GNSS array receiver faced with overloaded interferences:anti-jamming performance and the incident directions of interferences

Anti-jamming solutions based on antenna arrays enhance the anti-jamming ability and the robustness of global navigation satellite system(GNSS)receiver remarkably.However,the performance of the receiver will deteriorate significantly in the overloaded interferences scenario.We define the overloaded interferences scenario as where the number of interferences is more than or equal to the number of antenna arrays elements.In this paper,the effect mechanism of interferences with different incident directions is found by studying the anti-jamming performance of the adaptive space filter.The theoretical analysis and conclusions,which are first validated through numerical examples,reveal the relationships between the optimal weight vector and the eigenvectors of the input signal autocorrelation matrix,the relationships between the interference cancellation ratio(ICR),the signal to interference and noise power ratio(SINR)of the adaptive space filter output and the number of interferences,the eigenvalues of the input signal autocorrelation matrix.In addition,two simulation experiments are utilized to further corroborate the theoretical findings through soft anti-jamming receiver.The simulation results match well with the theoretical analysis results,thus validating the effect mechanism of overloaded interferences.The simulation results show that,for a four elements circular array,the performance difference is up to 19 dB with different incident directions of interferences.Anti-jamming performance evaluation and jamming deployment optimization can obtain more accurate and efficient results by using the conclusions.

Curcumin attenuates iron-overloaded stress to macrophages via up-regulation of SOD and Nrf2

Background:It is known to all that iron overload is a fatal adverse effect on cells and tissue.Herein,our study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin on iron-overloaded stress in macrophages.Methods:Ferric ammonium citrate was added to the macrophage cell line(RAW264.7)to establish an iron-overloaded macrophage model.Cell counting kit 8 assay was used to detect cell viability.Superoxide dismutase,reactive oxygen species,malondialdehyde,and apoptosis were performed to analyze the severity of cellular oxidative damage.In addition,quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to detect the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2.Results:The result showed that iron overload of macrophage was visualized by incubating in 40μM ferric ammonium citrate for 24 h.The curcumin significantly reversed the iron overload-induced apoptotic cells at low(10μM)and middle(20μM)concentrations.Additionally,the levels of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species activity in the groups of curcumin at low(10μM)and middle(20μM)concentrations were significantly decreased,while superoxide dismutase activity was obviously increased compared with that of the ferric ammonium citrate group alone.Finally,we found that low(10μM)and middle(20μM)dose curcumin up-regulated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 expression at mRNA and protein levels compared with the ferric ammonium citrate group alone.Conclusion:Curcumin reduces iron-overloaded stress in macrophages by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and enhancing the superoxide dismutase activity,thereby protecting cell apoptosis.

DIAGNOSTICS OF FATIGUE CRACK IN ULTERIOR PLACES OF LARGER-SCALE OVERLOADED SUPPORTING SHAFT BASED ON TIME SERIES AND NEURAL NETWORKS

To improve the diagnosis accuracy and self-adaptability of fatigue crack in ulterior place of the supporting shaft, time series and neural network are attempted to be applied in research on diag-nosing the fatigue crack’s degree based on analyzing the vibration characteristics of the supporting shaft. By analyzing the characteristic parameter which is easy to be detected from the supporting shaft’s exterior, the time series model parameter which is hypersensitive to the situation of fatigue crack in ulterior place of the supporting shaft is the target input of neural network, and the fatigue crack’s degree value of supporting shaft is the output. The BP network model can be built and net-work can be trained after the structural parameters of network are selected. Furthermore, choosing the other two different group data can test the network. The test result will verify the validity of the BP network model. The result of experiment shows that the method of time series and neural network are effective to diagnose the occurrence and the development of the fatigue crack’s degree in ulterior place of the supporting shaft.

