Shared genetics and bidirectional causal relationships between type 2 diabetes and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Background Type 2 diabetes(T2D)is a chronic metabolic disorder with high comorbidity with mental disorders.The genetic links between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)and T2D have yet to be elucidated.Aims We aim to assess shared genetics and potential associations between ADHD and T2D.Methods We performed genetic correlation,two-sample Mendelian randomisation and polygenic overlap analyses between ADHD and T2D.The genome-wide association study(GWAS)summary results of T2D(80154 cases and 853816 controls),ADHD2019(20183 cases and 35191 controls from the 2019 GWAS ADHD dataset)and ADHD2022(38691 cases and 275986 controls from the 2022 GWAS ADHD dataset)were used for the analyses.The T2D dataset was obtained from the DIAGRAM Consortium.The ADHD datasets were obtained from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium.We compared genome-wide association signals to reveal shared genetic variation between T2D and ADHD using the larger ADHD2022 dataset.Moreover,molecular pathways were constructed based on large-scale literature data to understand the connection between ADHD and T2D.Results T2D has positive genetic correlations with ADHD2019(rg=0.33)and ADHD2022(rg=0.31).Genetic liability to ADHD2019 was associated with an increased risk for T2D(odds ratio(OR):1.30,p<0.001),while genetic liability to ADHD2022 had a suggestive causal effect on T2D(OR:1.30,p=0.086).Genetic liability to T2D was associated with a higher risk for ADHD2019(OR:1.05,p=0.001)and ADHD2022(OR:1.03,p<0.001).The polygenic overlap analysis showed that most causal variants of T2D are shared with ADHD2022.T2D and ADHD2022 have three overlapping loci.Molecular pathway analysis suggests that ADHD and T2D could promote the risk of each other through inflammatory pathways.Conclusions Our study demonstrates substantial shared genetics and bidirectional causal associations between ADHD and T2D.

Overlapped Subarray Architecture of an Wideband Phased Array Antenna with Interference Suppression Capability

This paper presents a novel architecture of combining the linear array of antenna elements, where each antenna element has digitally selectable true time-delays as weights. Use of time-delays for beam-formation inherently makes the phased array network a wideband system. In particular, this technique envisage a new method of sharing antenna elements, by fixed overlapped sub-array architecture, which is able to maintain permissible element spacing to avoid grating lobe in antenna pattern. Moreover, this scheme additionally offers an easier null steering capability to the subarray architecture. This method essentially eliminates the need for intensive computation of complex weight vectors attached to each antenna element.

Large-Scale Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithm Based on Weighted Overlapping Grouping of Decision Variables

The large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithm(LSMOA),based on the grouping of decision variables,is an advanced method for handling high-dimensional decision variables.However,in practical problems,the interaction among decision variables is intricate,leading to large group sizes and suboptimal optimization effects;hence a large-scale multi-objective optimization algorithm based on weighted overlapping grouping of decision variables(MOEAWOD)is proposed in this paper.Initially,the decision variables are perturbed and categorized into convergence and diversity variables;subsequently,the convergence variables are subdivided into groups based on the interactions among different decision variables.If the size of a group surpasses the set threshold,that group undergoes a process of weighting and overlapping grouping.Specifically,the interaction strength is evaluated based on the interaction frequency and number of objectives among various decision variables.The decision variable with the highest interaction in the group is identified and disregarded,and the remaining variables are then reclassified into subgroups.Finally,the decision variable with the strongest interaction is added to each subgroup.MOEAWOD minimizes the interactivity between different groups and maximizes the interactivity of decision variables within groups,which contributed to the optimized direction of convergence and diversity exploration with different groups.MOEAWOD was subjected to testing on 18 benchmark large-scale optimization problems,and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods.Compared with the other algorithms,our method is still at an advantage.

