An Overview of Non.Orthogonal Multiple Access

In recent years, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has attracted a lot of attention as a novel and promising power-domain us-er multiplexing scheme for Long-Term Evolution(LTE) enhancement and 5G. NOMA is able to contribute to the improvement ofthe tradeoff between system capacity and user fairness(i.e., cell-edge user experience). This improvement becomes in particularemphasized in a cellular system where the channel conditions vary significantly among users due to the near-far effect. In this arti-cle, we provide an overview of the concept, design and performance of NOMA. In addition, we review the potential benefits and is-sues of NOMA over orthogonal multiple access(OMA) such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) adoptedby LTE, and the status of 3GPP standardization related to NOMA.

Outage Performance of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Satellite Networks

With rapid development of unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs), more and more UAVs access satellite networks for data transmission. To improve the spectral efficiency, non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is adopted to integrate UAVs into the satellite network, where multiple satellites cooperatively serve the UAVs and mobile terminal using the Ku-band and above. Taking into account the rain fading and the fading correlation, the outage performance is first analytically obtained for fixed power allocation and then efficiently calculated by the proposed power allocation algorithm to guarantee the user fairness. Simulation results verify the outage performance analysis and show the performance improvement of the proposed power allocation scheme.

Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G

The major challenge faced by the fifth generation(5G) mobile network is higher spectral efficiency and massive connectivity,i.e.,the target spectrum efficiency is 3 times over 4G,and the target connection density is one million devices per square kilometer.These requirements are difficult to be satisfied with orthogonal multiple access(OMA) schemes.Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) has thus been proposed as a promising candidate to address some of the challenges for 5G.In this paper,a comprehensive survey of different candidate NOMA schemes for 5G is presented,where the usage scenarios of5 G and the application requirements for NOMA are firstly discussed.A general framework of NOMA scheme is established and the features of typical NOMA schemes are analyzed and compared.We focus on the recent progress and challenge of NOMA in standardization of international telecommunication union(ITU),and 3rd generation partnership project(3GPP).In addition,prototype development and future research directions are also provided respectively.

Frameworks of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Techniques in Cognitive Radio Communication Systems

Recently,the increasing demand of radio spectrum for the next generation communication systems due to the explosive growth of applications appetite for bandwidths has led to the problem of spectrum scarcity.The potential approaches among the proposed solutions to resolve this issue are well explored cognitive radio(CR)technology and recently introduced non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)techniques.Both the techniques are employed for efficient spectrum utilization and assure the significant improvement in the spectral efficiency.Further,the significant improvement in spectral efficiency can be achieved by combining both the techniques.Since the CR is well-explored technique as compared to that of the NOMA in the field of communication,therefore it is worth and wise to implement this technique over the CR.In this article,we have presented the frameworks of NOMA implementation over CR as well as the feasibility of proposed frameworks.Further,the differences between proposed CR-NOMA and conventional CR frameworks are discussed.Finally,the potential issues regarding the implementation of CR-NOMA are explored.

A Survey of Downlink Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for 5G Wireless Communication Networks

Non-orthogonal multiple access （NOMA） has been recognized as a promising multiple access technique for the next generation cel-lular communication networks. In this paper, we first discuss a simple NOMA model with two users served by a single-carrier si-multaneously to illustrate its basic principles. Then, a more general model with multicarrier serving an arbitrary number of users on each subcarrier is also discussed. An overview of existing works on performance analysis, resource allocation, and multiple-in-put multiple-output NOMA are summarized and discussed. Furthermore, we discuss the key features of NOMA and its potential re-search challenges.

Symbol Error Rate Performance Analysis of Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Visible Light Communications

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is considered as one of promising radio access techniques for visible light communications(VLC) in next-generation wireless communications systems.In order to provide theoretical support for designing VLC-NOMA,we derive its analytic expressions for the symbol error rate(SER).Specifically,NOMA is first incorporated with appropriate VLC to establish a VLC-NOMA framework.Afterwards,mathematical expressions of the SER for the VLC-NOMA are developed.Moreover,numerical results are provided carefully to demonstrate that the proposed VLC-NOMA scheme outperforms than state-of-the-art orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA) one in terms of SER performance.Finally,relationships between the SER performance and the number of users,power allocation coefficient and semi-angle are well investigated,which can give us a scientific guide to devise the VLC-NOMA system for achieving better SER performance.

Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes for 5G

Multiple access scheme is one of the key techniques in wireless communication systems. Each generation of wireless communica-tion is featured by a new multiple access scheme from 1G to 4G. In this article we review several non-orthogonal multiple access schemes for 5G. Their principles, advantages and disadvantages are discussed, and followed by a comprehensive comparison of these solutions from the perspective of user overload, receiver type, receiver complexity and so on. We also discuss the applica-tion challenges of non-orthogonal multiple access schemes in 5G.

Routing Protocol in Underwater Wireless Acoustic Communication Using Non Orthogonal Multiple Access

The underwater wireless communication with the complexity of attenuation and low propagation speed makes resource constraints in networking sensor nodes and sink.Underwater Sensor Transmission with Attenuation Calculation using Non Orthogonal Multiple Access(UWSTAC-NOMA)protocol has been proposed.This protocol calculates channel gain along with attenuation in underwater channels and provides internetworking sensor for rate allocation minimizing interference.Successive Interference Cancellation has been used at the receiving sensor to decode the information sent.The network level performance of sensors and increasing the data rate improves the overall throughput.Simultaneously,connecting several sensors to sink based on its depth region of deployment has been achieved using Underwater Sensor Transmission with Attenuation Calculation using Non Orthogonal Multiple Access(UWSTAC-NOMA).The analytical background of attenuation never confuted the simulation results of the proposed protocol in NS2 simulator.Simulation results shows that the throughput,average bit error rate and residual energy of sink performance.

Joint Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) & Walsh-Hadamard Transform: Enhancing the Receiver Performance

Non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA) is a new access method to achieve high performance gains in terms of capacity and throughput, so it is currently under consideration as one of the candidates for fifth generation(5 G) technologies. NOMA utilizes power domain in order to superimpose signals of multiple users in a single transmitted signal. This creates a lot of interference at the receive side. Although the use of successive interference cancellation(SIC) technique reduces the interference, but to further improve the receiver performance, in this paper, we have proposed a joint Walsh-Hadamard transform(WHT) and NOMA approach for achieving better performance gains than the conventional NOMA. WHT is a well-known code used in communication systems and is used as an orthogonal variable spreading factor(OVSF) in communication systems. Application of WHT to NOMA results in low bit error rate(BER) and high throughput performance for both low and high channel gain users. Further, it also reduces peak to average power ratio(PAPR) of the user signal. The results are discussed in terms of comparison between the conventionalNOMA and the proposed technique, which shows that it offers high performance gains in terms of low BER at different SNR levels, reduced PAPR, high user throughput performance and better spectral efficiency.

Exploiting Spectral-Energy Efficiency Tradeoff with Fairness in Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Systems

The spectral efficiency(SE)and energy efficiency(EE)tradeoff while ensuring rate fairness among users in non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)systems is investigated.In order to characterize the SE-EE tradeoff with rate fairness,a multi-objective optimization(MOO)problem is first formulated,where the rate fairness is represented with theα-fair utility function.Then,the MOO problem is converted into a single-objective optimization(SOO)problem by the weighted sum method.To solve the converted non-convex SOO problem,we apply sequential convex programming,which helps to propose a general power allocation algorithm to realize the SE-EE tradeoff with rate fairness.We prove the convergence of the proposed algorithm and the convergent solution satisfies the KKT conditions.Simulation results demonstrate the proposed power allocation algorithm can achieve various levels of rate fairness,and higher fairness results in degraded performance of SE-EE tradeoff.A pivotal conclusion is reached that NOMA systems significantly outperform orthogonal multiple access systems in terms of SE-EE tradeoff with the same level of rate fairness.

