Effects of Outdoor Temperature on Blood Pressure in a Prospective Cohort of Northwest China

Objective The relationship between outdoor temperature and blood pressure(BP) has been inconclusive. We analyzed data from a prospective cohort study in northwestern China to investigate the effect of outdoor temperature on BP and effect modification by season.Methods A total of 32,710 individuals who participated in both the baseline survey and the first follow-up in 2011–2015 were included in the study. A linear mixed-effect model and generalized additive mixed model(GAMM) were applied to estimate the association between outdoor temperature and BP after adjusting for confounding variables.Results The mean differences in systolic blood pressure(SBP) and diastolic blood pressure(DBP)between summer and winter were 3.5 mm Hg and 2.75 mm Hg, respectively. After adjusting for individual characteristics, meteorological factors and air pollutants, a significant increase in SBP and DBP was observed for lag 06 day and lag 04 day, a 0.28 mm Hg(95% CI: 0.27–0.30) per 1 °C decrease in average temperature for SBP and a 0.16 mm Hg(95% CI: 0.15–0.17) per 1 °C decrease in average temperature for DBP, respectively. The effects of the average temperature on both SBP and DBP were stronger in summer than in other seasons. The effects of the average temperature on BP were also greater if individuals were older, male, overweight or obese, a smoker or drinker, or had cardiovascular diseases(CVDs), hypertension, and diabetes.Conclusions This study demonstrated a significant negative association between outdoor temperature and BP in a high-altitude environment of northwest China. Moreover, BP showed a significant seasonal variation. The association between BP and temperature differed by season and individuals' demographic characteristics(age, gender, BMI), unhealthy behaviors(smoking and alcohol consumption), and chronic disease status(CVDs, hypertension, and diabetes).

Skin Temperature and Body Surface Section in Non-Uniform and Asymmetric Outdoor Thermal Environment

In indoor environments and shady outdoor environments, there is little influence of short-wavelength solar radiation, so a strikingly non-uniform and asymmetric environment is not formed. In outdoor sunny environment, however, shaded areas occur even for the same site of the body, and a remarkable difference in skin temperature is considered to occur under the influence of the short-wavelength solar radiation. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the non-uniform and asymmetric thermal radiation of short-wavelength solar radiation in outdoor environment on the division of the body surface section and the calculation of the mean skin temperature. The skin temperature of the front of the coronal surface, which was facing the sun and where the body received direct short-wavelength solar radiation, and the skin temperature of the rear of the coronal surface, which was in the shadow and did not receive direct short-wavelength solar radiation were respectively measured. The feet, upper arm, forearm, hand and lower leg, which are susceptible to short-wavelength solar radiation in a standing posture, had a noticeable difference in skin temperature between sites in the sun and in shade. The mean skin temperature of sites facing the sun was significantly higher than the mean skin temperature of those in the shade.

Outdoor Temperature Estimation Using ANFIS for Soft Sensors

In recent years,several studies using smart methods and soft computing in the field of HVAC systems have been provided.In this paper,we propose a framework which will strengthen the benefits of the Fuzzy Logic(FL)and Neural Fuzzy(NF)systems to estimate outdoor temperature.In this regard,Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System(ANFIS)is used in effective combination of strategic information for estimating the outdoor temperature of the building.A novel versatile calculation focused around ANFIS is proposed to adjust logical progressions and to weaken the questionable aggravation of estimation information from multisensory.Due to ANFIS accuracy in specialized predictions,it is an effective device to manage vulnerabilities of each experiential framework.The NF system can concentrate on measurable properties of the samples throughout the preparation sessions.Reproduction results demonstrate that the calculation can successfully alter the framework to adjust context oriented progressions and has solid combination capacity in opposing questionable data.This sagacious estimator is actualized utilizing Matlab and the exhibitions are explored.The aim of this study is to improve the overall performance of HVAC systems in terms of energy efficiency and thermal comfort in the building.