Overlapping infections of Mycobacterium canariasense and Nocardia farcinica in an immunocompetent patient:A case report

BACKGROUND Infections by non-tuberculous mycobacteria(NTM)have become more common in recent years.Mycobacterium canariasense(M.canariasense)was first reported as an opportunistic pathogen in 2004,but there have been very few case reports since then.Nocardia is a genus of aerobic and Gram-positive bacilli,and these species are also opportunistic pathogens and in the Mycobacteriales order.Conventional methods for diagnosis of NTM are inefficient.Metagenomic next-generation sequencing(mNGS)can rapidly detect many pathogenic microorganisms,even rare species.Most NTM and Nocardia infections occur in immunocompromised patients with atypical clinical symptoms.There are no previous reports of infection by M.canariasense and Nocardia farcinica(N.farcinica),especially in immunocompetent patients.This case report describes an immunocompetent 52-year-old woman who had overlapping infections of M.canariasense,N.farcinica,and Candida parapsilosis(C.parapsilosis)based on mNGS.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old woman presented with a productive cough and chest pain for 2 wk,and recurrent episodes of moderate-grade fever for 1 wk.She received antibiotics for 1 wk at a local hospital,and experienced defervescence,but the productive cough and chest pain persisted.We collected samples of a lung lesion and alveolar lavage fluid for mNGS.The lung tissue was positive for M.canariasense,N.farcinica,and C.parapsilosis,and the alveolar lavage fluid was positive for M.canariasense.The diagnosis was pneumonia,and application of appropriate antibiotic therapy cured the patient.CONCLUSION Etiological diagnosis is critical for patients with infectious diseases.mNGS can identify rare and novel pathogens,and does not require a priori knowledge.

Assessing the deformation response of double-track overlapped tunnels using numerical simulation and field monitoring

The unprecedented rate of metro construction has led to a highly complex network of metro lines.Tunnels are being overlapped to an ever-increasing degree.This paper investigates the deformation response of double-track overlapped tunnels in Tianjin,China using finite element analysis(FEA)and field monitoring,considering the attributes of different tunneling forms.With respect to the upper tunneling,the results of the FEA and field monitoring showed that the maximum vertical displacements of the ground surface during the tail passage were 2.06 mm,2.25 mm and 2.39 mm obtained by the FEA,field monitoring and Peck calculation,respectively;the heaves on the vertical displacement curve were observed at 8 m(1.25D,where D is the diameter of the tunnel)away from the center of the tunnel and the curve at both sides was asymmetrical.Furthermore,the crown and bottom produce approximately0.38 mm and 1.26 mm of contraction,respectively.The results of the FEA of the upper and lower sections demonstrated that the tunneling form has an obvious influence on the deformation response of the double-track overlapped tunnel.Compared with the upper tunneling,the lower tunneling exerted significantly less influence on the deformation response,which manifested as a smaller displacement of the strata and deformation of the existing tunnel.The results of this study on overlapped tunnels can provide a reference for similar projects in the future.

An overlap syndrome involving autoimmune hepatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus in childhood

We report a 12 years old female patient with an overlap syndrome involving autoimmune hepatitis （AIH） and systemic lupus erythematosus （SLE）. The patient presented with jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, malaise, polyarthralgia, arthritis and butterfly rash on the face. Laboratory tests revealed severe liver dysfunction, Coombs positive hemolytic anemia and a positive ANA/ anti-dsDNA test. Renal biopsy showed class IIA kidney disease, while liver biopsy showed chronic hepatitis with severe inflammatory activity. The patient satisfied the international criteria for both SLE and AIH. Clinical symptoms and laboratory findings of SLE improved with high dose treatment with corticosteroids and azathioprine, however, remission of the liver disease could not be achieved. Repeat biopsy of the liver after three years of therapy revealed ongoing chronic hepatitis with high level of inflammatory activity. The present case indicates that children with liver dysfunction and SLE should be investigated for AIH. There is much diagnostic and therapeutic dilemma in patients with AIH-SLE overlap syndrome.

