The depletion of the ozone layer, a vital shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is now a worldwide environmental concern. Human activities, particularly the release of ozone depleting su...The depletion of the ozone layer, a vital shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is now a worldwide environmental concern. Human activities, particularly the release of ozone depleting substances (ODS), have led to the thinning of this protective layer over recent decades. Simultaneously, illegal trade has emerged as a global challenge, giving rise to economic issues, losses of tax revenue, heightened criminal activities, health risks, and environmental hazards. The depletion of the ozone layer, a critical shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, has become a global environmental concern. This paper delves into the legal dimensions surrounding ozone-depleting substances (ODS), their impact on the ozone layer, and the subsequent risk of skin cancer. As countries navigate international agreements, domestic regulations, and enforcement mechanisms, the intricate interplay between legal frameworks and the health implications of ozone layer depletion comes to the forefront. The paper highlights particular instances of illegal trade in ozone depleting substances, drawing from data reported by the parties to the Montreal Protocol. Notably, China stands out as a significant source of contraband ODS, with other countries such as Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, and France reporting numerous cases. Analyzing these case instances offers insights into the efficacy of legal frameworks and enforcement measures. The paper offers a comprehensive set of recommendations to strengthen global control and enforcement against the illegal trade of ozone depleting substances. These recommendations span diverse aspects such as production monitoring, customs collaboration, mutual verification, cross-border agreements, public-private partnerships, international cooperation, detection equipment, global regulatory standards, resource allocation, public awareness campaigns, alternative substance development, and controlling the trade at its source. By applying these recommendations and enhancing enforcement measures, we aim to protect the ozone layer and create a healthier and safer world for future generations and achieve sustainable development goals.展开更多
Effects of shading at the flowering and grain filling stages on osmotic regulation substance content and protective enzyme activities in the leaves of different rice genotypes （e.g., Ilyou 498, Gangyou 188, Dexiang 4...Effects of shading at the flowering and grain filling stages on osmotic regulation substance content and protective enzyme activities in the leaves of different rice genotypes （e.g., Ilyou 498, Gangyou 188, Dexiang 4103, Gangyou 527 and Chuanxiang 9838） were investigated. The results showed that the malondialdehyde content of Gangyou 188 significantly increased under shading, whereas those of Ilyou 498, Dexiang 4103, Gangyou 527 and Chuanxiang 9838 showed no significant differences compared to the control. The soluble sugar content significantly decreased in Ilyou 498, Gangyou 188, Dexiang 4103 and Chuanxiang 9838, whereas it did not significantly increase in Gangyou 527 under the weak light conditions （shading）. Moreover, the soluble protein content in the leaves of different genotypes tended to decrease under shading. Further, the protective enzyme activities in the leaves varied in different rice genotypes under the shading treatment. Based on the osmotic regulation substance content and the protective enzyme activities in the leaves of different rice genotypes, it was concluded that Gangyou 188 and Gangyou 527 had strong abilities to adapt to the low light conditions. In addition, the mechanism of damage to rice leaves in different genotypes under shading was discussed.展开更多
In the present research, the strain SLYY-3 was isolated from sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. The strain SLYY- 3, which produced a bacteriocin-like substance （BLS）, was characterized to be a strain of Baci...In the present research, the strain SLYY-3 was isolated from sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. The strain SLYY- 3, which produced a bacteriocin-like substance （BLS）, was characterized to be a strain of Bacillus subtillis by biochemical profiling and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. It is the first time to report that Bacillus subtilis from Jiaozhou Bay sediments could produce a BLS. The BLS of B. subtillis SLYY-3 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria （including Staphylococcus aureus and B. subtillis） and some fimgi （including Penicillium glaucum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus）. The antimicrobial activity was detected from culture in the exponential growth phase and reached its maximum when culture entered into stationary growth phase. It was thermo-tolerant even when being kept at 100~C for 60 min without losing any activity and stable over a wide pH range from 1.0 to 12.0 while being inactivated by proteolytic enzyme and trypsin, indicating the proteinaceous nature of the BLS. The BLS was purified by precipitation with hydrochloric acid （HC1） and gel filteration （Sephadex G-100）. SDS-PAGE analysis of the extracellular peptides of SLYY-3 revealed a bacteriocin-like protein with a molecular mass of 66 kDa. Altogether, these characteristics indicate the potential of the BLS for food industry as a protection against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.展开更多