Seasonal Variation in Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Building Areas and in Green Spaces in Beijing, China

The cooling and humidifying effects of urban parks are an essential component of city ecosystems in terms of regulating microclimates or mitigating urban heat islands(UHIs).Air temperature and relative humidity are two main factors of thermal environmental comfort and have a critical impact on the urban environmental quality of human settlements.We measured the 2-m height air temperature and relative humidity at the Beijing Olympic Park and a nearby building roof for more than 1 year to elucidate seasonal variations in air temperature and relative humidity,as well as to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort.The results showed that the lawn of the park could,on average,reduce the air temperature by(0.80±0.19)℃,and increase the relative humidity by(5.24±2.91)% relative to the values measured at the building roof during daytime.During the nighttime,the lawn of the park reduced the air temperature by(2.64±0.64)℃ and increased the relative humidity by(10.77±5.20)%.The park was cooler and more humid than surrounding building area,especially in night period(more pronounced cooling with 1.84℃).Additionally,the lawn of the park could improve outdoor thermal comfort through its cooling and humidifying effects.The level of thermal comfort in the park was higher than that around the building roof for a total of 11 days annually in which it was above one or more thermal comfort levels(average reduced human comfort index of 0.92)except during the winter.

夏热冬冷地区养老院老年人冬季室外热舒适性探究

养老院室外空间是机构养老人群的主要室外活动场所,室外空间的热舒适性对老年人身心健康具有重要影响。为营造健康、舒适的室外热环境,文章以上海Q养老院为例,通过对养老院室外热环境实测和老年人室外热舒适问卷调查,分析老年人室外热舒适与热感觉关系,研究热环境因素对老年人冬季室外热舒适的影响,从热中性生理等效温度、热中性生理等效温度范围、满足90%热可接受率的生理等效温度范围和热偏好生理等效温度等4个方面,确定老年人冬季热舒适性评价基准;最后基于研究结果,从自然环境和建筑环境两方面提出养老院冬季室外热环境优化设计建议,为夏热冬冷地区养老院室外热环境改善提供参考。

压缩机排气显热驱动的溶液除湿系统节能特性研究

利用空调压缩机高温排气显热驱动液体除湿系统,不仅可以降低排气过热程度,改善制冷机组运行工况,还可以有效利用排气余热制冷、除湿,降低空调冷负荷,具有双重节能效应。基于常用的LiCl除湿溶液,设计了一种利用压缩机排气显热驱动的溶液除湿系统,明确压缩机排气热量的计算方法,建立LiCl溶液除湿与再生循环的物质和能量平衡计算模型,并对影响该系统节能率的各种参数进行分析。影响节能率的主要因素有室外环境温湿度、制冷机组运行工况、LiCl溶液流量、除湿器入口溶液温度、再生器和除湿器的热质交换系数与气液比、回热器的热交换系数等。分析结果表明,适当降低室外温湿度(处理回风)或提高室外温湿度(处理新风)、降低蒸发温度和等熵效率、提高冷凝温度、优化LiCl溶液与制冷剂流量之比和除湿器入口溶液温度、提高热质交换系数和气液比、提高回热器效率,都有利于提高节能率。在不同城市采用该方案,处理回风的节能率在10%~15%之间,处理新风的节能率在10%~20%之间,其中,夏热冬冷与夏热冬暖地区处理新风时的节能率可达20%左右。

老年健康导向下的住区室外活动空间热环境研究——以合肥西园新村为例

随着全球气候变化和人口老龄化进程加速,老年人作为最容易受到气温环境负面影响的群体之一,社区室外活动空间恶劣的微气候已经严重影响老年居民健康及室外活动的开展。针对日益严峻的老年健康问题,本文通过梳理相关文献,厘清空间热环境和老年健康的关系,对老年健康温度阈值进行定量研究。以合肥住区室外活动空间热环境为研究对象,将提升老年健康为目标,采用ENVI-met软件对社区热环境现状进行量化分析,科学评估活动空间的热环境品质,并通过健康温度阈值筛选出更适合老年居民使用的室外活动空间,探讨室外活动空间的选址及优化建议,为住区室外活动空间的选址、设计和改造提供理论依据。

无绝缘轨道电路室外监测产品设计优化研究

介绍无绝缘轨道电路室外监测设备温度采集功能的设计优化方案。通过对产品的型式试验,分析温度传感器采用集中式安装方式时,影响温度采集速度的因素。通过优化温度传感器的安装方式,解决温度采集响应慢的问题,并通过试验进行验证。

