Prediction of lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in BOF steelmaking based on online sequential extreme learning machine with forgetting mechanism

The machine learning models of multiple linear regression(MLR),support vector regression(SVR),and extreme learning ma-chine(ELM)and the proposed ELM models of online sequential ELM(OS-ELM)and OS-ELM with forgetting mechanism(FOS-ELM)are applied in the prediction of the lime utilization ratio of dephosphorization in the basic oxygen furnace steelmaking process.The ELM model exhibites the best performance compared with the models of MLR and SVR.OS-ELM and FOS-ELM are applied for sequential learning and model updating.The optimal number of samples in validity term of the FOS-ELM model is determined to be 1500,with the smallest population mean absolute relative error(MARE)value of 0.058226 for the population.The variable importance analysis reveals lime weight,initial P content,and hot metal weight as the most important variables for the lime utilization ratio.The lime utilization ratio increases with the decrease in lime weight and the increases in the initial P content and hot metal weight.A prediction system based on FOS-ELM is applied in actual industrial production for one month.The hit ratios of the predicted lime utilization ratio in the error ranges of±1%,±3%,and±5%are 61.16%,90.63%,and 94.11%,respectively.The coefficient of determination,MARE,and root mean square error are 0.8670,0.06823,and 1.4265,respectively.The system exhibits desirable performance for applications in actual industrial pro-duction.

Physical and Mathematical Modeling of the Argon-Oxygen Decarburization Refining Process of Stainless Steel

The available studies in the literature on physical and mathematical modeling of the argon oxygen decarburization (AOD) process of stainless steel have briefly been reviewed. The latest advances made by the author with his research group have been summarized. Water modeling was used to investigate the fluid flow and mixing characteristics in the bath of an 18 t AOD vessel, as well as the 'back attack' action of gas jets and its effects on the erosion and wear of the refractory lining, with sufficiently full kinematic similarity. The non rotating and rotating gas jets blown through two annular tuyeres, respectively of straight tube and spiral flat tube type, were employed in the experiments. The geometric similarity ratio between the model and its prototype (including the straight tube type tuyeres) was 1:3. The influences of the gas flow rate, the angle included between the two tuyeres and other operating parameters, and the suitability of the spiral tuyere as a practical application, were examined. These latest studies have clearly and successfully brought to light the fluid flow and mixing characteristics in the bath and the overall features of the back attack phenomena of gas jets during the blowing, and have offered a better understanding of the refining process. Besides, mathematical modeling for the refining process of stainless steel was carried out and a new mathematical model of the process was proposed and developed. The model performs the rate calculations of the refining and the mass and heat balances of the system. Also, the effects of the operating factors, including adding the slag materials, crop ends, and scrap, and alloy agents; the non isothermal conditions; the changes in the amounts of metal and slag during the refining; and other factors were all considered. The model was used to deal with and analyze the austenitic stainless steel making (including ultra low carbon steel) and was tested on data of 32 heats obtained in producing 304 grade steel in an 18 t AOD vessel. The changes in the bath composition and temperature during the refining process with time can be accurately predicted using this model. The model can provide some very useful information and a reliable basis for optimizing the process practice of the refining of stainless steel and control of the process in real time and online.

Air flow control based on optimal oxygen excess ratio in fuel cells for vehicles

Air flow control is one of the most important control methods for maintaining the stability and reliability of a fuel cell system, which can avoid oxygen starvation or oxygen saturation. The oxygen excess ratio （OER） is often used to indicate the air flow condition. Based on a fuel cell system model for vehicles, OER performance was analyzed for different stack currents and temperatures in this paper, and the results show that the optimal OER was affected weakly by the stack temperature. In order to ensure the system working in optimal OER, a control scheme that includes an optimal OER regulator and a fuzzy control was proposed. According to the stack current, a reference value of air flow rate was obtained with the optimal OER regulator and then the air compressor motor voltage was controlled with the fuzzy controller to adjust the air flow rate provided by the air compressor. Simulation results show that the control method has good dynamic and static characteristics.

