Atmospheric nitrogen deposition affects forest plant and soil system carbon:nitrogen:phosphorus stoichiometric flexibility:A meta-analysis

Background:Nitrogen(N)deposition affects forest stoichiometric flexibility through changing soil nutrient availability to influence plant uptake.However,the effect of N deposition on the flexibility of carbon(C),N,and phosphorus(P)in forest plant-soil-microbe systems remains unclear.Methods:We conducted a meta-analysis based on 751 pairs of observations to evaluate the responses of plant,soil and microbial biomass C,N and P nutrients and stoichiometry to N addition in different N intensity(050,50–100,>100 kg·ha^(-1)·year^(-1)of N),duration(0–5,>5 year),method(understory,canopy),and matter(ammonium N,nitrate N,organic N,mixed N).Results:N addition significantly increased plant N:P(leaf:14.98%,root:13.29%),plant C:P(leaf:6.8%,root:25.44%),soil N:P(13.94%),soil C:P(10.86%),microbial biomass N:P(23.58%),microbial biomass C:P(12.62%),but reduced plant C:N(leaf:6.49%,root:9.02%).Furthermore,plant C:N:P stoichiometry changed significantly under short-term N inputs,while soil and microorganisms changed drastically under high N addition.Canopy N addition primarily affected plant C:N:P stoichiometry through altering plant N content,while understory N inputs altered more by influencing soil C and P content.Organic N significantly influenced plant and soil C:N and C:P,while ammonia N changed plant N:P.Plant C:P and soil C:N were strongly correlated with mean annual precipitation(MAT),and the C:N:P stoichiometric flexibility in soil and plant under N addition connected with soil depth.Besides,N addition decoupled the correlations between soil microorganisms and the plant.Conclusions:N addition significantly increased the C:P and N:P in soil,plant,and microbial biomass,reducing plant C:N,and aggravated forest P limitations.Significantly,these impacts were contingent on climate types,soil layers,and N input forms.The findings enhance our comprehension of the plant-soil system nutrient cycling mechanisms in forest ecosystems and plant strategy responses to N deposition.

Changes in Phosphorus Fractions and Nitrogen Forms During Composting of Pig Manure with Rice Straw

The study was conducted to reveal P fractions and N forms changing characters during composting of pig manure with rice straw.During composting,the NH 4 ＋-N concentration decreased and reached at a relatively low value（〈400 mg kg-1） in the final compost,while the NO 3--N concentration increased.Total N losses mainly occurred during thermophilic phase due to the high temperature,the high NH 4 ＋-N concentration and the increase of pH value.Labile inorganic P was dominated in the pig manure and initial compost mixture.During composting,the proportion of labile inorganic P of total extracted P decreased,while the proportion of Fe＋Al-bound P,Ca＋Mg-bound P and residual P increased.The evolutions of the proportion of labile inorganic P,Fe＋Al-bound P and Ca＋Mg-bound P were well correlated with the changes of pH value,organic matter and C/N ratio.Therefore,composting could increase the concentration of N and P and decrease the presence of NH 4 ＋-N and labile P fractions which might cause environmental issues following land application.

Effects of different nitrogen forms and concentrations on seedling growth traits and physiological characteristics of Populus simonii × P. nigra

Numerous growth and physiological variables of 3-week-old Populus simonii × P.nigra seedlings were assessed after treatment with either nitrate nitrogen(NO_(3)^(−)--N)(0.1,0.5,1,5,or 10 mmol·L^(−1)) or ammonium nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)+-N)(0.1,0.5,1,5,or 10 mmol·L^(−1)) to determine the best nitrogen form and concentration to optimize growth,biomass allocation,pigment content,and photosynthetic capacity.The results of combining membership function and an evaluation index suggested that,5 mmol·L^(−1) nitrogen,regardless of the form,yielded the highest comprehensive evaluation index and good growth.In addition,a Pearson correlation analysis and network visualization revealed that the total mass,shoot mass,root mass,leaf dry mass,plant height,leaf area,chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll had a physiological index connectivity degree≥15 for both nitrogen forms.Net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,transpiration rate,maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII,total nitrogen content,ground diameter,chlorophyll b,and carotenoid were unique indices for evaluating NH_(4)^(+)+-N-based nutrition,which could provide a theoretical basis for evaluating the effects of nitrogen fertilizer on seedlings,cultivation periods,and stress tolerance in P.simonii× P.nigra.

Growth and Phosphorus Uptake of Oat (Avena nuda L.) as Affected by Mineral Nitrogen Forms Supplied in Hydroponics and Soil Culture

Plants show different growth responses to N sources supplied with either NH4+ or NO-3 . The uptake of different N sources also affects the rhizosphere pH and therefore the bioavailability of soil phosphorus, particularly in alkaline soils. The plant growth, P uptake, and P availability in the rhizosphere of oat (Avena nuda L.) grown in hydroponics and in soil culture were investigated under supply with sole NH4+ -N, sole NO3- -N, or a combination. Sole NO3- -fed oat plants accumulated more biomass than sole NH+4 -fed ones. The highest biomass accumulation was observed when N was suppliedw ith both NH4+ -N and NO3- -N. Growth of the plant root increased with the proportion of NO3- in the cultural medium. Better root growth and higher root/shoot ratio were consistently observed in NO3- -fed plants. However, root vigor was the highest when N was supplied with NO3- +NH4+ . NH4+ supply reduced the rhizosphere pH but did not affect P uptake by plants grown in soils with CaHPO4 added as P source. No P deficiency was observed, and plant P concentrations were generally above 2 g kg-1. P uptake was increased when N was supplied partly or solely as NO3- -N, similarly as biomass accumulation. The results suggested that oat was an NO3- -preferring plant, and NO-3 -N was essential for plant growth and the maintenance of root absorption capacity. N supply with NH+4 -N did not improve P nutrition, which was most likely due to the absence of P deficiency.