室外电动机温度调节器的研制与应用

极端寒冷的天气条件下,电动机轴承上油膜形成不良,导致电动机运行时润滑不良和异常声响,加速轴承磨损,并且由于电动机壳体与基础之间的微变形不一致而导致振动超标,极大影响设备的正常运行。对此,研制了一种室外电动机温度调节器,以最大限度地减少电动机运行产生的热量消耗,并确保设备正常运行。

家用户外电烤炉烧烤面温升性能研究

户外电烤炉有着使用环保的能源、更高的安全性、可实现智能化、可精准控温等优势。烧烤这种烹饪方式,要求烹饪器具有快速加热的能力以使食物达到可以快速进行美拉德反应的温度。因此,关于家用户外电烤炉烧烤平面温升性能的研究就显得尤为重要。

关于美国URD标准中室外空气计算参数的探讨

在我国基于URD标准编制的不同标准中,对于室外空气计算参数的定义存在一些出入。为厘清URD标准中这些室外空气计算参数的内涵,本文对URD标准中的不保证率及对应湿球温度进行了研究,明确了以下几点:URD标准中1%不保证率的定义是季节不保证率;ASHRAE标准中的年不保证率可以与GB 50019—2015标准中的累年平均每年不保证小时数进行等效转化;URD中的对应湿球温度,实质为所有对应湿球温度的最高值。

变风量空调系统的优化控制

从变风量末端装置控制、空调机组送风温度控制、空调机组风机转速控制、空调系统新风量控制4个方面介绍了变风量空调系统的优化控制原理。每个方面都从控制目标、控制对象、控制逻辑明确了各控制环节要做什么、如何做好的关键环节。

凹槽内邻边布置室外机热环境模拟与改善

利用CFD对凹槽内邻边布置2台室外机时的气流组织进行模拟,分析散热环境的温度场和速度场,发现可以优先考虑对与凹槽同出风口方向的室外机进行散热优化。为了改善室外机热环境,设计3种挡板形式。试验分析不同挡板形式下室外机平均进风温度和进出风温差,结果表明:3种挡板均能够改善正出风室外机散热性能,且不会对邻边室外机的散热产生影响,其中在正出风室外机右侧增设隔断挡板的方案优于其他方案。

户外环网柜混合动力除湿装置研究与应用

户外环网柜在多变的环境下,内部温湿度控制尤为重要。然而,传统的环网柜经常出现凝聚现象,导致设备故障频发,为了解决这一问题,研发了一款户外环网柜混合动力除湿装置。该装置由无动力通风部分和有动力通风部分组成,能够有效地调节环网柜内部的温湿度。投入使用后,除湿效果显著,有效缓解了环网柜内部凝聚情况,降低了设备故障率。详细介绍了该装置的设计、工作原理和实际应用效果,为相关领域的研究和应用提供有益的参考。

某住宅小区温湿度独立控制空调系统设计

以南京某住宅项目为例,介绍了该项目复合式地源热泵系统、空调水系统、新风系统、空调末端、温湿度及防结露控制。该空调系统采用集中冷热源、分户换热系统,节省了管网投资,降低了输送能耗。用户侧定压补水采用竖向分区减压补水,控制用户侧毛细管系统工作压力,提高了毛细管辐射末端可靠性及使用寿命。置换新风系统采用局部微降板埋地处理,以节省户内空间。其竖向分区的新风系统减小了户内风井面积,增加了使用面积,由双冷源深度热回收新风机组集中回收排风能量,优化了冷凝器配置,热泵回收低温排风能量,提高了内置热泵效率。该项目系统设计对住宅毛细管辐射系统设计具有一定的参考价值。

多联机在超高标准接待项目中的应用

阐述了某超高标准接待项目暖通空调系统的设计特点,从分析落实业主对该项目的主要设计要求入手,介绍了室内设计参数优化、冷热源方案、系统划分、计算与验算、振动噪声控制、备用性及其他细部设计;重点介绍了三管制热回收高显热多联机+直膨式恒温恒湿新风机组+地暖方案在该项目中的应用,为超高标准接待项目及温湿度独立控制空调系统的设计提供了新的解决思路和案例。

