Brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling in the neuromuscular junction during developmental axonal competition and synapse elimination

During the development of the nervous system,there is an overproduction of neurons and synapses.Hebbian competition between neighboring nerve endings and synapses performing different activity levels leads to their elimination or strengthening.We have extensively studied the involvement of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-Tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor neurotrophic retrograde pathway,at the neuromuscular junction,in the axonal development and synapse elimination process versus the synapse consolidation.The purpose of this review is to describe the neurotrophic influence on developmental synapse elimination,in relation to other molecular pathways that we and others have found to regulate this process.In particular,we summarize our published results based on transmitter release analysis and axonal counts to show the different involvement of the presynaptic acetylcholine muscarinic autoreceptors,coupled to downstream serine-threonine protein kinases A and C(PKA and PKC)and voltage-gated calcium channels,at different nerve endings in developmental competition.The dynamic changes that occur simultaneously in several nerve terminals and synapses converge across a postsynaptic site,influence each other,and require careful studies to individualize the mechanisms of specific endings.We describe an activity-dependent balance(related to the extent of transmitter release)between the presynaptic muscarinic subtypes and the neurotrophin-mediated TrkB/p75NTR pathways that can influence the timing and fate of the competitive interactions between the different axon terminals.The downstream displacement of the PKA/PKC activity ratio to lower values,both in competing nerve terminals and at postsynaptic sites,plays a relevant role in controlling the elimination of supernumerary synapses.Finally,calcium entry through L-and P/Q-subtypes of voltage-gated calcium channels(both channels are present,together with the N-type channel in developing nerve terminals)contributes to reduce transmitter release and promote withdrawal of the most unfavorable nerve terminals during elimination(the weakest in acetylcholine release and those that have already become silent).The main findings contribute to a better understanding of punishment-rewarding interactions between nerve endings during development.Identifying the molecular targets and signaling pathways that allow synapse consolidation or withdrawal of synapses in different situations is important for potential therapies in neurodegenerative diseases.

Anion competition for Li^(+)solvated coordination environments in poly(1,3 dioxolane)electrolyte to enable high-voltage lithium metal solid-state batteries

Gel-based polymer electrolytes are limited by the polarity of the residual solvent,which restricts the coupling-breaking behaviour during Li^(+)conduction,resulting in the Li^(+)transport kinetics being greatly affected.Here,we designed anion competitive gel polymer electrolyte(ACPE)by introducing lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate(LiDFOB)anion into the 1,3-dioxolane(DOL)in situ polymerisation system.ACPE enhances the ionic dipole interaction between Li^(+)and the solvent molecules and synergizes with Li^(+)across the solvation site of the polymer ethylene oxide(EO)unit,combination that greatly improves the Li^(+)transport efficiency.As a result,ACPE exhibits 1.12 mS cm^(−1)ionic conductivity and 0.75 Li^(+)transfer number at room temperature.Additionally,this intra-polymer solvation sheath allows preferential desolvation of DFOB−,which contributes to the formation of kinetically stable anion-derived interphase and effectively mitigates side reactions.Our results demonstrate that the assembled Li||NCM622 solid-state battery exhibits lifespan of over 300 cycles with average Coulombic efficiency of 98.8%and capacity retention of 80.3%.This study introduces a novel approach for ion migration and interface design,paving the way for high-safety and high-energy-density batteries.

Tree allometry responses to competition and complementarity in mixed-species plantations of Betula alnoides

