From both fundamental and practical perspectives, the production of chemicals from biomass re-sources using high-efficiency non-precious metal catalysts is important. However, many processes require addition of stoic...From both fundamental and practical perspectives, the production of chemicals from biomass re-sources using high-efficiency non-precious metal catalysts is important. However, many processes require addition of stoichiometric or excess quantities of base, which leads to high energy consump-tion, leaching problems, and side reactions. In this study, we investigated the high-efficiency oxida-tive esterification of furfural to methylfuroate by molecular oxygen with a Co-N-C/MgO catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by direct pyrolysis of a cobalt(Ⅱ) phenanthroline complex on MgO at 800℃ under N2 atmosphere. From furfural, 93.0% conversion and 98.5% selectivity toward methylfuroate were achieved under 0.5 MPa O2 with reaction at 100 ℃ for 12 h without a basic additive. The con-version and selectivity were much higher than those obtained with cobalt catalysts produced by pyrolysis of a cobalt(Ⅱ) phenanthroline complex on activated carbon or typical basic supports, in-cluding NaX, NaY, and CaO. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission elec-tron microscopy, and experimental results revealed that the high efficiency of Co-N-C/MgO for pro-duction of methylfuroate was closely related to the cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon species and its catalytic ability in hydrogen abstraction. In contrast, Co-N-C(HCl) that synthesized by removing MgO with HCl from Co-N-C/MgO, as the catalyst produced mainly an acetal as a condensation prod-uct, and chloride ions had a negative effect on the oxidative esterification. Although the catalytic performance of the cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon species was greatly affected by HCl treatment, it could be recovered to a great extent by addition of MgO. Moreover, changes in the oxygen pressure hardly affected the oxidative esterification of furfural with Co-N-C/MgO. This study not only pro-vides an effective approach to prepare methylfuroate, but also for designing high-performance non-precious metal catalysts for the oxidative esterification of biomass-derived compounds.展开更多
Supported palladium catalysts, which were used in the oxidative esterification of methacrolein to methyl methacrylate, have been prepared with different carriers and Pd precursors. Experimental results revealed that P...Supported palladium catalysts, which were used in the oxidative esterification of methacrolein to methyl methacrylate, have been prepared with different carriers and Pd precursors. Experimental results revealed that Pd catalysts with r-Al2O3 support and Na2PdC14 precursor showed good performance. Pd catalyst modified with Pb and Mg indicated that Pd-Mg bimetallic catalyst exhibited considerably higher activity and Pd-Pb exhibited both higher activity and selectivity. 92.27% methacrolein conversion and 90.57% methyl methacrylate selectivity were obtained on Pd-Pb-Mg catalyst.展开更多
Gold catalysts supported on Mg-Al mixed oxides for oxidative esterification of methacrolein are prepared by impregnation.Effects of the support particle size,concentration of HAuCl4 solution and Mg/Al ratio on gold lo...Gold catalysts supported on Mg-Al mixed oxides for oxidative esterification of methacrolein are prepared by impregnation.Effects of the support particle size,concentration of HAuCl4 solution and Mg/Al ratio on gold loading and catalytic properties are investigated.The catalysts are characterized by CO_(2)-TPD,EDS,XPS,STEM and XRD techniques.Catalysts with smaller support particle size show more uniform gold distribution and higher gold dispersion,resulting in a higher catalytic performance,and the uniformity of gold and the activity of the catalysts with larger support particle size can be improved by decreasing the concentration of HAuCl4 solution.The Mg/Al molar ratio has significant effect on the uniformity of gold and the activity of the catalyst,and the optimum Mg/Al molar ratio is 0.1–0.2.This study underlines the importance of engineering support particle size,concentration of HAuCl4 solution and density of adsorption sites for efficient gold loading on support by impregnation.展开更多
The oxidative esterification of methacrolein(MAL)is an important way to prepare high-valued methyl methacrylate(MMA),but this process is ultra-complex due to the high reactivity of both C=O and C=C bonds in MAL molecu...The oxidative esterification of methacrolein(MAL)is an important way to prepare high-valued methyl methacrylate(MMA),but this process is ultra-complex due to the high reactivity of both C=O and C=C bonds in MAL molecule.In order to further improve MMA selectivity,the reaction network and relevant mechanisms have been proposed and profoundly investigated in this paper.Five kinds of fundamental reactions are involved in this process,including(a)the acetal reaction;(b)the aerobic oxidation of hemiacetal;(c)the alkoxylation of C=C double bond;(d)the Diels-Alder reaction;and(e)the hydrogenation reaction of unsaturated double bond.Among them,the Diels-Alder reaction of MAL is non-catalyzed,and the Brönsted acid sites or the Lewis acid sites favor promoting acetal reaction of MAL with methanol,while the alkoxylation of C=C bond with methanol is enhanced under alkaline condition.In particular,by employing the Pd-based catalysts,hydrogenation products are formed in alkaline methanol solution,hence with lower than those obtained by the Au-based catalysts.Notably,it is necessary to match the hemiacetal fromation and aerobic oxidation of hemiacetal,which is relevant with the amount and strength of acid and redox sites.Consequently,this work can provide a good guidance for the further design of both catalysts and processes in future.展开更多