Combined treatment of 3-hydroxypyridine-4-one derivatives and green tea extract to induce hepcidin expression in iron-overloaded b-thalassemic mice

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of deferiprone(DFP),1-(N-acetyl-6-aminohexyl)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridin-4-one(CM1)or green tea extract(GTE)in enhancing expression of hepatic hepcidin1(Hamp1)m RNA and relieving iron overload in b-globin knockout thalassemic mice.Methods:The b-globin knockout thalassemic mice were fed with a ferrocenesupplemented diet for 2 months and oral administration of deionized water,DFP(50 mg/kg),CM1(50 mg/kg),GTE(50 mg epigallocatechin 3-gallate equivalent/kg),GTE along with DFP(50 mg/kg),and GTE along with CM1(50 mg/kg)every day for 3months.Levels of hepatic Hamp1 m RNA,plasma non-transferrin bound iron,plasma alanine aminotransferase activity and tissue iron content were determined.Results:All chelation treatments could reduce plasma non-transferrin bound iron concentrations.Additionally,hepatic Hamp1 m RNA expression was significantly upregulated in the mice in a GTE+DFP combined treatment,correlating with a decrease in the plasma alanine aminotransferase activity and tissue iron deposition.Conclusions:The GTE+DFP treatment could ameliorate iron overload and liver oxidative damage in non-transfusion dependent b-thalassemic mice,by chelating toxic iron in plasma and tissues,and increasing hepcidin expression to inhibit duodenal iron absorption and iron release from hepatocytes and macrophages in the spleen.There is probably an advantage in giving GTE with DFP when treating patients with iron overload.

Analysis of Incremental Load Damaging Effects of Overloaded Trucks on Federal Highway Pavement Structures in Nigeria

The study is to assess the present serviceability rating of Nigerian highways and the load damage effects of overloaded trucks. The researchers used the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) methods. In this study, the highway section of Lokoja-Abuja, Ilorin-Jebba and Abakiliki-Ogoja via Mbok roads were selected, and data were collected through an axle-load survey, automatic traffic count and from secondary sources. The rate of gross vehicle weight violation was found, ranging from 20% to 94% of the axle load distribution across the studied network. Comparing the overloaded vehicle damage factor (V.D.F.) and standard V.D.F., the range was from 1.2 to 41.34 times across the road networks studied, and this explained why the pavement structures of Nigerian roads tend to deteriorate during its service life rapidly. Present serviceability rating was estimated at 3.45, 4.41 and 3.35 for Lokoja-Abuja, Ilorin-Jebba and Abakiliki-Ogoja roads respectively, showing depletion from their initial conditions. The damaging effects of the HGV are less severe at Lokoja-Abuja Road (with g = 0.30), followed by Ilorin-Jebba Road (with g = 0.35) and more in Abakiliki-Ogoja Road (with g = 0.43). The heaviest overload of 94% of the 6-axle vehicles plying at the Lokoja-Abuja road could explain this intense damaging effect on the road pavement

Treatment with β-sitosterol ameliorates the effects of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing cholesterol overload, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis

β-Sitosterol is a type of phytosterol that occurs naturally in plants.Previous studies have shown that it has anti-oxidant,anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory,and anti-tumor effects,but it is unknown whetherβ-sitosterol treatment reduces the effects of ischemic stroke.Here we found that,in a mouse model of ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion,β-sitosterol reduced the volume of cerebral infarction and brain edema,reduced neuronal apoptosis in brain tissue,and alleviated neurological dysfunction;moreover,β-sitosterol increased the activity of oxygen-and glucose-deprived cerebral cortex neurons and reduced apoptosis.Further investigation showed that the neuroprotective effects ofβ-sitosterol may be related to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by intracellular cholesterol accumulation after ischemic stroke.In addition,β-sitosterol showed high affinity for NPC1L1,a key transporter of cholesterol,and antagonized its activity.In conclusion,β-sitosterol may help treat ischemic stroke by inhibiting neuronal intracellular cholesterol overload/endoplasmic reticulum stress/apoptosis signaling pathways.