Tree allometry plays a crucial role in tree survival,stability,and timber quantity and quality of mixed-species plantations.However,the responses of tree allometry to resource utilisation within the framework of interspecific competition and complementarity remain poorly understood.Taking into consideration strong-and weakspace competition(SC and WC),as well as N_(2)-fixing and non-N_(2)-fixing tree species(FN and nFN),a mixedspecies planting trial was conducted for Betula alnoides,a pioneer tree species,which was separately mixed with Acacia melanoxylon(SC+FN),Erythrophleum fordii(WC+FN),Eucalyptus cloeziana(SC+nFN)and Pinus kesiya var.langbianensis(WC+nFN)in southern China.Six years after planting,tree growth,total nitrogen(N)and carbon(C)contents,and the natural abundances of^(15)N and^(13)C in the leaves were measured for each species,and the mycorrhizal colonisation rates of B.alnoides were investigated under each treatment.Allometric variations and their relationships with space competition and nutrient-related factors were analyzed.The results showed a consistent effect of space competition on the height-diameter relationship of B.alnoides in mixtures with FN or nFN.The tree height growth of B.alnoides was significantly promoted under high space competition,and growth in diameter at breast height(DBH),tree height and crown size were all expedited in mixtures with FN.The symbiotic relationship between ectomycorrhizal fungi and B.alnoides was significantly influenced by both space competition and N_(2) fixation by the accompanying tree species,whereas such significant effects were absent for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.Furthermore,high space competition significantly decreased the water use efficiency(WUE)of B.alnoides,and its N use efficiency(NUE)was much lower in the FN mixtures.Structural equation modeling further demonstrated that the stem allometry of B.alnoides was affected by its NUE and WUE via changes in its height growth,and crown allometry was influenced by the mycorrhizal symbiotic relationship.Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms driving tree allometric responses to above-and belowground resource competition and complementarity in mixed-species plantations,which are instructive for the establishment of mixed-species plantations.

Dilemmas and Optimization of Third-Party Assessment System in Chinese Fair Competition Review

The current predominant self-review mechanism by policy-making bodies suffers from deficiencies such as insufficient motivations, limited review capabilities, and weak external supervision. Third-party assessment, characterized by independence and specialization, is designed to mitigate these shortcomings. However, the implementation of third-party assessment faces challenges too. This paper intends to improve the third-party assessment system and to realize the legislative purpose of the system. Based on social research, discussions and exchanges with relevant parties, and the existing research results, this paper analyzes the challenges and possible optimization measures for the third-party assessment. The challenges include repulsion from policy-making bodies, insufficient independence of assessment bodies, disparity of assessment quality, and limited application of assessment outcomes. Possible optimization measures include promoting fair competition culture, increasing the acceptance of third-party assessment from policy-making bodies, enhancing the quality of third-party assessment, clarifying the relationship between policy-making bodies and assessment bodies, ensuring the independence of third-party assessments, and promoting the application of assessment results.

Study upon the Spatial Structure of Regional Eco-tourism-Based upon the Perspective of Supply and Demand and Competition Field

Along with the coming of the low-carbon era, people have paid more and more attention to the natural environment and eco-tourism will embrace a huge development. From the perspectives of the market relationship of supply-demand in economics and of field competition in physics, this paper has discussed upon the present status of the spatial structure of eco-tourism, and analyzed the relationship between supply-demand and field, in order to clarify the direction for the balance between supply and demand in the field and to guide eco-tourism to the way of sustainable development.

Influences of Nitrogen-phosphorus Ratio on the Growth and Competition of Chlorella vulga and Anabaena sp. strain PCC

This paper studied the effects of different ratios of nitrogen and phospho- rus on the growth and competition of Anabaena sp. strain PCC and chloralla vul- gads （low nitrogen-phosphorus ratio group： N/P=16：1; Medium low nitrogen-phospho- rus ratio group： N/P=32：1; Medium high nitrogen-phosphorus ratio group： N/P=64：1; High nitrogen-phosphorus ratio group： N/P=320：1）. Results suggested that the largest amount of anabaena sp.strain PCC survived in medium high nitrogen-phosphorus ratio group. The nitrogen-phosphorus ratio showed no significant influences on the growth of Chlorella vulgaris, but it exerted dramatic influences on the growth of Chlore/la vulgaris of the mixed cultivation system. The largest amount of Ch/orel/a vulgaris can be found in the medium-high nitrogen-phosphorus ratio group. The inhi- bition parameter of nitrogen-phosphorus on the algae was distinctive. Anabaena sp. strain PCC had advantages in the competition with the low nitrogen-phosphorus ra- tio and medium-low nitrogen-phosphorus ratio. Potential instability existed between anabaena sp.strain PCC and Chlorella vulgaris when the nitrogen to phosphorus ratio was medium-high and high.

