘制的油水相对渗透率曲线与采用VBA编程等方法的计算结果较为一致,具有很好的线性相关性和实用性;该方法适应性强,对油水相对渗透率求导代入计算、拟合函数以及其他JBN扩展公式的矩阵算法都能实现;可有效降低人为试凑拟合函数的不准确性,减少人工计算处理误差,计算效率和计算精度高;该方法简便易学,无需编程,便于推广。

昆仑山北坡黑刺沟大型天然矿泉水成因分析

昆仑山区现代冰川林立,构造及地貌的发育形成了西大滩大型矿泉水、昆仑圣泉以及昆仑山等诸多优质天然矿泉水源。目前仅昆仑山矿泉水进行了较大规模的开发,其余大量的矿泉水尚处于未开发的原始状态,矿泉水资源十分丰富。通过EH-4音频大地电磁测深、水化学分析及动态监测等手段,采用Piper三线图解法、Gibbs图解法、同位素分析等方法对昆仑山北坡黑刺沟大型天然矿泉水的导水与控水断裂、水化学特殊组分来源及形成机制进行分析研究。结果显示矿泉群主要补给水源为刚欠查鲁马峰一带现代冰川底部冰雪覆盖融区水,冰雪融水通过多期活动的正断层组向深部运移,径流至北侧南倾阻水断层后形成富水区和上涌通道,并沿着通道溢出地表形成矿泉群;泉水中锶元素来源于南部昆仑山硅酸盐组与地下水的水-岩相互作用。

从脾肾关系探讨糖尿病肾病防治思路

糖尿病肾病是临床常见糖尿病并发症,为终末期肾病的主要病因。糖尿病肾病归属于中医学消渴病继发的水肿、尿浊等范畴,其病因为禀赋不足、饮食不节等,以多食、多饮、多尿和体质量减少、尿浊为主要表现,病机虚实错杂。基于脾肾相关理论探讨糖尿病肾病发生之病因病机,认为脾肾虚损、水津失制是该病发生的根本病机,多伴随脾肾两虚,或有水液代谢失常、血脉瘀滞。从健脾制水、温土制水、固本培元三个角度系统总结脾肾二脏在糖尿病临床辨治过程中的具体应用,以期为中医防治糖尿病肾病提供新的思路和借鉴。

基于改进GM(1,1)模型的生活用水量预测

生活用水量预测是城市给水规划的关键,其核心是提高预测的精准度。由于传统GM(1,1)模型误差主要来源于背景值和初始值,文章采取引入幂函数改进背景值和初始值2种改进方法。引入幂函数改进背景值权重构造,使新数据占改进模型主导地位;引入幂函数减少原始数据振荡,优化原始序列。将改进后的2种模型应用于河南省生活用水量预测中,并与传统GM(1,1)模型进行比较。结果表明改进模型各个检验均满足要求,可进行中长期用水量预测,预测可得2025年河南省生活用水量为48.31×10^(8)m^(3)。优化原始值改进的GM(1,1)模型预测效果好、精度高,可为当地水资源保护、管理提供参考。

Origin of the Earth:A proposal of new model called ABEL

The Earth was born as a dry planet without atmosphere and ocean components at 4.56 Ga,with subsequent secondary accretion of bio-elements,such as carbon（C）,hydrogen（H）,oxygen（O）,and nitrogen（N） which peaked at 4.37-4.20 Ga.This two-step formation model of the Earth we refer to as the advent of bio-elements model（ABEL Model） and the event of the advent of bio-elements（water component） as ABEL Bombardment.It is clear that the solid Earth originated from enstatite chondrite-like dry material based on the similarity in oxygen isotopic composition and among other isotopes.On the other hand,Earth＇s water derives primarily from carbonaceous chondrite material based on the hydrogen isotopic ratio.We present our ABEL model to explain this enigma between solid Earth and water,as well as secondary accretion of oxidizing bio-elements,which became a precursor to initiate metabolism to emerge life on a highly reductive planet.If ABEL Bombardment had not occurred,life never would have emerged on the Earth.Therefore,ABEL Bombardment is one of the most important events for this planet to evolve into a habitable planet.The chronology of ABEL Bombardment is informed through previous researches of the late heavy bombardment and the late veneer model.ABEL Bombardment is considered to have occurred during 4.37-4.20 Ga,which is the concept to redefine the standard late heavy bombardment and the late veneer models.Also,ABEL Bombardment is the trigger of the transition from stagnant lid tectonics to plate tectonics on this planet because of the injection of volatiles into the initial dry Earth.

