Changes in groundwater levels and the response of natural vegetation to transfer of water to the lower reaches of the Tarim River

Restoration and reconstruction of the degraded Tarim River ecosystem is an important challenge. A goal of an ecological water conveyance project is to protect and restore the natural vegetation in the lower reaches of Tadm River by transferring water from Bosten Lake, through the river channel, to the lower reaches. This study describes the changes in groundwater depth during the water transfer and the respondence of riparian vegetation to alterations in groundwater levels. The results indicate that groundwater depth along the Tarim River channel has a significant spatial-temporal component. Groundwater levels closest to the river channel show the most immediate and pronounced changes as a response to water transfer while those further away respond more slowly, although the observed change appears to be longer in duration. With a rise in the groundwater level, natural vegetation responded with higher growth rates, biomass and biodiversity. These favorable changes show that it is feasible to protect and restore the degraded natural vegetation by raising the groundwater depth. Plant communities are likely to reflect the hysteresis phenomenon, requiting higher water levels to initiate and stimulate desired growth than what may be needed to maintain the plant community. Because different species have different ecologies, including different root depths and densities and water needs, their response to increasing water availability will be spatially and temporally heterogenous. The response of vegetation is also influenced by microtopography and watering style. This paper discusses strategies for the protection and restoration of the degraded vegetation in the lower reaches of the Tarim River and provides information to complement ongoing theoretical research into ecological restoration in add or semi-arid ecosystems.

A quantitative assessment on groundwater salinization in the Tarim River lower reaches,Northwest China

Based on monitored data from 840 samples, we assessed the spatial and temporal variability of groundwater salinization in the Tarim River lower reaches combining classical statistics and geostatistics. Results show that total dissolved solids （TDS） is significantly correlated with other related ions, such as Na＋, Mg2＋, Ca2-, C1- and K＋. TDS and underground water level have characteristics of spatial autocorrelation, both of which present the isotropic characteristic and con- form to the spherical model in each year from 2001-2009. TDS is basically greater than 1 g/L but less than 2 g/L in the Tarim River lower reaches, which indicates that salt stagnation pollution is more serious. The most serious salinization （3 g/L 〈 TDS _〈 35 g/L） contaminated area is mainly in the middle and lower part of the study area.

The Background Features and Formation of Chemical Elements of Groundwater in the Region of the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River

The paper deals with the background features, formation and distribution of the chemical el-ements K, Na, Ca, Mg, Si, Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni,V, Co, Ti, Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, Cd, Be, Li, Sr, B,F, Cl, Br and I in the groundwater in the region of the middle and lower reaches of the YangtzeRiver and their relations to the composition of the water-bearing media, properties of the overly-ing rocks and soils, redox environment, and groundwater flow condition, mineralization and pHof groundwater.

Evaluation of hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of the lower Benue Trough,Nigeria

The aim of this work is to evaluate the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in parts of the lower Benue Through in Nigeria as well as to evaluate the variation in groundwater chemistry data and the suitability of the groundwater for drinking and other domestic purposes.This was based on chemical analyses of 44 water samples from existing wells and boreholes in the study area.From the statistical analysis(wide ranges,median and standard deviation),it is obvious that there are significant variations in the quality/composition of groundwater in the period of sampling.The calculated SAR,Na% and RSC values indicated that the water is of excellent to good quality and is suitable for irrigation.Na and HCO3 are dominant with respect to the chemical composition of the groundwater.On the basis of water chemistry,hydrochemical indices and factor analysis the dominant controls or processes affecting the distribution of geochemical variables in the study area have been shown to be water/rock interaction which is mainly controlled by carbonate and silicate dissolution as well as anthropogenic influence to a lesser extent.Additional processes include cation exchange reactions and reverse ion exchange to a minor extent.