Piezo1 channel exaggerates ferroptosis of nucleus pulposus cells by mediating mechanical stress-induced iron influx

To date,several molecules have been found to facilitate iron influx,while the types of iron influx channels remain to be elucidated.Here,Piezo1 channel was identified as a key iron transporter in response to mechanical stress.Piezo1-mediated iron overload disturbed iron metabolism and exaggerated ferroptosis in nucleus pulposus cells(NPCs).Importantly,Piezo1-induced iron influx was independent of the transferrin receptor(TFRC),a well-recognized iron gatekeeper.Furthermore,pharmacological inactivation of Piezo1 profoundly reduced iron accumulation,alleviated mitochondrial ROS,and suppressed ferroptotic alterations in stimulation of mechanical stress.Moreover,conditional knockout of Piezo1(Col2a1-CreERT Piezo1^(flox/flox))attenuated the mechanical injury-induced intervertebral disc degeneration(IVDD).Notably,the protective effect of Piezo1 deficiency in IVDD was dampened in Piezo1/Gpx4 conditional double knockout(cDKO)mice(Col2a1-CreERT Piezo1^(flox/flox)/Gpx4^(flox/flox)).These findings suggest that Piezo1 is a potential determinant of iron influx,indicating that the Piezo1-iron-ferroptosis axis might shed light on the treatment of mechanical stress-induced diseases.

Sema3A secreted by sensory nerve induces bone formation under mechanical loads

Bone formation and deposition are initiated by sensory nerve infiltration in adaptive bone remodeling. Here, we focused on the role of Semaphorin 3A(Sema3A), expressed by sensory nerves, in mechanical loads-induced bone formation and nerve withdrawal using orthodontic tooth movement(OTM) model. Firstly, bone formation was activated after the 3rd day of OTM,coinciding with a decrease in sensory nerves and an increase in pain threshold. Sema3A, rather than nerve growth factor(NGF),highly expressed in both trigeminal ganglion and the axons of periodontal ligament following the 3rd day of OTM. Moreover, in vitro mechanical loads upregulated Sema3A in neurons instead of in human periodontal ligament cells(hPDLCs) within 24 hours.Furthermore, exogenous Sema3A restored the suppressed alveolar bone formation and the osteogenic differentiation of hPDLCs induced by mechanical overload. Mechanistically, Sema3A prevented overstretching of F-actin induced by mechanical overload through ROCK2 pathway, maintaining mitochondrial dynamics as mitochondrial fusion. Therefore, Sema3A exhibits dual therapeutic effects in mechanical loads-induced bone formation, both as a pain-sensitive analgesic and a positive regulator for bone formation.

Venous Doppler flow patterns,venous congestion,heart disease and renal dysfunction:A complex liaison

The World Journal of Cardiology published an article written by Kuwahara et al that we take the pleasure to comment on.We focused our attention on venous congestion.In intensive care settings,it is now widely accepted that venous congestion is an important clinical feature worthy of investigation.Evaluating venous Doppler profile abnormalities at multiple sites could suggest adequate treatment and monitor its efficacy.Renal dysfunction could trigger or worsen fluid overload in heart disease,and cardio-renal syndrome is a well-characterized spectrum of disorders describing the complex interactions between heart and kidney diseases.Fluid overload and venous congestion,including renal venous hypertension,are major determinants of acute and chronic renal dysfunction arising in heart disease.Organ congestion from venous hypertension could be involved in the development of organ injury in several clinical situations,such as critical diseases,congestive heart failure,and chronic kidney disease.Ultrasonography and abnormal Doppler flow patterns diagnose clinically significant systemic venous congestion.Cardiologists and nephrologists might use this valuable,noninvasive,bedside diagnostic tool to establish fluid status and guide clinical choices.

PDZK1 protects against mechanical overload-induced chondrocyte senescence and osteoarthritis by targeting mitochondrial function

Mechanical overloading and aging are two essential factors for osteoarthritis(OA)development.Mitochondria have been identified as a mechano-transducer situated between extracellular mechanical signals and chondrocyte biology,but their roles and the associated mechanisms in mechanical stress-associated chondrocyte senescence and OA have not been elucidated.