STUDY ON NODULE RATIO AND COMPACTED GRAPHITE RATIO OF IRON FLUID TREATED BY RARE EARTH MAGNESIUM ALLOY QUICKLY EXAMINED BY CONCENTRATED DIFFERENCE FIXING OXYGEN

The article uses the method of regression statistics to obtain the regression formula of iron fluid nodule ratio Q and compacted graphite ratio R, through rare earth magnesium treatment. At the same time it has given thejudging figure of Q and R, considering oxygen activity and temperature. When using oxygen activity to judgenodule ratio and compacted graphite ratio of the ironfluid treated by rare earth magnesium alloy, its limit value changes with the change of temperature.

Late Holocene glacier variations indicated by theδ18O of ice core enclosed gaseous oxygen in the central Tibetan Plateau

Theδ18O of ice core enclosed gaseous oxygen(δ18Obub)has been widely used for climate reconstruction in polar regions.Yet,less is known about its climatic implication in the mountainous glaciers as the lack of continuous record.Here,we present a long-term,continuousδ18Obub record from the Tanggula glacier in the central Tibetan Plateau(TP).Based on comparisons of its variation with regional climate and glacier changes,we found that there was a good correlation between the variation of theδ18Obub in this alpine ice core and the accumulation and melting of this glacier.The more developed the firn layer on glacier surface,the more positive theδ18Obub.Conversely,the more intense the glacier melting,the more negative theδ18Obub.Combined with the chronology of ice core enclosed gases,the glacier variations since the late Holocene in the central TP were reconstructed.The result showed that there were four accumulation and three deficit periods of glaciers in this region.The strongest glacier accumulation period was 1610-300 B.C.,which corresponds to the Neoglaciation.The most significant melting period was the last 100 years,which corresponds to the recent global warming.The Medieval Warm Period was relatively significant in the central TP.However,during the Little Ice Age,there was no significant glacier accumulation in the central TP,and even short deficit events occurred.Comparisons of the late Holocene glacier variation in the central TP with glacier and climate variations in the TP and the Northern Hemisphere showed that it was closely related to the North Atlantic Oscillation.

Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of chert from the Sixtymile Formation in Grand Canyon National Park,USA：a warm palaeoclimate,freshwater deposit

New oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of chert from middle, intraformational breccias, and upper breccia members of the Sixtymile Formation(SMF) in eastern Grand Canyon National Park(AZ) yield palaeoclimate estimates between 27 and 33 °C. The isotopic compositions of cherts define a domain approximately parallel to the meteoric water line when plotted on a δD–δ^(18)O diagram; these data indicate that meteoric water was involved during formation of the chert. In thin section, the absence of interlocking mega quartz(>35 lm) and silicafilled fractures and veins, along with preserved micromorphological silica fabrics, suggest that the chert has not been permeated by later hydrothermal fluids. Petrographic observations in thin section such as cyclic silica precipitation phases and glaebular micromorphologic fabrics lend support to the interpretation that meteoric waters were involved during chert precipitation. The post 742 Ma SMF has been correlated with diamictite(transition) beds of the Kingston Peak Formation(CA), which in turn have been interpreted to have been deposited during the Sturtian Ice Age(~750–700 Ma). Absence of facetted and striated clasts and other diagnostic glaciogenic features in the SMF,an unconformable contact with the stratigraphically older Chuar Group, coupled with warm palaeotemperature data inferred from stable isotope values of chert, tentatively suggest that deposition of sediment in the SMF likely did not take place during the Sturtian Ice Age.

燃料电池系统建模与供气系统控制方法

为了研究燃料电池系统的特性以及空气系统对燃料电池特性的影响,利用Simulink仿真软件对燃料电池系统进行建模,模型包括电压模型、空压机模型、阴极模型、阳极模型.分别通过前馈比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential, PID)和模糊PID对燃料电池空气系统进行控制.结果表明:在负载电流变化时,前馈PID和模糊PID都能够使过氧比达到设定的常数值2.0附近,但模糊PID比前馈PID响应更快,且模糊PID控制下的燃料电池输出功率波动较小,燃料电池系统更加稳定.