Hydrochemical Analysis of Groundwater In The Lower Pra Basin of Ghana

Investigating into the quality of groundwater in the lower Pra basin using physico-chemical parameters have been carried out. Samples were collected from thirty one (31) water points. All major ions were determined using standard methods. The results show that approximately 97% of the water sampled has TDS values less than 1000 mg/l. Chemical parameters are influenced primarily by silicate weathering, ion exchange processes and sea aerosol spray. Sodium ion (Na+) concentration is generally high compared to other cations and bicarbonate (HCO3-) is the most abundant anion. Approximately 90% of the samples have iron concentrations greater than the W.H.O. limit for drinking water. Aluminium showed relatively higher concentration than other trace metals. The maximum and minimum concentrations recorded for cadmium Cd are 0.005 mg/l and 0.013 mg/l respectively. Concentrations of lead (Pb) zinc (Zn) were below detection limit. The groundwater in the basin is generally Na-Cl in character. Minor water types such as Ca-Mg-HCO3, Na-Mg-Ca-HCO3 and Na-Cl-SO4 were also delineated.

Characteristics of karst groundwater system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area

Guided by the theory of groundwater system, based on the groundwater level data from the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area, the authors took into account factors such as the lithology, geological structure and topography to study the relationship between groundwater recharge, runoff and drainage in this area. It was concluded that the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation is the main source of groundwater supply in this area; the upper layer of the Spring area is distributed with the Cambrian-Lower Ordovician karst water, and the lower layer is filled with the Jixian system karst water. The upper layer of karst water supplies to the lower layer of karst water or the pore water in loose strata through the fault while the lower layer of karst water runs to the three strong runoff belts from the east and west sides of the watershed, southwards into the basin, partially replenishing the pore water in loose strata, or forming fault Springs(e.g. Nanguan Spring, Beihai Spring) when dolomite movement encounters faults. Replenished by atmospheric precipitation and the upper and lower layers of karst waters, the pore water in loose strata joins the groundwater in the southern basin and then flows eastwards, in the end it flows out of the system in Shangfanpu. Through the analyses of groundwater level data and hydrogeological drilling data, based on groundwater D and ^(18) O isotope test results, the karst groundwater circulation system in the northern basin of Laiyuan Spring area is further verified, which provides hydrogeological basis for water resources development and utilization as well as protection in this area.

The Jinsha River Groundwater Observation Network and Discussion about Its Earthquake Precursor Monitoring Capability

A groundwater observational network for monitoring seismic precursors has been established at the reservoirs on the lower reaches of the Jinsha River in southwestern China, where a series of hydropower stations are under construction. It is the second network in China that is operated by enterprises with the purpose to observe and study earthquake precursors in reservoir areas. This paper presents the layout and technical constitution of the network, features of its observational wells and aquifers and the preliminary result of its experimental operation. Its capability to monitor seismic precursor is evaluated based on an analysis of the well-aquifer system as well as the multiple-monthly, monthly, daily and hourly variations of water levels and water temperatures observed by this network.

Evaluation of Hydrogeology of the Lower Son Valley Based on Remote Sensing Data

Remote sensing, one of the most important reconnaissance and feature identifying tools generally applied for surface and groundwater investigation, was used for water resources mapping for the lower Son Valley in this study. The mapping was done with the help of Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite imagery IRS-LISS- 1-B1 for January 29, 1991 obtained during the day transit time. The area under study comprises adjoining parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar states of India and extends over the seven districts, namely Bhojpur, Rohtas, Patna, Jahanabad, Aurangabad, Ballia and Chapra. Geology of the study area is quite complex, tectonically disturbed and shows four major cycles of depositions after erosions during last one billion years (since Cretaceous). Two lineaments mapped by GSI (Geological Survey of India) in western side of river Son in the Bhojpur district can also be identified by the satellite imagery. In the present study, apart from these lineaments, two new lineaments have been investigated, which run almost parallel to river Ganga in northwest parts of the area in Ballia district. The lineaments may play a very vital role in groundwater monitoring in the area. The detailed study of geomorphology, vegetation and geology of the Lower Son valley on the basis of photo-interpretation techniques for surface features, drainage pattern and density, and drainage texture has been carried out to determine alluvial type, permeability, tributary, etc. These studies and Darcy velocity analysis show that the prospect of water is very good for entire lower Son valley. The Bhojpur district is most prospective for groundwater exploitation.