基于顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱和顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术结合化学计量法分析芜菁冻干片挥发性成分

为探究不同品种芜菁冻干片中挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的差异,采用顶空-固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱(headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,HS-SPME-GC-MS)和顶空-气相色谱-离子迁移谱(headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry,HS-GC-IMS)对紫色、黄色和白色3种芜菁冻干片的VOCs进行分析,并结合主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和偏最小二乘判别法(partial least squares-discriminant analysis,PLS-DA)等化学计量法探究不同品种芜菁冻干片挥发性成分的差异。结果表明,通过HS-SPME-GC-MS共解析出96种VOCs,包括醛类、醇类、酮类、含硫化合物、酯类、酸类等化合物,其中含硫化合物和酯类为芜菁冻干片中相对含量最高的化合物种类;HS-GC-IMS共解析出94种VOCs,包括醛类、酯类、酮类及含硫化合物等挥发性成分。HS-SPME-GC-MS和HS-GC-IMS检出的挥发性物质种类和含量存在差异,共有VOCs有15种,二者结果互为补充,结合使用可以较全面系统地表征芜菁冻干片的挥发性成分。PCA和PLS-DA结果表明,2种方法均能够有效区分3种芜菁冻干片。通过变量投影重要度分别筛选了59种和23种差异VOCs,该结果可为芜菁冻干片VOCs的差异分析提供参考方法。

见光诱导催化合成3,4-二氢异喹啉-1(2H)-酮及其衍生物

建立了一种在温和条件下,用可见光催化合成一系列3,4-二氢异喹啉-1(2H)-酮及其衍生物的方法。该方法在室温条件下,以2-烯丙基-N-甲氧基苯甲酰胺为模板底物,以碘化钾作为光催化剂,25 W 460 nm的蓝色LED灯照射下,合成一系列3,4-二氢异喹啉-1(2H)-酮衍生物,最高产率可达到83%。该合成路径具有底物适用范围广、经济实用等特点,为3,4-二氢异喹啉-1(2H)-酮衍生物合成提供了一种经济简便的方法。

“五闭-五到-心力”教学路径改革探索——以汽车类材料科学基础课程为例

针对学生学情与教材传统内容兼容度低、“五闭”与学习效率低、脆弱知识多与学科思维少的三大教学难点,通过“一体两翼与思政”螯合提出重组教学内容,三大教学理念引领课堂升级,三大教学目标重在因材施教等创新举措;通过信息技术与传统教学深度融合,强化师生互动,优化教学活动,完善考核机制,获得教学目标达成度良好、学生发展态势凸显、教学模式辐射、跟踪学生学习的教改效果。课程构建并实施了打开学生“五闭”,达成“五到-心力”转变,实现沉浸式教学模式,这不仅提升了教学广度与深度,还展示出良好的教学效果,同时还具有迁移应用。

员工主动性人格与创新行为的关系:基于趋利-避害框架理论的实证研究

员工的创新行为能为员工个体和组织带来益处,但同时也会给员工带来较大风险,而现有研究未解决员工在面对潜在风险时仍会表现出创新行为这个问题。本文基于趋利-避害框架理论,通过163个团队的489份数据,探讨了趋利型/避害型主动性人格影响员工不同类型创新行为的内在作用机制和边界条件。研究发现,趋利型主动性人格通过机会发掘动机间接影响增益型创新行为,而避害型主动性人格通过问题发掘动机间接影响避害型创新行为。团队内授权氛围不仅会调节趋利型主动人格与机会发掘动机的关系,还会进一步调节趋利型主动型人格通过机会发掘动机间接影响增益型创新行为的关系。同时,团队间竞争氛围可以调节避害型主动人格与问题发掘动机的关系,进一步调节避害型主动型人格通过问题发掘动机间接影响避害型创新行为的关系。本文在理论上有助于澄清主动性人格的实质及其对不同类型创新行为的影响效应和作用机制,为提高企业创新行为管理水平提供管理启示。

