Real-Time Upstream Services Demonstration in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing- Passive Optical Network System

In recent years,dual-homed topologies have appeared in data centers in order to offer higher aggregate bandwidth by using multiple paths simultaneously.Multipath TCP(MPTCP) has been proposed as a replacement for TCP in those topologies as it can efficiently offer improved throughput and better fairness.However,we have found that MPTCP has a problem in terms of incast collapse where the receiver suffers a drastic goodput drop when it simultaneously requests data over multiple servers.In this paper,we investigate why the goodput collapses even if MPTCP is able to actively relieve hot spots.In order to address the problem,we propose an equally-weighted congestion control algorithm for MPTCP,namely EW-MPTCP,without need for centralized control,additional infrastructure and a hardware upgrade.In our scheme,in addition to the coupled congestion control performed on each subflow of an MPTCP connection,we allow each subflow to perform an additional congestion control operation by weighting the congestion window in reverse proportion to the number of servers.The goal is to mitigate incast collapse by allowing multiple MPTCP subflows to compete fairly with a single-TCP flow at the shared bottleneck.The simulation results show that our solution mitigates the incast problem and noticeably improves goodput in data centers.

The Effect and Compensation of Phase Noise on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) System

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is characterized by its high data rate. However, the modulation method used in the system is subject to the influence of phase noise due to the need of time synchronization. In this paper, an algorithm based on MMSE (minimum mean square error) is developed to compensate the influence of both the common phase error (CPE) and inter carrier interference (ICI), which are two aspects of phase noise, under common Gaussian white noise. The result of noise cancellation is presented in signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and symbol error rate (SER). Like digital signal in general, SNR can reduce SER with or without phase noise compensation. The compensation of phase noise significantly reduces the SER of the decoded signal. However, the bandwidth of phase noise still determines the signal accuracy. Under high bandwidth of phase noise, increasing SNR will only slightly increase SER, which is not efficient.

Joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems

This paper introduces a joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation method for coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing systems. The research results show that this method can reduce the walk- off effect and can therefore equalize the nonlinear impairments effectively. Compared with the only other existing nonlinearity pre-compensation method, the joint nonlinearity and chromatic dispersion pre-compensation method is not only suitable for low-dispersion optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing system, but also effective for high- dispersion optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing transmission system with higher input power but without optical dispersion compensation. The suggested solution does not increase computation complexity compared with only nonlinearity pre-compensation method. For 40 Gbit/s coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing 20 × 80 km standard single-mode fibre system, the suggested method can improve the nonlinear threshold （for Q 〉 10 dB） about 2.7, 1.2 and 1.0 dB, and the maximum Q factor about 1.2, 0.4 and 0.3 dB, for 2, 8 and 16 ps/（nm.km） dispersion coefficients.

Performance of multi-band orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ultra wide-band system on IEEE UWB channels

Multiband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MB-OFDM) ultra wide-band (UWB) is a novel wireless communication technology. It has many advantages and is being actively researhed. In this study, we constructed and implemented a simulation model of UWB communication systems in Simulink. We found the MB-OFDM UWB system has the best performance in distance between 4 m to 10 m without the line-of-sight requirement.

A frame synchronization solution for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system

To improve frame synchronization precision, a scheme named training symbol correlation (TSC) is presented for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. Based on the solution from Schmidl and Cox, a timing metric related to TSC scheme is put forward and examined. The specific method to select a threshold value provides more precise detection results, which can be shown by performance comparison between the two schemes through Monte Carlo simulation. Taking IEEE 802.11 a WLAN standard as an example, the proposed approach is superior to the most popular Schmidl scheme in terms of BER.

Security in Multicast Over α-μ Fading Channels with Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

The orthogonal space-frequency block coding (OSFBC) with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system reduces complexity in the receiver which improves the system performance significantly. Motivated by these advantages of OSFBC-OFDM system, this paper considers a secure wireless multicasting scenario through multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) OFDM system employing OSFBC over frequency selective α-μ fading channels. The authors are interested to protect the desired signals from eavesdropping considering the impact of the number of multicast users and eavesdroppers, and the fading parameters α and μ. A mathematical model has been developed based on the closed-form analytical expressions of the probability of non-zero secrecy multicast capacity (PNSMC) and the secure outage probability for multi-casting (SOPM) to ensure the security in the presence of multiple eaves-droppers. The results show that the security in MIMO OSFBC OFDM system over α-μ fading is more sensitive to the magnitude of α and μ and this effect increases in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region of the main channel.