间歇性输水条件下塔里木河下游地下水时空变化模拟

为确定适宜的输水策略以实现塔里木河下游地下水位的快速抬升,提高生态系统的恢复力,运用GMS软件构建了塔里木河下游地下水动态模拟模型,设计单阶段、双阶段和多阶段输水情景模拟预测了地下水对不同输水情景的时空响应特征。结果表明:制定输水策略时应保证年输水量大于有效水量,当输水总量一定时,延长输水时间、扩大输水间隔有助于地下水位的快速抬升;最佳输水策略是以1月和3—11月为输水期分两个阶段输水4 500万m^(3);地下水埋深和水位变化量沿河道对称分布,地下水埋深与距河道两侧距离成正比,地下水位变化量和抬升量与时间成反比。

黄河下游大堤外侧地下水涌水机制研究

针对黄河下游艾山段秋汛期间大堤外侧水井涌水现象,整理研究区内的地下水位动态监测资料与地下水位统测资料,采集相关水样,结合黄河径流与当地降雨情况,综合分析研究区内第四系孔隙水井涌水机制。通过地下水位统测查明,持续高强度的降雨造成区域水位平均抬升幅度达3 m以上,减少了地下水的径流排泄量,是水井涌水的基础原因;黄河下游艾山段秋汛期间持续高水位运行,导致黄河水强烈补给地下水,是造成水井涌水的直接原因;经分析,黄河下游艾山段的水井涌水警戒水位为39.5 m,持续高水位(39.5 m及以上)运行导致水头压力显著增加,进而使大堤外侧水井涌水;涌水范围在大堤外侧500 m内。该研究阐明了黄河大堤外侧地下水的涌水机制,为预防黄河下游大堤外侧水井涌水,汛期提前排查涌水隐患提供了依据,有助于黄河下游大堤安全防护。

截渗墙渗漏对黄水河下游地区地下水水质的影响研究

黄水河流域自20世纪70年代后期发生海水入侵,地下水库截渗墙的修建有效阻止了截渗墙两侧的水力联系,同时使截渗墙以南地区残留了一定区域的咸水体,由于地下水库截渗墙建造年数已久,存在出现渗漏的可能性,仍会影响黄水河地区地下水资源的开发利用。本文利用Visual MODFLOW中的SEAWAT模块建立变密度地下水流模型与溶质运移三维耦合数值模型,基于校准好的模型,预测了不同截渗墙渗漏位置对黄水河下游地区地下水水质的影响程度。结果表明:(1)截渗墙东部渗漏对研究区地下水氯离子浓度的影响最大,海水入侵面积与现状年相比增加17.58%,中部渗漏和西部渗漏时海水入侵程度相近。(2)当截渗墙出现渗漏时,距离墙体越近的地下水井受其渗漏的影响越大,且靠近某一处渗漏位置的地下水井受其他两处渗漏的影响较小。(3)与截渗墙下部渗漏相比,上部渗漏时研究区地下水氯离子浓度更高。该预测结果可为黄水河下游地区未来地下水资源管理提供依据。

黄河流域下游德州地区地下水水化学成因及生态环境影响

德州市位于黄河流域下游平原,是主要农业粮食作物产区,地下水资源影响着农业安全和人民健康安全.研究地下水化学成因及生态环境影响,对地下水可持续开发利用具有重要意义.采集243组地下水样品,运用描述性统计分析、因子分析、Piper三线图、Gibbs图及离子比值等方法,结合地质背景条件,运用PHREEQC计算矿物饱和指数,分析区内地下水化学特征及成因,并分析其生态环境影响.结果表明,德州市地下水为弱碱性水,TDS介于234—28162 mg·L^(-1)之间,区内占优势的阴、阳离子为Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)和Na^(+)、Mg^(2+),浅层地下水化学类型以HCO_(3)·Cl-Ca·Mg型,HCO_(3)·Cl-Na·Ca、HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Na·Ca型等为主,深层地下水以HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Na型水为主.德州地区地下水化学特征受岩石风化溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用、阳离子交换作用的共同影响,以溶滤作用、蒸发浓缩作用为主.岩石风化溶滤作用以硅酸盐岩和蒸发岩矿物溶解为主.深层地下水中阳离子交替吸附作用以正向为主,浅层地下水中该反应较为复杂.德州地区地下水中蒸发盐岩、硅酸盐岩在岩石风化溶滤过程中的贡献率为62.199%,碳酸盐岩风化、其它岩石风化的贡献率约为11.802%.浅层地下水的合理开发,可以减弱蒸发浓缩作用,在一定程度上改良研究区内的土壤质量,减少区内的盐渍化土地面积,因此合理开发利用浅层地下水用于农业灌溉等,在一定程度上可以有益于生态环境的改善.