Quantitative Analysis and Affecting Factors of the Overlapping Degree of Interfacial Transition Zone between Neighboring Aggregates in Concrete

Based on the nearest surface function formula, a quantitative formula to measure the overlapping degree between the interfacial transition zone （ITZ） of neighboring aggregate particles was put forward. The formula was further deduced to quantitatively analyze the influence of the volume fraction of aggregate, ITZ thickness and the maximum aggregate diameter on the overlapping degree between neighboring ITZ. The volume of ITZ was quantitatively calculated in actual concrete by comparing the nearest surface function formula with an approximate method, that is the surface area of the aggregates multiplied by the uniform thickness of the ITZ layers. The results showed that the influencing order of these three factors on the overlapping degree between neighboring ITZ in turn was the interface thickness, aggregate volume fraction and the maximum aggregate diameter; As long as the interface thickness 50 μm and the aggregate volume fraction 50%, the calculated error between two methods mentioned above is about 10 %.

Partially Overlapped Channels- and Flow-Based End-to-End Channel Assignment for Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Networks

Capacity reduction is a major problem faced by wireless mesh networks. An efficient way to alleviate this problem is proper channel assignment. Current end-toend channel assignment schemes usually focus on the case where channels in distinct frequency bands are assigned to mesh access and backbone, but actually backbone network and access network can use the same IEEE 802.11 technology. Besides, these channel assignment schemes only utilize orthogonal channels to perform channel assignment, and the resulting network interference dramatically degrades network performance. Moreover, Internet-oriented traffic is considered only, and peerto-peer traffic is omitted, or vice versa. The traffic type does not match the practical network. In this paper, we explore how to exploit partially overlapped channels to perform endto-end channel assignment in order to achieve effective end-to-end flow transmissions. The proposed flow-based end-to-end channel assignment schemes can conquer the limitations aforementioned. Simulations reveal that loadaware channel assignment can be applied to networks with stable traffic load, and it can achieve near-optimal performance; Traffic-irrelevant channel assignment is suitable for networks with frequent change of traffic load,and it can achieve good balance between performance and overhead. Also, partially overlapped channels' capability of improving network performance is situation-dependent, they should be used carefully.

Wien Effect Characterization of Interactions Between Ions and Charged Sites on Clay Surfaces of Variable-Charge Soils

To investigate the interactions of oppositely charged sites on the surfaces of variable-charge soil particles with cations and anions, and to evaluate the mean Gibbs free binding and adsorption energies of various cations on particles of red soil and latosol, clay fractions smaller than 2 μm were separated from samples of the two variable-charge soils. Ferric oxides were removed from part of the clay fractions, which were then saturated with various chlorides （NaC1, KCl, CaCl2, CdCl2 or LaCl3）. Electrical conductivities （EC） of dilute suspensions of the original and of the iron oxides-free clay fractions in deionized water were measured with the SHP-2 short high-voltage pulse apparatus, which enables measurement of the Wien effect at field strengths （E） from 14 to 250 kV cm^-1. The Wien effect （EC-E） curves revealed EC increases of red soil suspensions between 14 and 200 kV cm^-1, of 8.3, 8.4, 12.1, 5.9, and 1.2 μS cm^-1 for NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, CdCl2, and LaCl3, respectively, reflecting the differing interactions with the various cations and chloride. The EC increments with the iron-free red soil suspensions were higher, being 29.7, 17.2, and 15.3 μS cm^-1 for NaCl, CaCl2, and CdCl2, respectively. In the natural latosol suspensions the EC increments were practically zero, whereas in the iron-free fractions there were significant EC increments of 10.3, 5.7, 5.0, and 1.6μS cm^-1 for NaCl, CaCl2, CdCl2, and LaCl3, respectively.