超音速火焰喷涂氧燃比对铁基非晶涂层性能的影响

非晶涂层具有优良的物理和化学性能,在工业中有广泛的应用。以FeCrMoCBSi非晶粉末为喷涂粉末,采用超音速火焰喷涂(HVOF)技术在不同喷涂参数下在Q235钢基板上沉积了铁基非晶涂层。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、差示扫描热仪(DSC)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、维氏显微硬度计等测试方法,探讨氧燃比对涂层显微组织、微观结构及耐磨性的影响。研究表明,随着喷涂氧燃比的减小,涂层的非晶相含量呈增加趋势。这是因为过量的氧气会降低喷涂过程中颗粒的熔化程度,并使颗粒氧化。涂层的显微硬度和耐磨性随氧燃比的减小而增加。这是因为在较小氧燃比下,颗粒熔化程度增加,与基板间润湿性增加,孔隙率减小。三种铁基非晶涂层相比于Q235钢基板均具有更加优良的耐磨性,有望成为碳钢表面保护和耐磨涂层的候选材料。

异常生产状态下钢包顶吹工艺研究与应用

针对马钢65 t转炉出钢后到站钢水钢包透气砖气量小或无底吹,无法保证钢水成分和温度均匀性,以及出钢后到站钢水温度低于工艺要求目标范围下限,无法满足铸机正常浇注对钢水温度要求的问题,通过向钢包顶吹氩气搅拌,实现均匀钢水成分和温度的目的,通过向钢包顶吹氧气,同时加入SiFe和SiMn合金,利用氧气与发热元素Si和Mn反应放热,实现低温钢水在线快速提升温度的目的。生产实践表明:采用硅铁合金(含硅72.5%)和硅锰合金(含硅18.64%、含锰66.6%)作为发热剂,氧气压力为1.2 MPa,流量为1200 Nm^(3)/h,吹氧时间为5 min时,平均升温速率为3.55℃/min,钢中发热元素Si和Mn的平均烧损率分别为0.014%/min和0.022%/min。钢包顶吹工艺为转炉平稳高效冶炼提供重要保障,取得了良好的使用效果。

增氧条件下粉绿狐尾藻的氮磷吸收特征

为探明增氧处理下粉绿狐尾藻植株的氮磷吸收特征,该研究以粉绿狐尾藻为研究材料,设置5个不同增氧水平(增氧时长),即CK (0 min)、JO1(4 min)、JO_(2)(6 min)、JO3(8 min)、JO4(10 min),系统分析了不同增氧水平下粉绿狐尾藻幼苗期(7月10日—9月15日)、生长旺盛期(9月16日—12月22日)生理指标的变化规律,明确了植株N、P含量、N/P和叶绿素含量、底泥各形态氮磷含量之间的关系。结果表明:增氧8 min时,t_(1)、t_(2)取样时期(9月15日、10月10日)粉绿狐尾藻的氮、磷吸收量及t5取样时期(12月22日)的氮吸收量最高;增氧6 min时,t_(3)、t4取样时期(10月27日、11月16日)粉绿狐尾藻的氮、磷吸收量及t5取样时期的磷吸收量最高;增氧有利于粉绿狐尾藻在t_(1)、t_(2)、t_(3)时期对氮的吸收,t4时期对磷的吸收,表现为t_(1)、t_(2)、t_(3)时期粉绿狐尾藻的植株氮磷比分别增加5.27%~36.57%、9.04%~63.07%、3.50%~73.45%,t4时期的N/P降低1.38%-34.05%;增氧使t_(2)、t5时期粉绿狐尾藻叶片叶绿素a、b及叶绿素总含量降低,t4时期叶绿素含量增加同时,使t_(1)、t_(2)时期底泥氮磷比值(sediment total nitrogen/phosphorus,STN/P)分别降低64.84%、54.76%,t4、t5时期STN/P分别增高138.97%、47.02%;层次聚类分析及多元线性回归分析结果进一步表明,增氧6 min是增氧促进粉绿狐尾藻氮磷吸收利用的理论满意方案,增氧降低t_(1)时期叶绿素a、b含量、t5时期底泥碱解氮含量(sediment alkali-hydro nitrogen,SAHN)和t4时期铁结合态磷(Fe-P)含量同时,促进了粉绿狐尾藻t5时期氮磷的吸收。增氧调控粉绿狐尾藻叶片叶绿素形成和底泥氮磷的形态转化,促进其对底泥氮磷吸收,同时提高了粉绿狐尾藻氮磷的吸收利用效果,可抑制甲烷和氧化亚氮、CO_(2)等温室气体的排放。