A High Spectral Efficient Frequency-Domain Channel-Estimation Method for the Polarization-Division-Multiplexed CO-OFDM-OQAM System

Contrary to the other multi-carrier modulation systems, the coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing communication system with an offset quadrature amplitude modulation (CO-OFDM-OQAM) possesses inherent imaginary interference (IMI). This has an important impact on the channel estimation process. Currently, a variety of frequency-domain channel estimation methods have been proposed. However, there are various problems that still exist. For instance, in order to reduce the influence of IMI, it is necessary to insert more guard intervals between the training sequence and the payload, leading to the occupation of excessive spectrum resources. In order to address this problem, this work designs a high spectral efficient frequency-domain channel estimation method for the polarization-division-multiplexing CO-OFDM-OQAM systems. First, the working principle of the proposed method is described in detail. Then, its spectral efficiency, power peak-to-average ratio, and channel estimation performance are studied based on simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed method improves the spectral efficiency without worsening the power peak-to-average ratio. The channel estimation capability of this method is verified in three scenarios of long-distance transmissions, including back-to-back, 100 km, and 200 km transmissions. .

Implementation of Synchronization Technology in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex System Based on Field Programming Gate Array

In this paper,analyzed is the symbol synchronization algorithm in orthogonal frequency division multiplex(OFDM)system,and accomplished are the hardware circuit design of coarse and elaborate synchronization algorithms.Based on the analysis of coarse and elaborate synchronization algorithms,multiplexed are,the module accumulator,division and output judgement,which can evidently save the hardware resource cost.The analysis of circuit sequence and wave form simulation of the design scheme shows that the proposed method efficiently reduce system resources and power consumption.

A Non-orthogonal STFC-OFDM on Frequency-Selective Fading Channels

A new non-orthogonal space-time-frequency code (STFC) was proposed. In conjunction with orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), it is appropriate for the application on frequency-selective fading channels. On the basis of the existing non-orthogonal STC, frequency diversity is studied and a new non-orthogonal STFC is further designed. Monte-Carlo simulations show that the non-orthogonal STFC-OFDM has the advantage of large diversity order, high bandwidth efficiency and better BER performance when compared with the orthogonal STC/STFC-OFDM and non-orthogonal STC-OFDM systems.

Particle-Based Iterative Blind Receiver for Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing with Frequency Offset

Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing （OFDM） systems are sensitive to carrier frequency offset （CFO） which introduces intercarder interference and significantly degrades system performance. This paper describes an iterative blind receiver consisting of a sequential Monte Carlo detector, a CFO estimator, and a compensator to reduce intercarrier interference. The framework is of low complexity due to the separation of tasks in a joint detection problem. In addition, the CFO estimator utilizes soft output of the sequential Monte Carlo detector, which reduces the information loss caused by hard decisions and can obtain the CFO estimate in only one OFDM symbol. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.

Carrier frequency offset and impulse noise estimation for underwater acoustic orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

The carrier frequency offset（CFO）and impulse noise always affect the performance of underwater acoustic communication_systems.The CFO and impulse noise could be estimated by using the null subcarriers to cancel the effects of the two types of interference.The null subcarriers estimation methods include optimal separate estimation and joint estimation.The separate estimation firstly estimates the CFO value and then estimates the impulse noise value.However,the CFO and impulse noise always affect each other when either of them is estimated separately.The performance could be improved by using the joint estimation.The results of simulations and experiments have showed that these two optimization methods have good performance and the joint estimation has better performance than the separate estimation method.There is 3 dB performance gain at the BER value of 10^（-2）when using the joint estimation method.Thus these methods could improve the system robustness by using the CFO compensation and impulse noise suppression.