Protecting groups often play an essential role in organic synthesis, particularly for multi-step synthesis or natural product total synthesis. Various protecting groups areavailable to mask the vulnerable functionalit...Protecting groups often play an essential role in organic synthesis, particularly for multi-step synthesis or natural product total synthesis. Various protecting groups areavailable to mask the vulnerable functionality;phenolic hydroxy groups are noteworthy examples, but their stability differs when protected. Herein, the compatibility of protective phenolic functionality was investigated with the implementation of indium (III) triflate-catalyzed oxidative esterification using Oxone in methanol. A wide range of protective moieties was selected and subjected to Oxone-mediated oxidative esterification. For example, sulfonates were found to be sufficiently stable and inert whereas acetals were susceptible to reaction conditions. The details of this investigation are provided.展开更多
In the course of organic synthesis, particularly for multi-step synthesis or natural product total synthesis, the selection of appropriate protective groups for the intended functionality is crucial in order to achiev...In the course of organic synthesis, particularly for multi-step synthesis or natural product total synthesis, the selection of appropriate protective groups for the intended functionality is crucial in order to achieve chemoselective synthetic goals. The development of many useful protective groups has been reported based on the functionality of the anilino group. Herein, we discuss our study of various protective groups and the processes we used to establish compatibility with anilino functionality via the implementation of Oxone-mediated oxidative esterification in methanol. The results and the details of our experiments are reported herein.展开更多
Nitrogen-rich zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)are ideal precursors for the synthesis of metal single atoms anchored on N-doped carbon.However,the microporous structures of conventional ZIFs lead to low mass trans...Nitrogen-rich zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)are ideal precursors for the synthesis of metal single atoms anchored on N-doped carbon.However,the microporous structures of conventional ZIFs lead to low mass transfer efficiency and low metal utilization of their derivatives.Here,we construct a composite of Co single atoms anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon with a three-dimensional ordered macroporous structure(Co-SA/3DOM-NC)by two-step pyrolysis of ordered macro/microporous ZnCo-ZIF.Co-SA/3DOM-NC shows high activity in the oxidative esterification of furfural,achieving a 99%yield of methyl 2-furoate under mild reaction conditions,which is significantly superior to the microporous and the Conanoparticle counterparts.The high activity of Co-SA/3DOM-NC should be attributed to the CoN4 centers with high intrinsic activity and the ordered macroporous structure,promoting the mass transfer of reactants and accessibility of active sites.展开更多
Esters are known as one of the most fundamental chemical moieties and also essentially useful components, especially for medicinal agents. Herein, using benzaldehyde and its derivatives as starting materials, Oxone-me...Esters are known as one of the most fundamental chemical moieties and also essentially useful components, especially for medicinal agents. Herein, using benzaldehyde and its derivatives as starting materials, Oxone-mediated preparation of ester derivatives in the presence of a catalytic amount of indium(III) triflate is described. Alcohols with various chain lengths, which functioned as solvents and substrates, were examined. Overall, the oxidative esterification starting with benzaldehyde derivatives possessing electron withdrawing groups proceeded smoothly and gave sufficient yields, in comparison to the reactions with the derivatives having electron donating groups.展开更多
An efficient sustainable and scalable strategy for the synthesis of porous cobalt/nitrogen co-doped carbons(Co@NCs) via pyrolysis of aniline-modified ZIFs,has been demonstrated.Aniline can coordinate and absorb on the...An efficient sustainable and scalable strategy for the synthesis of porous cobalt/nitrogen co-doped carbons(Co@NCs) via pyrolysis of aniline-modified ZIFs,has been demonstrated.Aniline can coordinate and absorb on the surface of ZIF(ZIF-CoZn3-PhA),accelerate the precipitation of ZIFs,thus resulting in smaller ZIF particle size.Meanwhile,the aniline on the surface of ZIF-CoZn3-PhA promotes the formation of the protective carbon shell and smaller Co nanoparticles,and increases nitrogen content of the catalyst.Because of these prope rties of Co@NC-PhA-3,the oxidative esterification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural can be carried out under ambient conditions.According to our experimental and computational results,a synergistic catalytic effect between CoNx sites and Co nanoparticles has been established,in which both Co nanoparticles and CoNx can activate O2 while Co nanoparticles bind and oxidize HMF.Moreover,the formation and release of active oxygen species in CoNx sites are reinfo rced by the electronic interaction between Co nanoparticles and CoNx.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21233008,21643013,21690084)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDB17020300)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS(2013121)~~