塔里木河下游输水模式改进研究——以英苏断面为例

[目的]针对塔里木河下游现状间歇性河道输水中存在补给不均衡,无效蒸发过大,补水范围有限等问题,从空间和时间维度上提出生育期汊河输水、非生育期输水的方式,研究输水模式的改进对地下水位的影响,进一步完善轮渗灌溉生态修复体系,为塔里木河下游生态恢复提供理论依据。[方法]以塔里木河下游英苏监测断面为例,以2012—2021年10次生态输水期间地下水埋深监测资料为依据,运用Modflow模型建立英苏断面地下水剖面二维流运动的数值模拟,并分析英苏断面10次间歇性生态输水的响应过程,并预测和分析了生育期汊河、非生育期以及非生育期汊河输水的地下水位演变及水量变化的过程。[结果](1)生育期汊河、非生育期、非生育期汊河方案下人工汊河两侧地下水位较现状输水分别抬升了2.5,0.7,3.2 m。(2)3种改进方案较现状输水研究区小于8 m的埋深面积分别增加了10.89%,19.33%,26.17%。(3)地下水存储量较现状输水分别增加了10.97%,11.88%,14.39%。[结论]非生育期汊河输水结合了生育期汊河和非生育期输水两者的优势,提高了下泄水量的利用率,解决了现状主河道输水模式下河间地下水位难以恢复的问题,为河间地块生态系统的恢复并使其成为下游生物多样性的安全带创造了条件。

黄河下游豫北区高砷地下水空间分布研究

不同类型机器学习模型对地下水砷的预测存在较大差别,现有机器学习模型不能较好预测地下水砷的空间分布。基于黄河下游豫北区1081个浅层地下水砷质量浓度实测值,结合人类活动、气候、沉积环境、土壤理化特征、水文地质等环境因子,构建以随机森林(RF)、极端梯度提升(XGBoost)、支持向量机(SVM)为基学习器,线性判别分析(LDA)为元学习器的堆叠(Stacking)集成学习模型,对研究区高砷地下水空间分布进行预测,并对关键环境变量进行识别。结果表明:研究区地下水砷质量浓度为0.01~190μg/L,超标率为16.74%;相对于RF、XGBoost、SVM模型,Stacking集成学习模型ROC曲线下面积(AUC)、准确率(Accuracy)、特异性(Specificity)和敏感性(Recall)最大;研究区高砷地下水主要分布在太行山前洼地及黄河决口扇地区,占总面积的33.81%;黄河决口情况、年均气温、年降水量、高程、水力梯度是影响研究区高砷地下水分布的重要环境变量,沉积环境与地下水中砷富集显著相关。

Study on the groundwater exploitation test in the Yellow River lower reaches——Acase studyon the north suburb waterworks of Zhengzhou,China

This paper presents the studies on groundwater resources potential of the Yellow River (YR) terrace in Zhengzhou area, China. The main aim of the research was to resolve water shortage problems induced by recent but frequent drying ups of the YR in its lower reaches. Geologic explorations and grouped-pumping tests were conducted in the area. Based on collected data a groundwater flow net was established. The buried depth of groundwater level and water bearing potential of the aquifers were evaluated. Conventional method was used to determine recharge of the groundwater by lateral infiltration of the YR in pumping patterns. The results show that the study region has a high water bearing potential and offers conditions for the construction of large water works. However, only limited recharge by lateral infiltration from the river is available when developing large scale groundwater exploitation in the riverside of the YR. Environmental impacts induced by embankment stability of the Great dyke of the YR could be minimized or eliminated by appropriate engineering methods.