Vector mode based optical direct detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing transmission in short-reach optical link

As one solution to implement the largecapacity space division multiplexing(SDM)transmission systems,the mode division multiplexing(MDM)has gained much attention recently.The vector mode(VM),which is the eigenmode of the optical fiber,has also been adopted to realize the optical communications including the transmission over free-space optical(FSO)and optical fiber links.Considering the concerns on the short-reach optical interconnects,the low cost and high integration technologies should be developed.Direct detection(DD)with higher-order modulation formats in combination of MDM technologies could offer an available trade-off in system performance and complexity.We review demonstrations of FSO and fiber high-speed data transmission based on the VM MDM(VMDM)technologies.The special VMs,cylindrical vector beams(CVB),have been generated by the q-plate(QP)and characterized accordingly.And then they were used to implement the VMDM transmission with direct-detection orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(DD-OFDM).These demonstrations show the potential of VMDM-DD-OFDM technology in the large-capacity short-reach transmission links.

Sample indexed spatial orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Optical spatial modulation （OSM） is a multiple-transmitter technique that can provide higher data rates with low system complexity as compared with single-input single-output systems. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） is widely implemented to achieve better spectral efficiency in wireless channels. Asymmetrically clipped optical OFDM （O-OFDM） and DC-biased O-OFDM are two well-known O-OFDM techniques suitable for intensity-modulation direct-detection optical systems. In this work, sample indexed spatial OFDM （SIS-OFDM） is proposed to combine OSM and O-OFDM in a novel way and achieve significant per- formance gain. By assigning time-domain samples of the O-OFDM transmit symbol to different transmitters, SIS-OFDM achieves much better spectral efficiency and reduces computational complexity at the transmitter as compared with previous work that combines OSM with O-OFDM in the frequency domain. We also consider the impact of optical source biasing on overall performance, and the relative performance of imaging receiver （ImR） versus non-imaging receiver （NImR） design for our proposed SIS-OFDM technique. Results indicate that for an Ntx x Nrx multiple-input multiple-output configuration where Nix = N = 4, SIS-OFDM using ImR can achieve up to 135 dB of signal-to-noise ratio gain over comparable system using a NImR. Also, using Nc number of O-OFDM subcarriers provides up to Nsc × log2（Ntx） additional bits per symbol of spectral efficiency over technioues that combine OSM and O-OFDM in the freollencv domain.

Novel Low-Complexity Low-Latency Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Transmitter

Traditional orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) transmitter is implemented by exploiting inverse fast Fourier transform(IFFT), up-sampling, and low pass shaping filter(LPSF) modules, which occupy a large number of hardware resources and severely lower down the operation speed. To address these limitations, we propose a novel OFDM transmitter architecture, by which the aforementioned modules can be discarded and replaced with some simple switches. In the proposed architecture, direct digital synthesis(DDS) method is employed to generate digital sub-carriers and to transform OFDM data from frequency domain to time domain. Through some sophisticated simplifications, the proposed architecture can avoid using multipliers and remarkably save hardware resources. Finally, comparative experiments are carried out on field programmable gate array(FPGA) platform which demonstrates that our DDS-based architecture saves more than half of the hardware resources and doubles the achievable maximum frequency compared with traditional structure.

Two-Way Digital Video Transmission over Medium-Voltage Power-Lines Using Time-Domain Synchronous Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Technology

This paper describes field trials of two-way digital video transmissions over a 700-m long medium-voltage power cable using a frequency division duplex scheme. The purpose is to check the feasibility of using time-domain synchronous orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （TDS-OFDM） technology in powerline communication （PLC）. TDS-OFDM is the core technology in digital multimedia broadcasting-terrestrial （DMB-T）, developed by Tsinghua University for digital television terrestrial multimedia broadcast applications and successfully adopted in the Chinese Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Standard. PLC systems are widely believed to be bandwidth or data throughput limited. However, the use of known pseudo random sequences as guard intervals for synchronization and channel estimation in TDS-OFDM greatly reduces the system overhead and increases the spectrum efficiency. These experiments show that TDS-OFDM is appropriate not only for broadcasting but also for PLC applications with appropriate modifications.

