CRITICAL HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS FOR OVERFLOW BURST OF MORAINE LAKE

Floodwater and debris flow caused by glacial lake burst is an important land process and a serious mountain disaster in glacial area of Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region, and the overflow burst is mainly caused by glacial landslide falling into moraine lake. On the premise that moraine lake is full, instantaneous burst in part of the lake bank happens, as flow velocity at burst mouth caused by overflow head is higher than threshold flow velocity of glacial till. Under some supposes, d90 and d10 of the glacial till in the bank were used as the threshold sizes of coarse and fine grains respectively. Thus, the formula of calculating threshold flow velocity of uniform sand was simplified, and threshold flow velocity of glacial till was calculated with the formula. Then, with synthesis formula calculating flow velocity of instantaneous part burst, flow velocity at overflow burst mouth was calculated, and calculation formula of critical height (H0) of overflow head was derived. Overflow head was caused by volume and surge of glacial landslide falling into moraine lake, calculation formulas of ascendant height (H1) of lake water surface and surge height (H2) on burst mouth caused by glacial landslide falling into moraine lake were derived. To sum up, critical hydrologic conditions of moraine lake burst with overflow form are: the burst is inevitable as H1 >H0; the burst is possible as H1 <H0 and (H1+H2) >H0; the burst is impossible as (H1+H2) <H0. In the factors influencing the burst critical conditions, it is advantageous for the burst that scale of the lake is 105m2 range; terminal glacial till is more fine and is even more uniform; the width of overflow mouth is even smaller than the length of the bank; the landslide has large scale and steep slip surface; and glacial end is close to the lake. With burst of Guangxiecuo Lake in Midui Valley of the Polongzangbu River in Xizang as an example, the burst critical conditions were tested.

冰碛湖漫溢型溃决临界水文条件

冰滑坡入湖所致冰碛湖溃决洪水与泥石流是西藏冰川区突发的严重山地灾害。推得非均匀沙起动流速经验公式,并以d95作为起动粒径,导出溃决的临界漫溢水头高度H0算式。再导出冰滑坡入湖所致湖面上升高度和溃口处涌浪高度H2公式。综合得漫溢溃决的临界水文条件为:H1>H0,必定溃决;H1<H0但(H1+H0)>H0,可能溃决;(H1+H2)<H0,不会溃决。分析了控制溃决的冰碛湖、终碛堤、冰滑坡等3大因素。以西藏帕隆藏布米堆沟光谢错溃决为例进行了检验。

白什滑坡坝漫溢溃坝的水文条件预测

为防避四川省北川县白什滑坡坝溃坝酿至溃决洪水与泥石流灾害,对导致漫溢溃坝的水文条件进行了预测。在论述白什滑坡和滑坡坝的特征的基础上,通过对可能发生的溃坝类型、形成漫溢型溃决所需临界水头、溃决时水流流速和导致溃决的洪峰流量的预计,得出了一般洪水时不会溃坝、100年一遇洪水时可能溃坝的预测结论。

宗渠沟堰塞体漫溢溃决水文条件及溃坝流量预测

根据宗渠沟泥石流和堰塞体发育特征,在对可能溃坝型式、漫溢溃决临界水头、临界条件溃决流速和溃决临界洪峰流量进行分析计算的基础上,预测了不同暴雨频率下发生溃决的可能性;并依据溃坝流量计算结果对洪水和泥石流规模的放大效应进行了评价。这种预测方法对于堰塞坝的安全评价和防灾预警工作具有重要的指导意义。

三山岛金矿水文地质条件的研究

三山岛为一临海大型金矿,由于开拓阶段矿坑涌水量大,并发生突水,涌泥等淹井事故。因此,给矿山开拓与开采安全带来威胁。为了进一步搞清矿区的地质构造与水文地质条件,进行了补充勘探,运用各种方法进行水文地质条件的研究。结果查明该矿为一典型裂隙充水矿床,矿坑水补给源有海水,卤水及第四系水,其中海水占50％;海水补给方式为越流补给。研究结果表明矿坑不会有大量地下水瞬时溃入,不存在突水淹井的威胁,可以采用疏干方案防治矿区地下水。