上海某市政道路污水管道设计的主要节点分析

市政道路污水管道设计一般基于当地已经批准的城市污水规划。随着城市的发展,市政道路下各类公用管线云集,在实际设计过程中,难免会遇到管线交叉、新老管道衔接等问题。为研究此类问题的解决方法,以上海市某市政道路污水管道设计为例,通过比较污水管道施工工艺、与华东路和川沙路污水管道衔接方案的优劣,确定了经济合理的解决方案,以期为今后类似项目的设计提供借鉴与参考。

利用Origin 8.0绘制土水特征曲线的方法

非饱和土土水特征曲线描述的是基质吸力(或水头)与能表达含水率的物理量(如饱和度、体积含水率等)之间的关系。由于用来描述土水特征曲线数学模型的复杂性,为了保证曲线拟合的高精度性,故介绍应用Origin软件对土水特征曲线的数据进行高效、快捷、专业的处理以及绘制相应的曲线图的步骤。从拟合参数来看,相关系数平方达到0.98以上,因此Origin软件拟合曲线的精度很高,适用于拟合宽级配砾质土的土水特征曲线。

柴达木盆地东缘德令哈柏树山大型天然饮用矿泉水成因分析

在对柴达木盆地东缘柏树山饮用矿泉群进行水文地质、控水断裂、水质等方面实地调查,对泉群的成因进行了研究。结果表明:矿泉群的水补给源为北部山区降水,补给源水通过大量的基岩裂隙补给深层地下水,径流至F2北倾活动性逆断层上盘时,形成富水“三角区”,并沿F2断层破碎带在上盘处排泄出地表,矿泉总流量达6446.3 m^(3)/d,是一处天然理想的矿泉水水源地。

利用origin软件处理物理化学综合实验数据——以多孔碳化钼纳米线电催化水分解制氢气为例

本文针对本校高年级本科生在物理化学综合实验中遇到的数据处理的问题,以多孔碳化钼纳米线电催化水分解制氢气的数据分析为例,从数据的输入,数据处理,数据作图等几个方面详细介绍了Origin2019b软件在物理化学综合实验教学中的应用。Origin软件处理实验数据,实验结果科学精确且快速便捷。不仅提高了学生使用计算机综合处理数据的能力,也可为其日后的毕业设计及科学研究工作奠定基础,从而提高了学生的综合能力素质。

藏族山水文化形成的渊源、内涵及其生态价值

藏族山水文化承继中华山水文化中的万物有灵思想和山水崇拜实践活动,并在适应青藏高原自然生态环境的同时形成了自己的特殊性。研究发现,藏族山水文化具有自然为本、人文化成、天人合一的内涵,其中将自然万物人格化使得人与自然紧密联系在一起,并时刻提醒人们在现实生活中要敬畏自然、保护自然。因而,藏族山水文化在我国生态保护的经验、人与自然关系的理念上、本土性知识的价值重塑以及资源利用的方法等方面均能给予我们积极的借鉴作用,以期为我国生态文明建设有所裨益。

贵州纳雍县沙包镇下木村富锶矿泉水成因分析及开采量计算

通过对贵州纳雍县沙包镇下木村研究泉点的水文地质条件、水化学特征、动态特征及微量元素锶来源等进行研究,分析其成因模式。研究成果表明:大气降水入渗含水岩组,径流运移中溶滤含锶膏岩矿物形成富锶地下水,在地形切割及中三叠统关岭组(T_(2)g)底部泥岩相对阻水出露成泉,水中锶含量达到饮用天然矿泉水标准,矿物质成分源于岩石和土壤的风化水解,水化学类型为HCO_(3)·SO_(4)^(-)Ca·Mg。根据动态监测成果,采用泉水流量衰减法及泉水枯季流量频率分析法,计算其允许开采量为1134.26 m^(3)/d,研究结果可为下木村锶型矿泉水的开发利用提供依据。