基于CNCSCOLOR的色相-色调感性模型构建

中国应用色彩体系(CNCSCOLOR)基于中国人眼视觉实验所开发,但在国外色彩体系的早期市场占有下没有得到广泛应用。本研究尝试开发一套易于学习推广的模型,以促进其普及和应用。首先通过对三维色彩体系的研究分析,借鉴日本PCCS色彩体系,构建了简化的二维色相-色调基本模型,其中色调融合了色彩属性明度和彩度。模型用直角坐标定位,水平轴为彩度,垂直轴为明度,5种无彩色将明度轴分为四段,12个20色色相环即12种有彩色色调,按照明度与彩度的大小有序分布于平面内。确定构成基本模型的240种有彩色和5种无彩色的选色规则,选出色彩,组合完善基本模型。其次,研究确定12种有彩色色调的感性,得到色相-色调感性模型。通过主观调查初步分析得到有彩色色调的感性,再实施客观眼动实验进一步验证调查结果,最终确定12个有彩色色调的感性分别是鲜明的、明快的、强烈的、浑厚的、清新的、淡雅的、浑浊的、厚重的、浅淡的、暗淡的、灰暗的、黑暗的。研究得到的色相-色调模型包含的色彩数量少,采用二维的平面布局,使初学者易懂易记,便于普及应用;且色调命名符合中国人的情感特征,将用于后续的感性配色模型构建,便于设计师和消费者快速进行精准的产品色彩搭配,对中国本土色彩体系的发展和色彩设计水平的提升具有实际的应用价值。

Competitive oxidation behavior of Ni-based superalloy GH4738 at extreme temperature

A high thrust-to-weight ratio poses challenges to the high-temperature performance of Ni-based superalloys. The oxidation behavior of GH4738 at extreme temperatures has been investigated by isothermal and non-isothermal experiments. As a result of the competitive diffusion of alloying elements, the oxide scale included an outermost porous oxide layer (OOL), an inner relatively dense oxide layer (IOL), and an internal oxide zone (IOZ), depending on the temperature and time. A high temperature led to the formation of large voids at the IOL/IOZ interface. At 1200℃, the continuity of the Cr-rich oxide layer in the IOL was destroyed, and thus, spallation occurred. Extension of oxidation time contributed to the size of Al-rich oxide particles with the increase in the IOZ. Based on this finding,the oxidation kinetics of GH4738 was discussed, and the corresponding oxidation behavior at 900-1100℃ was predicted.

现代医院管理制度下激励-协调-监督机制应用于医护人员培训管理中的效果分析

目的研究现代医院管理制度下激励-协调-监督机制应用于医护人员培训管理中的效果并进行分析。方法选取2022年2月—2024年2月于医院工作的84例医护人员开展研究。将其按照时间点分作参考组(n=42,2022年2月—2023年2月)及研究组(n=42,2023年3月—2024年2月)。参考组开展常规管理,研究组则开展基于激励-协调-监督机制的管理。对比两组管理质量,不良事件发生情况,管理满意度,核心能力。结果研究组文化建设、奖惩机制、上报制度及沟通协调机制评分均高于参考组(均P<0.05)。研究组不良事件发生率低于参考组(7.14%vs 23.81%)(P<0.05)。研究组管理方式、管理内容、管理形式及沟通技巧满意度分别为95.24%、92.86%、97.62%、95.24%,均高于参考组的78.57%、73.81%、76.19%、73.81%(均P<0.05)。研究组各项核心能力评分均高于参考组(均P<0.05)。结论激励-协调-监督机制应用于医护人员培训管理中的效果较佳,可提高管理质量、管理满意度及核心能力,且能减少不良事件的发生。

本原有向图的scrambling指数和m-competition指数

分别研究了一类仅含三个圈本原有向图的scrambling指数和另一类仅含两个圈本原有向图的mcompetition指数.利用图论理论,通过分析本原有向图D1与本原有向图Dn-21之间的关系,本原有向图D2与本原有向图Dn-32,Dn-42之间的关系,结合本原指数,scrambling指数和m-competition指数的关系,进而得到了一类含三个圈的本原有向图D1的scrambling指数的具体值,并得到了另一类仅含两个圈的本原有向图D2的m-competition指数的具体值.