Unified Framework Towards Flexible Multiple Access Schemes for 5G

Non-orthogonal multiple access （NOMA） schemes have achieved great attention recently and been considered as a crucial compo-nent for 5G wireless networks since they can efficiently enhance the spectrum efficiency, support massive connections and poten-tially reduce access latency via grant free access. In this paper, we introduce the candidate NOMA solutions in 5G networks, com-paring the principles, key features, application scenarios, transmitters and receivers, etc. In addition, a unified framework of these multiple access schemes are proposed to improve resource utilization, reduce the cost and support the flexible adaptation of multi-ple access schemes. Further, flexible multiple access schemes in 5G systems are discussed. They can support diverse deployment scenarios and traffic requirements in 5G. Challenges and future research directions are also highlighted to shed some lights for the standardization in 5G.

Research on Physical Layer Security in Cognitive Wireless Networks with Multiple Eavesdroppers Based on Resource Allocation Algorithm

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT), non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) technology and cognitive wireless network are two promising technologies to improve the spectral efficiency of the system, which have been widely concerned in the field of wireless communication. However, due to the importance of ownership and privacy protection, the IoT system must provide corresponding security mechanisms. From the perspective of improving the transmission security of CR-NOMA system based on cognitive wireless network, and considering the shortcomings of traditional relay cooperative NOMA system, this paper mainly analyzes the eavesdropping channel model of multi-user CR-NOMA system and derives the expressions of system security and rate to improve the security performance of CR-NOMA system. The basic idea of DC planning algorithm and the scheme of sub-carrier power allocation to improve the transmission security of the system were introduced. An algorithm for DC-CR-NOMA was proposed to maximize the SSR of the system and minimize the energy loss. The simulation results show that under the same complexity, the security and speed of the system can be greatly improved compared with the traditional scheme.

Sparse Code Multiple Access-Towards Massive Connectivity and Low Latency 5G Communications

Sparse code multiple access(SCMA) is a novel non-orthogonal multiple access technology considered as a key component in 5G air interface design. In SCMA, the incoming bits are directly mapped to multi-dimensional constellation vectors known as SCMA codewords, which are then mapped onto blocks of physical resource elements in a sparse manner. The number of codewords that can be non-orthogonally multiplexed in each SCMA block is much larger than the number of resource elements therein, so the system is overloaded and can support larger number of users. The joint optimization of multi-dimensional modulation and low density spreading in SCMA codebook design ensures the SCMA receiver to recover the coded bits with high reliability and low complexity. The flexibility in design and the robustness in performance further prove SCMA to be a promising technology to meet the 5G communication demands such as massive connectivity and low latency transmissions.

A Survey: Several Technologies of Non-Orthogonal Transmission for 5G

One key advantage of 4G OFDM system is the relatively simple receiver implementation due to the orthogonal resource allocation.However,from sum-capacity and spectral efficiency points of view,orthogonal systems are never the achieving schemes.With the rapid development of mobile communication systems,a novel concept of non-orthogonal transmission for 5G mobile communications has attracted researches all around the world.In this trend,many new multiple access schemes and waveform modulation technologies were proposed.In this paper,some promising ones of them were discussed which include Non-orthogonal Multiple Access(NOMA),Sparse Code Multiple Access(SCMA),Multi-user Shared Access(MUSA),Pattern Division Multiple Access(PDMA)and some main new waveforms including Filter-bank based Multicarrier(FBMC),Universal Filtered Multi-Carrier(UFMC),Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing(GFDM).By analyzing and comparing features of these technologies,a research direction of guiding on future 5G multiple access and waveform are given.

A time domain multiple-CFOs and CIRs estimation algorithm over wireless multimedia sensor networks

Channel parameters estimation in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access(OFDMA)systemfor the receiver station is a multi-dimensional(MD)optimization problem,because every user node has aseparate local oscillator and every transmitter to receiver link has individual carrier frequency offset(CFO)and channel impulse response(CIR)parameters .In order to reduce the computational complexityfor MD optimization,a time domain CFOs and CIRs estimation algorithm over the OFDMA based wirelessmultimedia sensor networks(WMSN)is proposed in this paper.In this algorithm,the receiver stationcan decouple the signal from every node by correlation based on specially designed training sequences,sothat the MD optimization problem is simplified to an 1-D optimal problem.It is proved that the multipleCFOs can be identified from the correlation result using the phase shift of the consecutive training se-quences .Based on the CFOs estimation result,the CIRs can then be estimated according to the minimummean square error(MMSE)criterion.The theoretic analysis and simulation results show that the proposedalgorithm can effectively decouple the signal from different user nodes and the bit error rate(BER)per-formance curves are close to the ideal estimation when the user number is not large.