污水曝氧工艺技术研究

大庆油田聚驱用聚合物常使用含聚污水进行调配,但含聚污水中存在大量S^(2-)、Fe^(2+)等离子,会对聚合物分子产生严重的降解作用,造成稀释母液时降低溶液黏度,影响驱油效果。为有效清除溶液中还原性离子含量,可采用曝氧工艺对含聚污水进行处理。通过实验,将曝氧气头换为盘式曝氧器,重新设计工艺流程,可提高曝氧效率,节约能耗。盘式曝氧工艺在气水比5∶1,曝氧时间3~6 h条件下,污水溶氧量达到5 mg/L以上,配制黏度提高7.6%以上,能有效降低含聚采出水中的还原性物质含量,聚合物溶液稳定性大幅提升,保证聚驱稀释用水溶氧值满足开发效果。

酸分馏效应对GasBench-IRMS测定碳酸盐碳、氧同位素的影响

本文利用在线制样装置(GasBench)和稳定同位素比质谱仪(IRMS)测试一系列碳酸盐标准物质和现代海洋浮游有孔虫样品,在不同测试条件下,分析不同性状碳酸盐矿物的氧同位素分馏程度,计算氧同位素酸分馏系数,探讨酸分馏效应对不同碳酸盐矿物氧同位素测定的影响机制和控制因素,以及对氧同位素测试值(δ^(18)O_(m))的校正方法。结果表明,酸分馏效应对氧同位素值的影响主要是由于生成的CO_(2)气体与顶空瓶中气态水(高温时主要影响)或酸中游离态自由水(低温时主要影响)之间发生氧同位素交换引起的。不同性状碳酸盐标准物质的氧同位素酸分馏系数具有显著差异,且与氧同位素组成相关。δ^(18)O_(m)值发生偏移的程度与反应温度、样品量、磷酸含水量以及酸中游离态和气态水的氧同位素组成与样品氧同位素组成之间的差异等因素有关。氧同位素酸分馏效应与信号强度具有显著相关性。建议精确称量相同质量的标准物质和样品,遵循信号强度匹配的原则,并采用多种标准物质线性校正的方法有效校正氧同位素分馏现象。在较低的反应温度(25℃)下,氧同位素分馏程度较轻微,δ^(18)O分析精度更高,优于0.05‰。本方法为精确测定碳酸盐中碳、氧同位素组成提供了参考,可有效提高相关的测试精度。

脉搏血氧仪校准方法的研究

本方法适用于光电式的脉搏血氧仪(计)、脉搏血氧饱和度监护仪以及多参数监护仪中脉搏血氧监护部分的校准。在脉搏血氧仪质量控制方面,国家并没有专门的计量标准,各地依据当地的实际情况出台了地方标准,但是均没有关于光吸收比率拟合曲线误差的测量。本文主要介绍了脉搏血氧仪的组成和用途,针对目前临床在用设备,研究了脉搏血氧仪的校准方法,增加了光吸收比率拟合曲线示值误差项目,并对该校准方法进行了验证实验。此研究的目的是为开展相应的质量控制工作提供技术依据,希望通过质量控制确保脉搏血氧仪设备良好运行,有效保障医疗安全。

A^(2)/O+反硝化深床滤池在城镇污水处理厂深度经济脱氮的运行优化

脱氮是当前城镇污水处理的重点,其中A^(2)/O+反硝化滤池工艺是生活污水处理主流工艺,四川省岷江流域某城镇污水处理厂通过优化进水流量分配比、调节溶解氧和内回流比、碳源筛选等工艺试验,综合考察了工艺调控措施对系统脱氮效能的提升以及脱氮成本的经济化控制。结果表明,A^(2)/O池进水100%进入厌氧区、内回流比200%、A^(2)/O池末端溶解氧控制在1.5 mg/L、反硝化深床滤池投加液体复合碳源,在有效深度脱氮的同时节约运行费用,总氮指标满足岷沱江标准,脱氮费用降低0.37元/m^(3)。