Global stability coefficient of large underground caverns under static loading and earthquake wave condition

Underground energy and resource development,deep underground energy storage and other projects involve the global stability of multiple interconnected cavern groups under internal and external dynamic disturbances.An evaluation method of the global stability coefficient of underground caverns based on static overload and dynamic overload was proposed.Firstly,the global failure criterion for caverns was defined based on its band connection of plastic-strain between multi-caverns.Then,overloading calculation of the boundary geostress and seismic intensity on the caverns model was carried out,and the critical unstable state of multi-caverns can be identified,if the plastic-strain band appeared between caverns during these overloading processes.Thus,the global stability coefficient for the multi-caverns under static loading and earthquake was obtained based on the corresponding overloading coefficient.Practical analysis for the Yingliangbao(YLB)hydraulic caverns indicated that this method can not only effectively obtain the global stability coefficient of caverns under static and dynamic earthquake conditions,but also identify the caverns’high-risk zone of local instability through localized plastic strain of surrounding rock.This study can provide some reference for the layout design and seismic optimization of underground cavern group.

Investigations of the mechanical response of dummy HTPB propellant grain under ultrahigh acceleration overload conditions using onboard flight-test measurements

In this paper,to study the mechanical responses of a solid propellant subjected to ultrahigh acceleration overload during the gun-launch process,specifically designed projectile flight tests with an onboard measurement system were performed.Two projectiles containing dummy HTPB propellant grains were successfully recovered after the flight tests with an ultrahigh acceleration overload value of 8100 g.The onboard-measured time-resolved axial displacement,contact stress and overload values were successfully obtained and analysed.Uniaxial compression tests of the dummy HTPB propellant used in the gunlaunched tests were carried out at low and intermediate strain rates to characterize the propellant's dynamic properties.A linear viscoelastic constitutive model was employed and applied in finite-element simulations of the projectile-launching process.During the launch process,the dummy propellant grain exhibited large deformation due to the high acceleration overload,possibly leading to friction between the motor case and propellant grain.The calculated contact stress showed good agreement with the experimental results,though discrepancies in the overall displacement of the dummy propellant grain were observed.The dynamic mechanical response process of the dummy propellant grain was analysed in detail.The results can be used to estimate the structural integrity of the analysed dummy propellant grain during the gun-launch process.

SiO_(2) Induces Iron Overload and Ferroptosis in Cardiomyocytes in a Silicosis Mouse Model

Objective The aim of this study was to explore the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in SiO_(2)-induced cardiac injury using a mouse model.Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were intratracheally instilled with SiO_(2) to create a silicosis model.Ferrostatin-1(Fer-1)and deferoxamine(DFO)were used to suppress ferroptosis.Serum biomarkers,oxidative stress markers,histopathology,iron content,and the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins were assessed.Results SiO_(2) altered serum cardiac injury biomarkers,oxidative stress,iron accumulation,and ferroptosis markers in myocardial tissue.Fer-1 and DFO reduced lipid peroxidation and iron overload,and alleviated SiO_(2)-induced mitochondrial damage and myocardial injury.SiO_(2) inhibited Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)and its downstream antioxidant genes,while Fer-1 more potently reactivated Nrf2 compared to DFO.Conclusion Iron overload-induced ferroptosis contributes to SiO_(2)-induced cardiac injury.Targeting ferroptosis by reducing iron accumulation or inhibiting lipid peroxidation protects against SiO_(2) cardiotoxicity,potentially via modulation of the Nrf2 pathway.

Repressing iron overload ameliorates central poststroke pain via the Hdac2-Kv1.2 axis in a rat model of hemorrhagic stroke

Thalamic hemorrhage can lead to the development of central post-stroke pain.Changes in histone acetylation levels,which are regulated by histone deacetylases,affect the excitability of neurons surrounding the hemorrhagic area.However,the regulato ry mechanism of histone deacetylases in central post-stroke pain remains unclea r.Here,we show that iron overload leads to an increase in histone deacetylase 2expression in damaged ventral posterolateral nucleus neurons.Inhibiting this increase restored histone H3 acetylation in the Kcna2 promoter region of the voltage-dependent potassium(Kv)channel subunit gene in a rat model of central post-stroke pain,thereby increasing Kcna2expression and relieving central pain.However,in the absence of nerve injury,increasing histone deacetylase 2 expression decreased Kcna2expression,decreased Kv current,increased the excitability of neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus area,and led to neuropathic pain symptoms.Moreover,treatment with the iron chelator deferiprone effectively reduced iron overload in the ventral posterolateral nucleus after intracerebral hemorrhage,reversed histone deacetylase 2 upregulation and Kv1.2 downregulation,and alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity in central post-stroke pain rats.These results suggest that histone deacetylase 2 upregulation and Kv1.2 downregulation,mediated by iron overload,are important factors in central post-stroke pain pathogenesis and co uld se rve as new to rgets for central poststroke pain treatment.

