Proton Exchange in Water/Mycelium System: Transdisciplinary Out-of-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Approach Using Potentiometric Titration

In this study, we used potentiometric titration to investigate the interaction of the saprophytic fungus Trametes villosa in an aqueous environment. The study of this biological complex system allowed us to observe the evolution of out-ofequilibrium hydrogen ion potential states after systematic perturbations. The responses of the complex system to perturbations were interpreted from relations that provided qualitative response patterns for mycelium in agreement with their basic structural and organizational characteristics. We consider this to be a transdisciplinary example of the behavior of general systems with thermodynamic properties of great ecological relevance, being specifically related to the negentropic properties of heterogeneous systems.

Out-of-Equilibrium Assembly Based on Host-Guest Interactions

The field of supramolecular chemistry is rapidly progressing,transitioning from the creation of thermodynamically stable systems found in local or global minima on the free energy landscape to the development of out-of-equilibrium systems that rely on chemical reactions to establish and maintain their structures.Over the past decade,numerous artificial out-of-equilibrium systems have been devised in various domains of supramolecular chemistry,many of which have been extensively reviewed.However,one area that has received limited attention thus far is the use of out-of-equilibrium processes to regulate host-guest interactions.This minireview aims to address this gap by exploring the construction of out-ofequilibrium systems based on host-guest complexation,which likely employs similar strategies to those employed in analogous noncovalent interactions.The review begins with a summary of these shared strategies.Subsequently,it discusses representative publications that exemplify these strategies and classifies thembased onwhich component is being modulated-host,guest,or competitive molecules.Through this examination,our objective is to shed light on the design of out-of-equilibrium systems relying on host-guest interactions and provide valuable insights into the preparation strategies for various transient materials.

Out-of-equilibrium supramolecular self-assembling systems driven by chemical fuel

A rich variety of smart materials developed via supramolecular assembly strategies have been introduced in the past decades.However,most materials reside in the thermodynamic equilibrium state,opposed to those nonequilibrium structures with sophisticated functions that are observed in living systems.To develop advanced synthetic systems,chemists have begun to focus on how to use strategies similar to those used in biological systems for fabricating artificial out-of-equilibrium systems.Heretofore,a rich variety of artificial out-of-equilibrium systems have been developed.In this review,we have summarized the recent progress of artificial out-of-equilibrium systems and categorized them in terms of the chemical fuel used,including adenosine triphosphate(ATP),acid/base,carbodiimide reagents,and many others.For these self-assembling systems,their design strategies,potential applications,as well as advantageous features have been discussed.At the end of this review,the remaining challenges and an outlook of the chemical-fuel-driven out-of-equilibrium systems were also discussed.It is believed that this review has provided some insights and could be useful for those who are interested in the out-of-equilibrium supramolecular assembling systems and their subsequent constructing strategies for various transient materials.