石羊河流域环境现状及其演化趋势分析

石羊河流域下游地区蒸发强度大、地下水循环速度慢,加之近年来地表水供给量的严重不足,过度开采地下水已引发了区域性地下水位下降、植被退化、盐渍化、沙漠化等一系列生态环境问题的不断恶化。地下水位的下降与矿化度的增高存在着明显的正相关性,特别是流域下游地区地下水矿化度的增高趋势明显。根据影响地下水动态的主要影响因素可将石羊河流域地下水的动态类型划分为蒸发型、开采型、径流开采型、渗入型和蒸发开采型5种,在此基础上,结合多年地下水位和水质变化的实测资料,对石羊河流域地下水下降趋势和亏空状况进行模拟分析,表明该区近40a来地下水位持续下降,亏空量不断增加,并且具有明显的加速趋势。1960年武威和民勤盆地地下水亏空量为1 74×108m3,1998年已达4 52×108m3,如不采取有力措施加以治理,预计2010年将达到6 7×108m3,这将对该区生态环境产生严重的影响。

新疆塔里木河下游灌丛地上生物量及其空间分布

对塔里木河下游断流河道2004年7个地下水监测断面和19个植被样地的实测监测资料分析得出灌木生物量在空间分布的变化特征。在分析中分别选取了3个指标：灌木总生物量、多枝柽柳和刚毛柽柳的生物量。研究发现在纵向和横向上3项指标均呈现先增加后减小的单峰形式变化。在纵向上分别对3项指标在距离河道0～200m和200—400m范围内的分布情况进行比较，发现灌木在距离河道200～400m样地内分布占到总量近70％；横向上灌木生物量的最大值出现在距离河道450m的样地内。总体来看，对于两个优势物种，由于两个物种生理生态特性的差异对于异质性环境的适应能力也不同，导致分布状况也各异。多枝柽柳有较广的生态适应性，因此广泛分布于塔里木河下游的各个环境梯度上，而刚毛柽柳对水盐条件的要求较高，仅分布在其中个别断面。影响灌木生物量变化的主要因子是地下水埋深，当地下水埋深小于5m时，柽柳处于良好生长状态；当地下水埋深大于6m后，柽柳的生长受到抑制，开始朝衰败方向发展。浅层土壤含水对于植物吸收利用水分而言意义不大，同时由于优势种柽柳具有独特的抗盐和适盐机制，该区的盐分对柽柳的生长也不构成威胁。本文旨在通过分析塔里木河下游灌木生物量变化特征及其影响因子，为干旱、半干旱地区植被的恢复和保护提供了理论依据。

塔里木河下游地下水变化动态分析

由于塔里木河下游地下水位不断下降,而来水量却连年减少,与20世纪50年代相比平均下降了4～6m。随着大面积发展灌溉农业,排水洗盐改良土壤进程加快,相应地排入塔里木河的咸水也大大增加,塔河下游地下水水质也发生相应的变化。通过对塔里木河下游地下水变化动态以及来水量、农业灌溉对地下水的分析,也对沙漠化发展和分布对地下水的响应关系进行了探讨。

黑河流域下游额济纳绿洲与水资源的关系

简要介绍了黑河流域下游额济纳绿洲自然概况 ,分析了黑河下游地表水、地下水近 2 0年的变化趋势 ,进而对额济纳绿洲植被生长、植物种群演替、植被覆盖度以及绿洲的存亡与当地地下水埋深的关系作了剖析 ,并对规划年绿洲变化作了预测。指出了水资源是黑河下游额济纳经济社会可持续发展和生态环境建设的依托 ,如何稳定绿洲和使绿洲有适度规模发展 ,是生态保护的核心问题 。

新疆塔里木河下游生态输水对地下水位和水质的影响

本文结合塔里木河下游六次生态输水过程(2000年~2004年)和对40眼地下水监测井水质分析资料,重点研究了塔里木河下游生态输水对地下水位和地下水质的影响以及地下水位与水质的变化关系。研究结果表明:塔里木河下游地下水位和水质状况随六次间歇性生态输水发生明显变化。河道两侧地下水位埋深在输水过程中明显抬升,由输水前的8m^11m,抬升到5m^6m;地下水质表现为:在输水初期,地下水水化学成分中的主要离子含量和矿化度都较高,随着生态输水的实施,矿化度开始下降,下降幅度先快后慢。其中在距河道不同位置处,由于受输水影响强度的差异和地下水位抬升状况的变化,地下水矿化度的变化特点不尽一致。但总体表现为随着地下水位的抬升地下水矿化度不断下降的趋势。