离子渗氮对38CrMoAl钢组织及摩擦磨损性能影响

560℃下,以氮气和氩气的混合气体为氮源,对38CrMoAl钢表面进行离子渗氮,研究了离子渗氮后38CrMoAl钢的磨擦磨损性能。结果表明,随着混合气体中N2体积分数增大,渗氮层厚度增加,渗氮层表面硬度呈现先增大后减小的趋势。通过调节混合气体中N_(2)的体积分数,可以改变活性氮原子数量从而改变渗氮层的物相组成,当N_(2)和Ar体积比2∶3时,渗氮层中以γ′-Fe4N相为主相、ε-Fe_(2-3)N相为次相;当N2和Ar体积比3∶2时,渗氮层中ε-Fe_(2-3)N相成为主相、γ′-Fe_(4)N相为次相。与基体材料相比,离子渗氮试样具有更小的摩擦系数,耐磨性得到提高,在N2和Ar体积比3∶2时,渗氮试样的化合物层厚度为21.4μm,平均摩擦系数达到0.26,表现出良好的耐磨性。摩擦磨损机制为疲劳磨损、磨粒磨损和氧化磨损。

秦岭北麓沣河流域地下水-地表水化学特征及转化关系

秦岭北麓沣河是“长安八水”之一,对其水环境现状、影响因素及地表水-地下水转化关系进行深入研究是河流生态修复的关键。根据2022年7月在沣河流域采集的62个地下水样和17个地表水样的分析结果,采用数理统计法、Piper图、Gibbs图、离子比法和氢氧同位素分析了地下水和地表水化学特征及其影响因素,探究了地下水和地表水的转化关系。结果表明:①研究区地下水为弱碱性,约有50%为极硬水、25%为硬水,溶解性总固体(TDS)较大,最大值高达1916 mg·L^(-1),NO_(3)^(-)浓度较高;地表水为弱碱性,为软水或微硬水,溶解性总固体较小,有机物含量较高;地表水和地下水阳离子均以Ca^(2+)为主,阴离子均以HCO_(3)^(-)为主,地表水基本是HCO_(3)-Ca型水;地下水化学类型主要有HCO_(3)-Ca、HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca、HCO_(3)-Ca·Mg和HCO_(3)·SO_(4)-Ca·Mg型,分别占比24.19%、24.19%、16.13%和9.68%,且水化学类型空间变化较大。②研究区水化学特征主要受到岩石风化作用的控制,蒸发浓缩和大气降水也有一定影响;水中Na^(+)除岩盐溶解外,还有硅酸盐风化的影响,Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)和HCO_(3)^(-)主要来源于方解石、白云石等碳酸盐的风化溶解;地下水中阳离子交替吸附作用普遍发生,对Ca^(2+)和Na^(+)浓度影响较大;人类活动增加了部分地下水中SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)和Cl^(-)浓度,相比之下地表水受到人类活动的影响较小。③研究区洪积扇扇顶-扇中主要是地表水补给地下水,补给比例为46.62%;洪积扇前缘主要是地下水补给地表水,补给比例为13.62%;下游平原主要是地表水补给地下水,补给比例为38.39%。

304不锈钢氩氧脱碳精炼过程中炉渣成分预测模型

针对304不锈钢氩氧脱碳(Argon-Oxygen Decarburization,AOD)精炼过程中存在炉渣成分难以测量等问题,本研究综合考虑了顶枪吹氧、供气比例变化、物料熔化速度以及初始渣量对渣-钢反应和精炼炉渣成分的影响,建立了炉渣成分预测模型,并用于计算精炼过程中的炉渣和钢液成分变化。此模型计算的渣成分与钢液硫含量与实测值吻合较好,AOD精炼终点渣中SiO_(2)含量平均偏差为1.434%,CaO含量平均偏差为1.848%,Cr_(2)O_(3)含量平均偏差为0.080%,MnO含量平均偏差为0.016%,钢液终点S含量平均偏差为0.002%。