Novel compound heterozygous mutations in the hemojuvelin gene in a juvenile hemochromatosis patient:A case report

BACKGROUND Juvenile hemochromatosis(JH)is an early-onset,rare autosomal recessive disorder of iron overload observed worldwide that leads to damage in multiple organs.Pathogenic mutations in the hemojuvelin(HJV)gene are the major cause of JH.CASE SUMMARY A 34-year-old male Chinese patient presented with liver fibrosis,diabetes,hypogonadotropic hypogonadism,hypophysis hypothyroidism,and skin hyperpigmentation.Biochemical test revealed a markedly elevated serum ferritin level of 4329μg/L and a transferrin saturation rate of 95.4%.Targeted exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing revealed that the proband had a novel mutation c.863G>A(p.R288Q)in the HJV gene which was transmitted from his father,and two known mutations,c.18G>C(p.Q6H)and c.962_963delGCinsAA(p.C321*)in cis,which were inherited from his mother.The p.R288W mutation was previously reported to be pathogenic for hemochromatosis,which strongly supported the pathogenicity of p.R288Q reported for the first time in this case.After 72 wk of intensive phlebotomy therapy,the patient achieved a reduction in serum ferritin to 160.5μg/L.The patient's clinical symptoms demonstrated a notable improvement.CONCLUSION This study highlights the importance of screening for hemochromatosis in patients with diabetes and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism.It also suggests that long-term active phlebotomy could efficiently improve the prognosis in severe JH.

Effect of cuproptosis on acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass in diabetic patients

BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)is a common procedure in cardiac surgery.CPB is a high-risk factor for acute kidney injury(AKI),and diabetes is also such a factor.Diabetes can lead to copper overload.It is currently unclear whether AKI after CPB in diabetic patients is related to copper overload.AIM To explore whether the occurrence of CPB-AKI in diabetic patients is associated with cuproptosis.METHODS Blood and urine were collected from clinical diabetic and non-diabetic patients before and after CPB.Levels of copper ion,lactate,glucose,heat shock protein-70(HSP-70),and dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase(DLAT)were determined.A diabetic rat model was established and CPB was performed.The rats were assessed for the development of CPB-AKI,and for the association of AKI with cuproptosis by detecting copper levels,iron-sulfur cluster proteins and observation of mitochondrial structure by electron microscopy.RESULTS CPB resulted in elevations of copper,lactate,HSP-70 and DLAT in blood and urine in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients.CPB was associated with pathologic and mitochondrial damage in the kidneys of diabetic rats.Cuproptosis-related proteins also appeared to be significantly reduced.CONCLUSION CPB-AKI is associated with cuproptosis.Diabetes mellitus is an important factor aggravating CPB-AKI and cuproptosis.

Ultrasound unveiling:Decoding venous congestion in heart failure for precision management of fluid status

This editorial discusses the manuscript by Di Maria et al,published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Cardiology.We here focus on the still elusive pathophysiological mechanisms underlying cardio-renal syndrome(CRS),despite its high prevalence and the substantial worsening of both kidney function and heart failure.While the measure of right atrial pressure through right cardiac catheterization remains the most accurate albeit invasive and costly procedure,integrating bedside ultrasound into diagnostic protocols may substantially enhance the staging of venous congestion and guide therapeutic decisions.In particular,with the assessment of Doppler patterns across multiple venous districts,the Venous Excess Ultrasound(VExUS)score improves the management of fluid overload and provides insight into the underlying factors contributing to cardio-renal interactions.Integrating specific echocardiographic parameters,particularly those concerning the right heart,may thus improve the VExUS score sensitivity,offering perspective into the nuanced comprehension of cardio-renal dynamics.A multidisciplinary approach that consistently incorporates the use of ultrasound is emerging as a promising advance in the understanding and management of CRS.