下行RIS-NOMA的用户集群方法

为提高用户分布非均匀的场景下可重构智能表面(RIS)辅助下行非正交多址(NOMA)通信系统的性能,提出了一种分布式RIS辅助下行NOMA的用户聚类方案。首先,采用自适应几何分布(AGD)聚类算法划分用户集群(UCs),从而为各UC匹配RIS。然后,利用分式规划(FP)方法将非凸最大化频谱效率问题转换为凸优化问题。最后,为UC内用户逐级进行功率分配(PA)与被动波束形成(PB)。仿真结果表明,与谱聚类(SPC)、K均值(K-means)、高斯混合模型(GMM)聚类方案和正交多址(OMA)方案相比,在AGD方案下,功率对频谱效率提升了7%、14%、19%和42%的增益,反射面对频谱效率提升了16%、19%、26%和40%的增益。

智能反射表面辅助的非正交多址接入系统用户分组、波束赋形与相移的优化

该文研究智能反射表面(IRS)辅助的多天线非正交多址接入(NOMA)网络中用户分组、发送波束赋形、相移等的联合优化问题。系统中1个分组分配1个波束并在组内进行连续干扰消除检测。该文提出一种不依赖于发送波束赋形和IRS相移的用户分组配对策略,将用户分组与其他优化分离,显著降低了优化问题求解的难度和计算复杂度。进一步,联合优化基站发送波束赋形、功率分配和IRS相移矩阵,最小化基站的总发送功率。原始优化问题是一个多变量相互耦合的非凸优化问题,利用松弛变量、连续凸逼近、半定松弛、交替迭代优化等方法将原问题转化为凸问题并求解。仿真结果显示,相较于1个用户1个波束的方案,所提方案在基站天线数较少时性能更优,而在天线数较多时也与该对比方案非常接近,但所提方案的优化计算复杂度更低。而对比采用不同分组算法、随机IRS相移方案、最大比发射方案,以及无IRS的方案,所提方案的性能始终更优。

反向散射NOMA赋能的混合多播-单播协作传输方案

针对协作中继通信系统频谱效率低和链路利用率低的问题,面向多播、单播业务共存场景,该文提出一种反向散射NOMA赋能的混合多播-单播协作传输方案。机会式选择一个多播用户作为协作节点,将其接收信号的一部分功率用于自身解码,剩余功率反向散射以增强其余用户的接收质量。为提升系统性能,通过联合优化基站功率分配系数、协作用户反向散射系数和协作节点选择变量,在保障多播服务质量的前提下,实现单播用户最小可达速率的最大化。为解决上述高度非凸联合优化问题,该文设计一种协作用户选择准则并提出了一种迭代算法来获取原问题的最优解。仿真结果验证了所提迭代算法的快速收敛性,相较于传统非协作传输方案,所提方案可将单播用户最小可达速率提升11.5%,有效保证多业务服务质量。

多基站无线非正交多址接入的平滑视频流传输算法

视频服务需求的快速增长对于视频流畅播放提出了巨大挑战,从用户体验角度分析,视频播放中的卡顿时间可能是最重要指标之一。随着5G网络技术的发展,非正交多址接入(NOMA)技术被重点关注,NOMA技术具有叠加编码和连续干扰消除2个特点,根据这2个特点实现数据的并行传输。利用NOMA技术的并行传输能力来提高基站为用户提供视频的实时性。在用户需求视频名称和视频分辨率给定的情况下,通过联合基站-用户配对方式和基站功率分配来降低视频播放时的卡顿时间。通过对问题进行建模,并提出1个两步启发式算法对问题进行求解,第1步为确定基站与用户的配对方式,第2步为分配基站的发射功率。实验结果表明,基于NOMA的传输调度方案与传统的传输调度方案相比,用户需求的平均卡顿时间有明显的下降,相对于在不采用NOMA机制时,在2-SIC接收机情况下,用户平均卡顿时间减少了55.56%。