Manufacturers of chemicals are responsible for setting up a list of tools, including labels and safety data sheets, in order to provide adequate information about dangerous properties being labels and safety data shee...Manufacturers of chemicals are responsible for setting up a list of tools, including labels and safety data sheets, in order to provide adequate information about dangerous properties being labels and safety data sheets the main instruments for the immediate advice about dangerous substances and preparations for general public and workers. While correct labelling gives the possibility to general public to recognise the risks arising from handling and use of dangerous chemicals, safety data sheets are provided for professionals in order to allow safe handling and storage of dangerous chemicals in work places. Information contained in safety data sheets are also designed to suggest safety measures to be taken for the protection of workers as well as precaution measures and adequate actions to be taken in the case of accident. This project has critically revised the information contained in a list of safety data sheets of active ingredients provided for plant protection products, in order to assess the quality and the consistency of the data contained. Reported data have been then compared to published data. Considerable deficiencies/mistakes/inconsistencies have been found in the data reported along the safety data sheets of the examined substances, showing an urgent need of improving the enforcement related to a systematic recognition in this field as well as training of people involved in compilation of safety data sheets by producer side.展开更多
Cake layer formation is inevitable over time for ultrafiltration(UF)membrane-based drinking water treatment.Although the cake layer is always considered to cause membrane fouling,it can also act as a"dynamic prot...Cake layer formation is inevitable over time for ultrafiltration(UF)membrane-based drinking water treatment.Although the cake layer is always considered to cause membrane fouling,it can also act as a"dynamic protection layer",as it further adsorbs pollutants and dramatically reduces their chance of getting to the membrane surface.Here,the UF membrane fouling performance was investigated with pre-deposited loose flocs in the presence of humic acid(HA).The results showed that the floc dynamic protection layer played an important role in removing HA.The higher the solution pH,the more negative the floc charge,resulting in lower HA removal efficiency due to the electrostatic repulsion and large pore size of the floc layer.With decreasing solution pH,a positively charged floc dynamic protection layer was formed,and more HA molecules were adsorbed.The potential reasons were ascribed to the smaller floc size,greater positive charge,and higher roughness of the floc layer.However,similar membrane fouling performance was also observed for the negative and positive floc dynamic protection layers due to their strong looseness characteristics.In addition,the molecular weight(MW)distribution of HA also played an important role in UF membrane fouling behavior.For the small MW HA molecules,the chance of forming a loose cake layer was high with a negatively charged floc dynamic protection layer,while for the large MW HA molecules it was high with a positively charged floc dynamic protection layer.As a result,slight UF membrane fouling was induced.展开更多
文摘The depletion of the ozone layer, a vital shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, is now a worldwide environmental concern. Human activities, particularly the release of ozone depleting substances (ODS), have led to the thinning of this protective layer over recent decades. Simultaneously, illegal trade has emerged as a global challenge, giving rise to economic issues, losses of tax revenue, heightened criminal activities, health risks, and environmental hazards. The depletion of the ozone layer, a critical shield protecting the Earth from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, has become a global environmental concern. This paper delves into the legal dimensions surrounding ozone-depleting substances (ODS), their impact on the ozone layer, and the subsequent risk of skin cancer. As countries navigate international agreements, domestic regulations, and enforcement mechanisms, the intricate interplay between legal frameworks and the health implications of ozone layer depletion comes to the forefront. The paper highlights particular instances of illegal trade in ozone depleting substances, drawing from data reported by the parties to the Montreal Protocol. Notably, China stands out as a significant source of contraband ODS, with other countries such as Bulgaria, Lithuania, Poland, and France reporting numerous cases. Analyzing these case instances offers insights into the efficacy of legal frameworks and enforcement measures. The paper offers a comprehensive set of recommendations to strengthen global control and enforcement against the illegal trade of ozone depleting substances. These recommendations span diverse aspects such as production monitoring, customs collaboration, mutual verification, cross-border agreements, public-private partnerships, international cooperation, detection equipment, global regulatory standards, resource allocation, public awareness campaigns, alternative substance development, and controlling the trade at its source. By applying these recommendations and enhancing enforcement measures, we aim to protect the ozone layer and create a healthier and safer world for future generations and achieve sustainable development goals.