ε-聚赖氨酸对苹果灰霉病菌的抑菌机制

为研究ε-聚赖氨酸(ε-PL)对苹果灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea的抑制效果及其机制。用不同浓度的ε-PL处理B.cinerea,研究其对B.cinerea的菌落直径、孢子萌发、菌丝生长及对苹果灰霉病防治效果的影响,同时考察B.cinerea细胞通透性、抗氧化酶活性、细胞可溶性蛋白与核酸的泄漏、丙二醛含量及活性氧的变化规律。结果表明:ε-PL对B.cinerea的最小抑菌浓度为400 mg/L,该浓度的ε-PL能有效控制苹果灰霉病;100 mg/L以上的ε-PL能显著抑制B.cinerea孢子萌发和菌丝生长(P<0.05),破坏孢子膜结构,增大孢子细胞的通透性,造成可溶性蛋白与核酸发生泄漏,使孢子形态呈现萎缩干瘪、甚至溶解现象;此外,100 mg/L以上的ε-PL能显著降低B.cinerea的超氧化物歧化酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性,升高丙二醛含量(P<0.05)。综上,ε-PL能通过破坏B.cinerea孢子细胞膜结构、增大细胞通透性、抑制抗氧化酶活性、促进活性氧的积累,进而增大孢子膜的脂质过氧化程度,损伤孢子结构,最终抑制苹果灰霉病菌的生长。此项研究可为ε-PL在苹果采后病害防治中的应用打下基础,具有较高的应用价值。

基于KY3H中医体质辨识-评估-干预系统辨证治疗先兆流产临床研究

目的:观察在常规治疗基础上基于KY3H中医体质辨识-评估-干预系统辨证治疗先兆流产的临床疗效。方法:选取2022年7月—2023年6月在浙江中医药大学附属温州市中医院治疗的600例先兆流产患者,以随机数字表法分为对照组与观察组各300例。对照组予以常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上根据体质类型针对性给予中药汤剂治疗。2组均治疗2周。比较2组临床疗效、性激素水平及保胎成功率。结果:治疗2周后,总有效率观察组93.00%(279/300),高于对照组87.67%(263/300),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2组血清孕酮(P)、雌二醇(E2)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG)水平均较治疗前升高,观察组血清P、E2、HCG水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。保胎成功率观察组90.67%(272/300),高于对照组83.67%(251/300),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在常规治疗基础上基于KY3H中医体质辨识-评估-干预系统辨证治疗先兆流产能提高P、E2、HCG水平,改善妊娠结局。

基于船舶-流场运动耦合的内河航道设计方法

航道一般指江河及运河内可供船舶通航的水域,目前大多采用流场演化规律分析结合工程人员经验的方法开展规划设计,对通行船舶这一因素考虑不够全面.拟从河道中船舶与流场直接作用的角度提出一种内河航道设计方法.首先,基于Fluent二次开发,突破了船舶-流场相互作用的水动力响应解耦算法,对内河航段中船舶自由漂流运动进行模拟,其中,流场使用有限体积法进行求解,船舶运动控制方程通过用户自定义模块(UDF)输入并采用四阶Runge-Kutta法求解,动网格技术用于更新计算域;然后,考虑航行频率,给予通行船型不同权重,使用加权最小二乘法对漂流轨迹进行曲线拟合,得到航道边界线.选取了长江东流(从天生洲起)这一具有典型碍航结构物(弯道、分汊)航段开展航道设计验证.研究结果表明:设计的航道与现行规划航道趋势一致;同时,结合流场细节云图对船舶运动响应过程进行分析,发现设计的航道可使船舶有效规避风险急流、斜流,合理利用水流动能,提升航行安全性和经济性.

四川盆地南缘二叠系茅口组构造-沉积分异及控储效应

四川盆地作为中国海相碳酸盐岩油气的主力产区,在盆地震旦系、寒武系和二叠系发现多个大型油气聚集带。与蕴含巨量油气的二叠系长兴组礁滩相储层相比,二叠系茅口组碳酸盐岩储层以往一直被认为是裂缝、缝洞型储层,油气勘探未取得重大突破。最近,在川中地区茅口组台缘相带显示具有良好白云岩储层,其形成背景与基底断裂活化导致构造-沉积分异密切相关。川南地区在茅口期亦发生基底断裂活动,但对于该地区是否发育类似的台缘相带仍不明确。通过开展详细的野外露头和钻井资料分析,开展了构造-沉积分异和岩相古地理重建研究。结果表明,川南地区茅口组发育碳酸盐开阔台地、台地边缘和深水陆棚相,具有由浅水台缘滩向深水陆棚转换形成的构造-沉积分异结构。岩相古地理重建结果显示中二叠世茅口组沉积期碳酸盐台地发育优质滩相储层,并受白云石化和溶蚀作用改造。在此基础上,建立了川南地区的构造-沉积分异控储模式,揭示了台缘相带的“宽边缘、薄滩体、间断加积”特性。