文摘From both fundamental and practical perspectives, the production of chemicals from biomass re-sources using high-efficiency non-precious metal catalysts is important. However, many processes require addition of stoichiometric or excess quantities of base, which leads to high energy consump-tion, leaching problems, and side reactions. In this study, we investigated the high-efficiency oxida-tive esterification of furfural to methylfuroate by molecular oxygen with a Co-N-C/MgO catalyst. The catalyst was prepared by direct pyrolysis of a cobalt(Ⅱ) phenanthroline complex on MgO at 800℃ under N2 atmosphere. From furfural, 93.0% conversion and 98.5% selectivity toward methylfuroate were achieved under 0.5 MPa O2 with reaction at 100 ℃ for 12 h without a basic additive. The con-version and selectivity were much higher than those obtained with cobalt catalysts produced by pyrolysis of a cobalt(Ⅱ) phenanthroline complex on activated carbon or typical basic supports, in-cluding NaX, NaY, and CaO. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, transmission elec-tron microscopy, and experimental results revealed that the high efficiency of Co-N-C/MgO for pro-duction of methylfuroate was closely related to the cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon species and its catalytic ability in hydrogen abstraction. In contrast, Co-N-C(HCl) that synthesized by removing MgO with HCl from Co-N-C/MgO, as the catalyst produced mainly an acetal as a condensation prod-uct, and chloride ions had a negative effect on the oxidative esterification. Although the catalytic performance of the cobalt-nitrogen-doped carbon species was greatly affected by HCl treatment, it could be recovered to a great extent by addition of MgO. Moreover, changes in the oxygen pressure hardly affected the oxidative esterification of furfural with Co-N-C/MgO. This study not only pro-vides an effective approach to prepare methylfuroate, but also for designing high-performance non-precious metal catalysts for the oxidative esterification of biomass-derived compounds.
基金Financial supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20436050)Foundation of Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
文摘Supported palladium catalysts, which were used in the oxidative esterification of methacrolein to methyl methacrylate, have been prepared with different carriers and Pd precursors. Experimental results revealed that Pd catalysts with r-Al2O3 support and Na2PdC14 precursor showed good performance. Pd catalyst modified with Pb and Mg indicated that Pd-Mg bimetallic catalyst exhibited considerably higher activity and Pd-Pb exhibited both higher activity and selectivity. 92.27% methacrolein conversion and 90.57% methyl methacrylate selectivity were obtained on Pd-Pb-Mg catalyst.
基金Open Project of Yunnan Precious Metals Laboratory Co.,Ltd(YPML-2023050269)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(226-2023-00085,226-2023-00057).
文摘Gold catalysts supported on Mg-Al mixed oxides for oxidative esterification of methacrolein are prepared by impregnation.Effects of the support particle size,concentration of HAuCl4 solution and Mg/Al ratio on gold loading and catalytic properties are investigated.The catalysts are characterized by CO_(2)-TPD,EDS,XPS,STEM and XRD techniques.Catalysts with smaller support particle size show more uniform gold distribution and higher gold dispersion,resulting in a higher catalytic performance,and the uniformity of gold and the activity of the catalysts with larger support particle size can be improved by decreasing the concentration of HAuCl4 solution.The Mg/Al molar ratio has significant effect on the uniformity of gold and the activity of the catalyst,and the optimum Mg/Al molar ratio is 0.1–0.2.This study underlines the importance of engineering support particle size,concentration of HAuCl4 solution and density of adsorption sites for efficient gold loading on support by impregnation.
基金The authors acknowledge supports from the National Key Basic Research Development Plan“973”Project(2006CB202508)the SINOPEC Project(411058,413025)the National Natural Science Foundation(21808244).
文摘The oxidative esterification of methacrolein(MAL)is an important way to prepare high-valued methyl methacrylate(MMA),but this process is ultra-complex due to the high reactivity of both C=O and C=C bonds in MAL molecule.In order to further improve MMA selectivity,the reaction network and relevant mechanisms have been proposed and profoundly investigated in this paper.Five kinds of fundamental reactions are involved in this process,including(a)the acetal reaction;(b)the aerobic oxidation of hemiacetal;(c)the alkoxylation of C=C double bond;(d)the Diels-Alder reaction;and(e)the hydrogenation reaction of unsaturated double bond.Among them,the Diels-Alder reaction of MAL is non-catalyzed,and the Brönsted acid sites or the Lewis acid sites favor promoting acetal reaction of MAL with methanol,while the alkoxylation of C=C bond with methanol is enhanced under alkaline condition.In particular,by employing the Pd-based catalysts,hydrogenation products are formed in alkaline methanol solution,hence with lower than those obtained by the Au-based catalysts.Notably,it is necessary to match the hemiacetal fromation and aerobic oxidation of hemiacetal,which is relevant with the amount and strength of acid and redox sites.Consequently,this work can provide a good guidance for the further design of both catalysts and processes in future.