基金supported by the 11th 5-year Major Project of National Science and Technology Support Plan(Grant No. 2011BAD16B05)Youth Foundation Project of Sichuan Agricultural University in ChinaOutstanding Master’s Thesis Foundation Project of Sichuan Agricultural University in China
文摘Effects of shading at the flowering and grain filling stages on osmotic regulation substance content and protective enzyme activities in the leaves of different rice genotypes （e.g., Ilyou 498, Gangyou 188, Dexiang 4103, Gangyou 527 and Chuanxiang 9838） were investigated. The results showed that the malondialdehyde content of Gangyou 188 significantly increased under shading, whereas those of Ilyou 498, Dexiang 4103, Gangyou 527 and Chuanxiang 9838 showed no significant differences compared to the control. The soluble sugar content significantly decreased in Ilyou 498, Gangyou 188, Dexiang 4103 and Chuanxiang 9838, whereas it did not significantly increase in Gangyou 527 under the weak light conditions （shading）. Moreover, the soluble protein content in the leaves of different genotypes tended to decrease under shading. Further, the protective enzyme activities in the leaves varied in different rice genotypes under the shading treatment. Based on the osmotic regulation substance content and the protective enzyme activities in the leaves of different rice genotypes, it was concluded that Gangyou 188 and Gangyou 527 had strong abilities to adapt to the low light conditions. In addition, the mechanism of damage to rice leaves in different genotypes under shading was discussed.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Support Program (No. 2011BAD14B04)Project of Shandong Province Higher Educational Science and Technology Program (J14LE59)+1 种基金Applied & Basic Research Foundation of Qingdao (No. 12-1-4-3(3)-jch)Science & Technology Project of AQSIQ (No. 2012IK176)
文摘In the present research, the strain SLYY-3 was isolated from sediments of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. The strain SLYY- 3, which produced a bacteriocin-like substance （BLS）, was characterized to be a strain of Bacillus subtillis by biochemical profiling and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. It is the first time to report that Bacillus subtilis from Jiaozhou Bay sediments could produce a BLS. The BLS of B. subtillis SLYY-3 exhibited strong inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria （including Staphylococcus aureus and B. subtillis） and some fimgi （including Penicillium glaucum, Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus）. The antimicrobial activity was detected from culture in the exponential growth phase and reached its maximum when culture entered into stationary growth phase. It was thermo-tolerant even when being kept at 100~C for 60 min without losing any activity and stable over a wide pH range from 1.0 to 12.0 while being inactivated by proteolytic enzyme and trypsin, indicating the proteinaceous nature of the BLS. The BLS was purified by precipitation with hydrochloric acid （HC1） and gel filteration （Sephadex G-100）. SDS-PAGE analysis of the extracellular peptides of SLYY-3 revealed a bacteriocin-like protein with a molecular mass of 66 kDa. Altogether, these characteristics indicate the potential of the BLS for food industry as a protection against pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms.
文摘Manufacturers of chemicals are responsible for setting up a list of tools, including labels and safety data sheets, in order to provide adequate information about dangerous properties being labels and safety data sheets the main instruments for the immediate advice about dangerous substances and preparations for general public and workers. While correct labelling gives the possibility to general public to recognise the risks arising from handling and use of dangerous chemicals, safety data sheets are provided for professionals in order to allow safe handling and storage of dangerous chemicals in work places. Information contained in safety data sheets are also designed to suggest safety measures to be taken for the protection of workers as well as precaution measures and adequate actions to be taken in the case of accident. This project has critically revised the information contained in a list of safety data sheets of active ingredients provided for plant protection products, in order to assess the quality and the consistency of the data contained. Reported data have been then compared to published data. Considerable deficiencies/mistakes/inconsistencies have been found in the data reported along the safety data sheets of the examined substances, showing an urgent need of improving the enforcement related to a systematic recognition in this field as well as training of people involved in compilation of safety data sheets by producer side.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(No.51608514)the Funds for International Cooperation and Exchange of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51820105011)+1 种基金the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2016YFC0400802)the Program of the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Cake layer formation is inevitable over time for ultrafiltration(UF)membrane-based drinking water treatment.Although the cake layer is always considered to cause membrane fouling,it can also act as a"dynamic protection layer",as it further adsorbs pollutants and dramatically reduces their chance of getting to the membrane surface.Here,the UF membrane fouling performance was investigated with pre-deposited loose flocs in the presence of humic acid(HA).The results showed that the floc dynamic protection layer played an important role in removing HA.The higher the solution pH,the more negative the floc charge,resulting in lower HA removal efficiency due to the electrostatic repulsion and large pore size of the floc layer.With decreasing solution pH,a positively charged floc dynamic protection layer was formed,and more HA molecules were adsorbed.The potential reasons were ascribed to the smaller floc size,greater positive charge,and higher roughness of the floc layer.However,similar membrane fouling performance was also observed for the negative and positive floc dynamic protection layers due to their strong looseness characteristics.In addition,the molecular weight(MW)distribution of HA also played an important role in UF membrane fouling behavior.For the small MW HA molecules,the chance of forming a loose cake layer was high with a negatively charged floc dynamic protection layer,while for the large MW HA molecules it was high with a positively charged floc dynamic protection layer.As a result,slight UF membrane fouling was induced.