Improved pilot data aided feed forward based on maximum likelihood for carrier phase jitter recovery in coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

Pilot data aided feed forward （PAFF） carrier recovery is essential for phase noise tracking in coherent optical receivers. This paper describes a new PAFF system based on new pilot arrangement and maximum likelihood （ML） to estimate the phase jitter in coherent receiver- induced by local oscillator＇s lasers and sampling clock errors. Square M-ary quadrature amplitude modulation （M-QAM） （4, 16, 64, and 256） schemes were used. A detailed mathematical description of the method was presented. The system performance was evaluated through numerical simulations and compared to those with noisefree receiver （ideal receiver） and feed forward without ML. The simulation results show that PAFF performs near the expected ideal phase recovery. Results clearly suggest that ML significantly improves the tolerance of phase error variance. From bit error rate （BER） sensibility evaluation, it was clearly observed that the new estimation method performs better with a 4-QAM （or quadrature phase shift keying （QPSK）） format compared to three others square QAM schemes. Analog to digital converter （ADC） resolution effect on the system performance was analyzed in terms of Q-factor. Finite resolution effect on 4-QAM is negligible while it negatively affects the system performance when M increases.

Optimal Training Design and Placement for MIMO Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Channel Estimation

This paper deals with optimal training design and placement over multiple orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM) symbols for the least squares(LS) channel estimation in multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO) OFDM systems.First,the optimal pilot sequences over multiple OFDM symbols are derived by co-cyclic Jacket matrices based on the minimum mean square error(MSE) of the LS channel estimation.Then,an enhanced channel estimation method using sliding window is proposed to improve further the performance for the optimal pilot sequences in fast-varying channels.Simulation results show that the enhancedmethod can efficiently improve the performances for the optimal pilot sequences over two and four OFDM symbols,especially in fast-varying channels.

Joint frequency offset tracking and PAPR reduction algorithm in OFDM systems

This paper presents an algorithm that aims to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio（PAPR） of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing（OFDM） communication systems while maintaining frequency tracking.The algorithm achieves PAPR reduction by applying the complex conjugates of the data symbol obtained from the frequency domain to cancel the phase of the data symbol.A likelihood estimator is used to obtain the sub-carrier phase error due to the residual carrier frequency offset（RCFO） using the same complex conjugates as a pilot signal.Furthermore,a joint time and frequency domain multicarrier phase locked loop（MPLL） is developed to compensate additional frequency offset.Simulation results show that this algorithm is capable of reducing PAPR without impacting the frequency tracking performance.

Joint timing synchronization and frequency offset acquisition algorithm for MIMO OFDM systems

For multiple-input multiple-output （MIMO） orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems, a joint timing synchronization and frequency offset acquisition algorithm based on fractional Fourier transform （FRFT） is proposed. The linear frequency modulation signals superimposed on the data signals are used as the training signals. By performing FRFT on the received signals and searching the peak value of the FRFT results, the receiver can realize timing synchronization and frequency offset acquisition simultaneously. Compared with the existing methods, the proposed algorithm can provide better timing synchronization performance and larger frequency offset acquisition range even under multi-path channels with low signal to noise ratio. Theoretical analysis and simulation results prove this point.

Pseudo-noise preamble based joint frame and frequency synchronization algorithm in OFDM communication systems

Frame and frequency synchronization are essential for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing （OFDM） systems. The frame offset owing to incorrect start point position of the fast Fourier transform （FFT） window, and the carrier frequency offset （CFO） due to Doppler frequency shift or the frequency mismatch between the transmitter and receiver oscil ators, can bring severe inter-symbol interference （ISI） and inter-carrier interference （ICI） for the OFDM system. Relying on the relatively good correlation charac-teristic of the pseudo-noise （PN） sequence, a joint frame offset and normalized CFO estimation algorithm based on PN preamble in time domain is developed to realize the frame and frequency synchronization in the OFDM system. By comparison, the perfor-mances of the traditional algorithm and the improved algorithm are simulated under different conditions. The results indicate that the PN preamble based algorithm both in frame offset estimation and CFO estimation is more accurate, resource-saving and robust even under poor channel condition, such as low signal-to-noise ratio （SNR） and large normalized CFO.