文摘Protecting groups often play an essential role in organic synthesis, particularly for multi-step synthesis or natural product total synthesis. Various protecting groups areavailable to mask the vulnerable functionality;phenolic hydroxy groups are noteworthy examples, but their stability differs when protected. Herein, the compatibility of protective phenolic functionality was investigated with the implementation of indium (III) triflate-catalyzed oxidative esterification using Oxone in methanol. A wide range of protective moieties was selected and subjected to Oxone-mediated oxidative esterification. For example, sulfonates were found to be sufficiently stable and inert whereas acetals were susceptible to reaction conditions. The details of this investigation are provided.
文摘In the course of organic synthesis, particularly for multi-step synthesis or natural product total synthesis, the selection of appropriate protective groups for the intended functionality is crucial in order to achieve chemoselective synthetic goals. The development of many useful protective groups has been reported based on the functionality of the anilino group. Herein, we discuss our study of various protective groups and the processes we used to establish compatibility with anilino functionality via the implementation of Oxone-mediated oxidative esterification in methanol. The results and the details of our experiments are reported herein.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21825802,22138003,and 22108083)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022ZYGXZR017 and 2022ZYGXZR108)+5 种基金the Foundation of Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education(No.2020AC006)the State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering(No.2022C04 and 2022ZD05)the Guangdong Pearl River Talents Program(No.2021ZT09Z109 and 2021QN02C8)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2017A030312005 and 2022A1515012575)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2021A1515110413)the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou(No.202201010118)。
文摘Nitrogen-rich zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIFs)are ideal precursors for the synthesis of metal single atoms anchored on N-doped carbon.However,the microporous structures of conventional ZIFs lead to low mass transfer efficiency and low metal utilization of their derivatives.Here,we construct a composite of Co single atoms anchored on nitrogen-doped carbon with a three-dimensional ordered macroporous structure(Co-SA/3DOM-NC)by two-step pyrolysis of ordered macro/microporous ZnCo-ZIF.Co-SA/3DOM-NC shows high activity in the oxidative esterification of furfural,achieving a 99%yield of methyl 2-furoate under mild reaction conditions,which is significantly superior to the microporous and the Conanoparticle counterparts.The high activity of Co-SA/3DOM-NC should be attributed to the CoN4 centers with high intrinsic activity and the ordered macroporous structure,promoting the mass transfer of reactants and accessibility of active sites.
文摘Esters are known as one of the most fundamental chemical moieties and also essentially useful components, especially for medicinal agents. Herein, using benzaldehyde and its derivatives as starting materials, Oxone-mediated preparation of ester derivatives in the presence of a catalytic amount of indium(III) triflate is described. Alcohols with various chain lengths, which functioned as solvents and substrates, were examined. Overall, the oxidative esterification starting with benzaldehyde derivatives possessing electron withdrawing groups proceeded smoothly and gave sufficient yields, in comparison to the reactions with the derivatives having electron donating groups.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.30920021120)Key Laboratory of Biomass Energy and Material,Jiangsu Province (No. JSBEM201912) for financial supporta project funded by the Priority Academic Program development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institution。
文摘An efficient sustainable and scalable strategy for the synthesis of porous cobalt/nitrogen co-doped carbons(Co@NCs) via pyrolysis of aniline-modified ZIFs,has been demonstrated.Aniline can coordinate and absorb on the surface of ZIF(ZIF-CoZn3-PhA),accelerate the precipitation of ZIFs,thus resulting in smaller ZIF particle size.Meanwhile,the aniline on the surface of ZIF-CoZn3-PhA promotes the formation of the protective carbon shell and smaller Co nanoparticles,and increases nitrogen content of the catalyst.Because of these prope rties of Co@NC-PhA-3,the oxidative esterification of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural can be carried out under ambient conditions.According to our experimental and computational results,a synergistic catalytic effect between CoNx sites and Co nanoparticles has been established,in which both Co nanoparticles and CoNx can activate O2 while Co nanoparticles bind and oxidize HMF.Moreover,the formation and release of active oxygen species in CoNx sites are reinfo rced by the electronic interaction between Co nanoparticles and CoNx.