3D placement of unmanned aerial vehicles and partially overlapped channel assignment for throughput maximization

This paper investigates a wireless system with multi-Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(UAVs)for improving the overall throughput.In contrast to previous studies that optimize the locations of UAVs and channel assignment separately,this paper considers the two issues jointly by exploiting Partially Overlapped Channels(POCs).The optimization problem of maximizing network throughput is formulated as a non-convex and non-linear problem.In order to find a practical solution,the problem is decomposed into two subproblems,which are iteratively optimized.First,the optimal locations of UAVs are determined under a fixed channel assignment scheme by solving the mixed-integer second-order cone problem.Second,an efficient POC allocation scheme is determined via the proposed channel assignment algorithm.Simulation results show that the proposed approach not only significantly improves system throughput and service reliability compared with the cases in which only orthogonal channels and stationary UAVs are considered,but also achieves similar performance using the exhaustive search algorithm with lower time complexity.

Multi-segment and Multi-ply Overlapping Process of Multi Coupled Activities Based on Valid Information Evolution

Complex product development will inevitably face the design planning of the multi-coupled activities, and overlapping these activities could potentially reduce product development time, but there is a risk of the additional cost. Although the downstream task information dependence to the upstream task is already considered in the current researches, but the design process overall iteration caused by the information interdependence between activities is hardly discussed; especially the impact on the design process＇ overall iteration from the valid information accumulation process. Secondly, most studies only focus on the single overlapping process of two activities, rarely take multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping process of multi coupled activities into account; especially the inherent link between product development time and cost which originates from the overlapping process of multi coupled activities. For the purpose of solving the above problems, as to the insufficiency of the accumulated valid information in overlapping process, the function of the valid information evolution （VIE） degree is constructed. Stochastic process theory is used to describe the design information exchange and the valid information accumulation in the overlapping segment, and then the planning models of the single overlapping segment are built. On these bases, by analyzing overlapping processes and overlapping features of multi-coupling activities, multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping planning models are built; by sorting overlapping processes and analyzing the construction of these planning models, two conclusions are obtained： （1） As to multi-segment and multi-ply overlapping of multi coupled activities, the total decrement of the task set development time is the sum of the time decrement caused by basic overlapping segments, and minus the sum of the time increment caused by multiple overlapping segments; （2） the total increment of development cost is the sum of the cost increment caused by all overlapping process. And then, based on overlapping degree analysis of these planning models, by the V1E degree function, the four lemmas theory proofs are represented, and two propositions are finally proved： （1） The multi-ply overlapping of the multi coupled activities will weaken the basic overlapping effect on the development cycle time reduction （2） Overlapping the multi coupled activities will decrease product development cycle, but increase product development cost. And there is trade-off between development time and cost. And so, two methods are given to slacken and eliminate multi-ply overlapping effects. At last, an example about a vehicle upper subsystem design illustrates the application of the proposed models; compared with a sequential execution pattern, the decreasing of development cycle （22%） and the increasing of development cost （3%） show the validity of the method in the example The proposed research not only lays a theoretical foundation for correctly planning complex product development process, but also provides specific and effective operation methods for overlapping multi coupled activities.

Systemic lupus erythematosus and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis overlap syndrome in a 77-year-old man: A case report

BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)and antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodyassociated vasculitis(AAV)are classically thought to cause renal impairment and small vessel vasculitis with different pathophysiologies.Their overlap constitutes a rare rheumatologic disease.To date,only dozens of such cases with biopsyproven glomerulonephritis have been reported worldwide typically in women of childbearing age.Here,we present a unique clinical case due to its rarity and individualized treatment of a Chinese man in his eighth decade of life.CASE SUMMARY A 77-year-old man was admitted to several hospitals for shortness of breath and received nonspecific treatments over the past 3 years.As his symptoms were not completely relieved,he visited our hospital for further treatment.Laboratory examinations revealed kidney dysfunction,severe anaemia,hypocomplementemia,glomerular proteinuria,and microscopic haematuria.Antinuclear antibodies,as well as anti-dsDNA antibodies,were positive.Computed tomography of the chest showed right pleural effusion.Renal biopsy was performed,and histology suggested crescentic glomerulonephritis,pauci-immune type.After treatment with plasmapheresis,glucocorticoid,and cyclophosphamide,the disease was in remission,and the patient remained in a stable condition for over 3 years post-hospital discharge.CONCLUSION Due to its complexity and rarity,SLE and AAV overlap syndrome is easily misdiagnosed.An accurate diagnosis and treatment at the earliest stage may significantly improve the condition and reduce irreversible organ injury.