Effects of Outdoor Thermal Environment upon the Human Responses

In a summer outdoor space, the influence of short-wave length solar radiation on the human body is strongly apparent, heat is retained in the body, and the risk of heat disorders such as heat stroke increases. To avoid this, it is essential to seek shade to avoid the influence of short-wave length solar radiation. In addition, natural ground surfaces such as green spaces and water surfaces are useful in reducing the air temperature. It is indispensable to consider climate mitigation effect of outdoor space. The purpose of this study is to clarify the influence of the thermal environment of an outdoor space on the human body in rural and suburban regions where paddy fields remain. Subject experiments were conducted to examine the relationship between the thermal environment evaluation index enhanced conduction-corrected modified effective temperature (ETFe) in an outdoor space and the physiological and psychological responses of the human body. Experiment sites were selected with consideration for the natural ground surface such as bare ground where the surface is gravel or soil;paved ground such as concrete, asphalt or blocks;green areas covered in plants;and water surfaces, as well as the sky factor due to buildings or trees etc. and the proportion of the solid angle of components of greenery and water etc. comprising the solid angle of the total celestial sphere. A ground surface feature with a high heat capacity may promote sensation of hot and deteriorate the thermal sensation. A landscape of thick vegetation with a high green factor may have a strong feeling of confinement, which can make it somewhat hot and somewhat uncomfortable thermal environment due to the sense of stagnation. Compared with the urban environment, it is conceivable that the difference in the perceptual environment, whereby it is subconsciously assumed to be a comfortable thermal environment, had an effect in the rural and suburban regional environment, resulting in an ETFe lower than the upper limit of comfort in a summer urban environment.

Research on Thermal Comfort of Outdoor Space in Summer Urban Park: Take Mianyang Urban Park as an Example

One of the factors for the evaluation of the space environment is the comfort of outdoor activities spaces in urban parks. The space composed of different landscape elements has different microclimate environment. In this paper, in order to evaluate the role of thermal comfort in influencing resident’s assessment of the outdoor space and activities of the park, a thermal comfort survey was conducted on the outdoor open space of Mianyang Urban Park in summer. In this article, meteorological surveys, questionnaire surveys and observation of park attendance are selected to collect data. The physiological equivalent temperature (PET) assessment was selected as the index to evaluate resident’s thermal comfort level, and the comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the spatial thermal environment of different outdoor landscape elements in the park. The overall comfort of current visitors is mainly influenced by their subjective heat perception voting (TSV). In this article, we focus on providing microclimate adjustment considerations for urban park landscape design, and may help people understand the outdoor thermal comfort of Mianyang in summer, increase the using time of outdoor activities, and promote the use of outdoor space.

空气源热泵8℃供暖能耗分析

集中供暖一般在日平均温度低于5℃时进行,但随着人们对热舒适的更高追求,逐渐出现了8℃供暖的呼声,多地也实质上进行了提前供暖。近几年,空气源热泵供暖系统的发展为部分用户个性化供暖提供了条件。为探究空气源热泵8℃供暖模式的能耗增幅,结合气象参数建立和验证了5℃供暖模式单位设计热负荷耗电量计算模型和8℃供暖模式耗电量增幅计算模型。结果表明:5℃供暖模式空气源热泵机组耗电量主要受供暖室外平均温度、平均相对湿度和供暖期时长的影响;8℃供暖模式的能耗增幅则主要取决于供暖季增加天数内的室外平均温度和供暖季增加天数,几乎不受相对湿度的影响,当供暖增加天数百分率在20%以下时,耗电量增加百分率比供暖增加天数百分率低6%~11%,而当供暖增加天数百分率为20%~30%时,空气源热泵耗电量增加百分率为12%~20%,对空气源热泵系统的运行经济性产生明显影响。

夏热冬冷地区室外广场空间冬季热舒适研究

随着城市发展及居民室外活动时间不断增多,良好的室外空间环境及热舒适性对居民身心健康具有重要影响。针对关注较少的冬季室外环境热舒适问题,以夏热冬冷地区的重庆三峡广场为例,基于冬季热环境实测和热舒适问卷调查,利用Rayman软件计算PET(生理等效温度值)作为热舒适评价参数,建立TCV(热舒适投票值)、TSV(热感觉投票值)与PET的函数关系式,得到不同室外环境空间的冬季热舒适范围,提出适用于夏热冬冷地区的冬季综合舒适度评价模型。研究成果可为完善夏热冬冷地区的室外热舒适研究提供基础数据参考。