Numerical Simulation-Based Analysis of the Impact of Overloading on Segmentally Assembled Bridges

Segmentally assembled bridges are increasinglyfinding engineering applications in recent years due to their unique advantages,especially as urban viaducts.Vehicle loads are one of the most important variable loads acting on bridge structures.Accordingly,the influence of overloaded vehicles on existing assembled bridge structures is an urgent concern at present.This paper establishes thefinite element model of the segmentally assembled bridge based on ABAQUS software and analyzes the influence of vehicle overload on an assembled girder bridge struc-ture.First,afinite element model corresponding to the target bridge is established based on ABAQUS software,and the load is controlled to simulate vehicle movement in each area of the traveling zone at different times.Sec-ond,the key cross-sections of segmental girder bridges are monitored in real time based on the force character-istics of continuous girder bridges,and they are compared with the simulation results.Finally,a material damage ontology model is introduced,and the structural damage caused by different overloading rates is compared and analyzed.Results show that thefinite element modeling method is accurate by comparing with on-site measured data,and it is suitable for the numerical simulation of segmental girder bridges;Dynamic sensors installed at 1/4L,1/2L,and 3/4L of the segmental girder main beams could be used to identify the dynamic response of segmental girder bridges;The bottom plate of the segmental girder bridge is mostly damaged at the position where the length of the precast beam section changes and the midspan position.With the increase in load,damage in the direction of the bridge develops faster than that in the direction of the transverse bridge.Thefindings of this study can guide maintenance departments in the management and maintenance of bridges and vehicles.

Efficient People Detection with Infrared Images

This work focuses on the problem of monitoring the coastline, which in Portugal’s case means monitoring 3007 kilometers, including 1793 maritime borders with the Atlantic Ocean to the south and west. The human burden on the coast becomes a problem, both because erosion makes the cliffs unstable and because pollution increases, making the fragile dune ecosystem difficult to preserve. It is becoming necessary to increase the control of access to beaches, even if it is not a popular measure for internal and external tourism. The methodology described can also be used to monitor maritime borders. The use of images acquired in the infrared range guarantees active surveillance both day and night, the main objective being to mimic the infrared cameras already installed in some critical areas along the coastline. Using a series of infrared photographs taken at low angles with a modified camera and appropriate filter, a recent deep learning algorithm with the right training can simultaneously detect and count whole people at close range and people almost completely submerged in the water, including partially visible targets, achieving a performance with F1 score of 0.945, with 97% of targets correctly identified. This implementation is possible with ordinary laptop computers and could contribute to more frequent and more extensive coverage in beach/border surveillance, using infrared cameras at regular intervals. It can be partially automated to send alerts to the authorities and/or the nearest lifeguards, thus increasing monitoring without relying on human resources.

Erythropoietin inhibits ferroptosis and ameliorates neurological function after spinal cord injury

Ferroptosis is one of the critical pathological events in spinal cord injury.Erythropoietin has been reported to improve the recovery of spinal cord injury.However,whether ferroptosis is involved in the neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin on spinal cord injury has not been examined.In this study,we established rat models of spinal cord injury by modified Allen’s method and intraperitoneally administered 1000 and 5000 IU/kg erythropoietin once a week for 2 successive weeks.Both low and high doses of erythropoietin promoted recovery of hindlimb function,and the high dose of erythropoietin led to better outcome.High dose of erythropoietin exhibited a stronger suppressive effect on ferroptosis relative to the low dose of erythropoietin.The effects of erythropoietin on inhibiting ferroptosis-related protein expression and restoring mitochondrial morphology were similar to those of Fer-1(a ferroptosis suppressor),and the effects of erythropoietin were largely diminished by RSL3(ferroptosis activator).In vitro experiments showed that erythropoietin inhibited RSL3-induced ferroptosis in PC12 cells and increased the expression of xCT and Gpx4.This suggests that xCT and Gpx4 are involved in the neuroprotective effects of erythropoietin on spinal cord injury.Our findings reveal the underlying anti-ferroptosis role of erythropoietin and provide a potential therapeutic strategy for treating spinal cord injury.