Irritable bowel syndrome:Epidemiology,overlap disorders,pathophysiology and treatment

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic gastrointestinal disease with a significant impact on patients’ quality of life and a high socioeconomic burden. And the understanding of IBS has changed since the release of the Rome Ⅳ diagnosis in 2016. With the upcoming Rome Ⅴ revision, it is necessary to review the results of IBS research in recent years. In this review of IBS, we can highlight future concerns by reviewing the results of IBS research on epidemiology, overlap disorders, pathophysiology, and treatment over the past decade and summarizing the latest research.

STUDIES ON THE REIATIONSHIP OF DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN (NT) AND SUBSTANCE P(SP)-CONTAINING CELL BODIES AND FIBERS IN DORSAL HORN OF RAT SPINAL CORD WITH DOUBIE STAINING METHOD

It has been known that NT and SP were localized in interneurons of the superficial Laminae of dorsal horn of the spinal cord.furthermore the immunorcactivity of SP is mainly found in the primary Sensory terminals.Because the distribution zegions of SP and NT are overlapped,the present paper is intendcd to prove whether there is any distributive relationship between them in immunohistochemical specimen. 16 sprague-dawley rats(male,200-280gm)were treated with colchicine(500ug/kg)

International Standardization of Blockchain and Distributed Ledger Technology:Overlaps,Gaps and Challenges

As one of the most concerned digital technologies in recent years,blockchain and distributed ledger technology are an important driving force for a new round of technological development.It is currently in the process of accelerating its evolution and maturity,and has gradually integrated with other digital technologies.It has been applied in many industries,providing decentralized solutions for various industries,realizing innovative storage models,and building a new trust system.As blockchain technology is officially incorporated into China’s new information infrastructure category,the application fields of blockchain have expanded rapidly,gradually extending from the financial field and government affairs to other fields in the real economy.At the same time,with the continuous development of the globalized economy,blockchain technology will also have a profound impact on international technological and economic development.Therefore,for the healthy and orderly development and real implementation of the blockchain industry,standardize the application of blockchain,effectively break through the cognitive and technical barriers between different countries,industries and systems on a global scale,prevent application risks,the development of the global blockchain industry needs standardization basis,which is particularly important and urgent.A sound standard system is an important key to the successful development of technology,and formulating the right standard at the right time for technology development helps ensure the ease of use and interoperability of the technology.From the perspective of international standardization,this article first introduces the general situation of ISO,ITU-T,IEEE,W3C and other international standardization organizations,and sorts out the status quo of the blockchain standardization working groups of mainstream international standardization organizations.All blockchain-related standards under development have been analyzed for the characteristics of international blockchain technology standards and industry application standards.Through data analysis,the overlaps,differences and conflicts in the field of international blockchain standard formulation are sorted out,and suggestions for blockchain standardization work in the application and development of blockchain technology standardization by international organizations and industries are put forward.The plans and layouts of future international standards are summarized to help the development of the international standardization of blockchain.

Similarity measure design on overlapped and non-overlapped data

Similarity measure design on non-overlapped data was carried out and compared with the case of overlapped data.Unconsistant feature of similarity on overlapped data to non-overlapped data was provided by example.By the artificial data illustration,it was proved that the conventional similarity measure was not proper to calculate the similarity measure of the non-overlapped case.To overcome the unbalance problem,similarity measure on non-overlapped data was obtained by considering neighbor information.Hence,different approaches to design similarity measure were proposed and proved by consideration of neighbor information.With the example of artificial data,similarity measure calculation was carried out.Similarity measure extension to intuitionistic fuzzy sets(IFSs)containing uncertainty named hesitance was also followed.