自身免疫性甲状腺炎患者血清MIP-1α、IL-35水平变化及临床意义

目的探究自身免疫性甲状腺炎患者血清巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-1α(MIP-1α)、白介素-35(IL-35)水平变化及临床意义。方法选取2021年4月—2024年5月黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市第一医院内分泌科诊治的自身免疫性甲状腺炎患者103例为病例组,另选取同时期医院体检的健康志愿者106例为健康对照组。采用ELISA法检测血清MIP-1α、IL-35水平;Pearson法分析自身免疫性甲状腺炎患者血清MIP-1α与IL-35的相关性;多因素Logistic回归分析发生自身免疫性甲状腺炎的影响因素;受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析血清MIP-1α、IL-35水平诊断自身免疫性甲状腺炎的效能。结果病例组患者血清MIP-1α水平高于健康对照组,血清IL-35水平低于健康对照组(t=9.911/<0.001,9.102/<0.001);Pearson分析结果显示,血清MIP-1α与IL-35呈负相关(r=-0.621,P<0.001),MIP-1α与TPOAb、TGAb、T_(3)、FT_(3)、T_(4)、FSH呈正相关,与FT_(4)呈负相关(r=0.531、0.517、0.594、0.562、0.504、0.601、-0.475,P均<0.001);IL-35与TPOAb、TGAb、T_(3)、FT_(3)、T_(4)、FSH呈负相关,与FT_(4)呈正相关(r=-0.519、-0.524、-0.496、-0.575、-0.524、-0.617、0.489,P均<0.001);MIP-1α水平升高是发生自身免疫性甲状腺炎的独立危险因素[OR(95%CI)=2.157(1.208~3.853)],IL-35水平升高是发生自身免疫性甲状腺炎的独立保护因素[OR(95%CI)=0.617(0.502~0.758)];血清MIP-1α、IL-35水平及二者联合诊断自身免疫性甲状腺炎的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.849、0.862、0.950,二者联合诊断自身免疫性甲状腺炎优于血清MIP-1α、IL-35水平单独诊断(Z/P=3.390/<0.001、3.039/0.002)。结论自身免疫性甲状腺炎患者血清MIP-1α水平显著高于健康群体,血清IL-35水平显著低于健康群体,通过检测其水平变化可对自身免疫性甲状腺炎进行有效诊断。

植物乳植杆菌素2-1纯化、鉴定及抑菌机理研究

为了探究植物乳植杆菌L_(3)(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum L_(3),L.plantarum L_(3))所产细菌素的基本性质及其抑菌机制,本研究利用MRS培养L.plantarum L_(3),采用乙酸乙酯萃取L.plantarum L_(3)发酵液,然后通过葡聚糖凝胶层析、阳离子交换层析、反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)分离纯化,再利用液相色谱串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)进行鉴定;以单核增生李斯特菌和大肠杆菌作为指示菌,通过结晶紫染色,扫描电镜、红外光谱、荧光光谱分析,胞外碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、ATP、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量测定等方法分析了该细菌素的抑菌机制。结果表明:植物乳植杆菌素2-1(P2-1)为一种新型细菌素,分子量为983.564 Da。P2-1对两种指示菌最小抑菌浓度均为28.5μg/mL。P2-1的抑菌过程包括抑制/清除指示菌生物膜;破坏细胞壁,导致AKP外泄;破坏细胞膜,引发细胞内容物(如ATP、LDH)的流出;结合指示菌的DNA并破坏其结构。综上,P2-1对指示菌能够造成多重损伤,并最终导致菌体死亡。上述结果为P2-1作为绿色生物防腐剂的开发应用奠定了理论基础。