An Imbalanced Dataset and Class Overlapping Classification Model for Big Data

Most modern technologies,such as social media,smart cities,and the internet of things(IoT),rely on big data.When big data is used in the real-world applications,two data challenges such as class overlap and class imbalance arises.When dealing with large datasets,most traditional classifiers are stuck in the local optimum problem.As a result,it’s necessary to look into new methods for dealing with large data collections.Several solutions have been proposed for overcoming this issue.The rapid growth of the available data threatens to limit the usefulness of many traditional methods.Methods such as oversampling and undersampling have shown great promises in addressing the issues of class imbalance.Among all of these techniques,Synthetic Minority Oversampling TechniquE(SMOTE)has produced the best results by generating synthetic samples for the minority class in creating a balanced dataset.The issue is that their practical applicability is restricted to problems involving tens of thousands or lower instances of each.In this paper,we have proposed a parallel mode method using SMOTE and MapReduce strategy,this distributes the operation of the algorithm among a group of computational nodes for addressing the aforementioned problem.Our proposed solution has been divided into three stages.Thefirst stage involves the process of splitting the data into different blocks using a mapping function,followed by a pre-processing step for each mapping block that employs a hybrid SMOTE algo-rithm for solving the class imbalanced problem.On each map block,a decision tree model would be constructed.Finally,the decision tree blocks would be com-bined for creating a classification model.We have used numerous datasets with up to 4 million instances in our experiments for testing the proposed scheme’s cap-abilities.As a result,the Hybrid SMOTE appears to have good scalability within the framework proposed,and it also cuts down the processing time.

Nested Genetic Algorithm for Resolving Overlapped Spectral Bands

A nested genetic algorithm, including genetic parameter level and genetic implemented level for peak parameters, was proposed and applied for resolving overlapped spectral bands. By the genetic parameter level, parameters of generic algorithm were optimized; moreover, the number of overlapped peaks was determined simultaneously Then parameters of individual peaks were computed with the genetic implemented level.

Electronic Couplings for Singlet Oxygen Photosensitization and Its Molecular Orbital Overlap Description

The reaction of triplet fusion,also named triplet-triplet annihilation,has attracted a lot of research interests because of its wide applications in photocatalytic,solar cells,and bioimaging.As for the singlet oxygen photosensitization,the reactive singlet oxygen species are generated through the energy transfers from photosensitizer(PS)to ground triplet oxygen molecule.In this work,we computed the electronic coupling for singlet oxygen photosensitization using the nonadiabatic coupling from the quantum chemical calculation.Then we utilized the molecular orbital(MO)overlaps to approximate it,where the MOs were computed from isolated single molecules.As demonstrated with quantitative results,this approach well describes the distribution of the coupling strength as the function of the intermolecular distance between the sensitizer and O_(2),providing us a simple but effective way to predict the coupling of triplet fusion reactions.

Relocating ruptures of two M6 earthquakes in Zhongba, South-central Tibet in 2004 and 2005 with seismological and geodetic methods

To better understand repeatability of strong earthquakes in previously ruptured zones during one seismogenic period, we studied the rupture zones of the doublet of M6 earthquakes in Zhongba region of southcentral Tibet, China, in 11 July 2004 and 7 April 2005, respectively. We focused on the overlapping degree of two strong quakes’ aftershock areas one week after the mainshocks by using the SQH station in China Seismic Network and a 68-stations temporary broadband seismic array, a part of the international HI-CLIMB project. About 115 local earthquakes were recorded in one week after the mainquakes, and we located these earthquakes by master event relative location （MERL） method. We also used this method to relocate 31 other M3.7 ＋ earthquakes from 1 July 2004 to 1 July 2005. Meanwhile, we studied two mainshocks’ coseismic ruptures with satellite interferometric synthetic aperture radar （InSAR）. Our results show that the ruptured zones of the two earthquakes do not overlapp substantially, either from early aftershock data or from InSAR inversions.