NaCl胁迫下pH值和氮素形态对狗牙根生长及钠钾离子调控的影响

以狗牙根〔Cynodon dactylon(Linn.)Pers.〕品种‘阳江’(‘Yangjiang’)为实验材料、2-(N-吗啡啉)乙磺酸(MES)为pH缓冲剂,采用水培法研究NaCl胁迫下pH值和氮素形态(铵态氮和硝态氮)对狗牙根生长和钠钾离子调控的影响。结果表明:处理1周后,若不添加MES,铵态氮处理组培养液的pH值下降到pH 4.0左右,而硝态氮处理组培养液的pH值则上升到pH 9.0左右;添加20 mmol·L^(-1)MES的铵态氮处理组培养液的pH值也下降到pH 4.0左右,而硝态氮处理组培养液的pH值则接近pH 7.0。与0 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl处理组相比,300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl处理组狗牙根的枝条长度和枝条干质量显著(P<0.05)下降,而根长度、根干质量、根和叶中Na^(+)含量和Na^(+)/K^(+)比、钠钾选择性转运系数、叶Na^(+)和K^(+)的分泌量及分泌物Na^(+)/K^(+)比总体上显著升高。300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫下,硝态氮处理组狗牙根的枝条长度、根长度、根干质量、根冠比、根中Na^(+)含量总体上显著高于铵态氮处理组,而叶中Na^(+)和K^(+)含量及Na^(+)/K^(+)比、叶Na^(+)和K^(+)的分泌量明显低于铵态氮处理组。300 mmol·L^(-1)NaCl胁迫下,20 mmol·L^(-1)MES处理组狗牙根的多数生长指标显著高于0 mmol·L^(-1)MES处理组,而根和叶中Na^(+)和K^(+)含量及Na^(+)/K^(+)比、钠钾选择性转运系数在0和20 mmol·L^(-1)MES处理组间的差异不显著。三因素方差分析结果表明:3个因子的单一和交互作用对多数生长指标、叶中Na^(+)含量和泌盐量相关指标的影响具有统计学意义。研究结果显示:硝态氮能缓解NaCl胁迫对狗牙根的伤害,而用MES缓冲根际酸碱环境对NaCl胁迫下狗牙根生长有一定的促进作用,因此,施用硝态氮或添加MES均有利于提高狗牙根的抗盐性。

Nitrogen forms and decomposition of organic carbon in the southern Bohai Sea core sediments

Study on form characteristics of nitrogen in marine sediments is the primary method to research its biogeochemical cycling and nitrogen form characteristics in core sediments can reflect the process and results of early diagenesis in a certain degree. In this paper, Sequential extraction process in natural grain size was used for studying the existent forms of nitrogen in five core sediments of the southern Bohai Sea for the first time. Nitrogen was divided into two parts - transferable and fixed based on whether it could be extracted by the reagent. Distributions and early diagenesis of transferable nitrogen forms in the southern Bohai Sea were researched integratedly. Results indicate that IEF - N and OSF-N are predominant forms in transferable part in the studied core sediments. Contents of different nitrogen forms vary differently with depth, and have different diagenesis process. Decomposition constant of organic nitrogen (ON) and OC are about 15.51 -× 10^(-3)a^(-3)and 4.79× 10^(-3)a^(-1) respectively, and the decomposition content of biogenic elements C, N, P, Si has the sequence N>P>CSi. OC/TN (simplified as C/N in the following) ratio is much lower than OC/ON, which indicates that sediment preserves plenty of inorganic nitrogen (IN) and/or fixed nitrogen, and the decrease of OC/ON ratio with depth is due to ON reservation in sediments. Generally, transferable nitrogen accounts for more proportion of TN in the surface layer than in the deep layer of core sediments, whereas, some stable forms of nitrogen can activate and become transferable under appropriate environment, which induces the proportion of transferable nitrogen in TN in the deep layer to be almost the same as that in the surface layer.

Characteristics of nitrogen forms in the southern Huanghai Sea surface sediments

The distributions of different forms of nitrogen in the surface sediments of the southern Huanghai Sea are different and affected by various factors. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N and TN gradually decrease eastward, and those of SAEF-N northward, while those of WAEF-N westward. Around the seaport of the old Huanghe (Yellow) River, the contents of both SOEF-N and TN are the highest. Among all the factors, the content of fine sediment is the predominant factor to affect the distributions of different forms of nitrogen. The contents of IEF-N, SOEF-N, and TN have visibly positive correlation with the content of fine sediments, and the correlative coefficient is 0.68, 0.58 and 0.71 respectively, showing that the contents of the three forms of nitrogen increase with those of fine sediments. The content of WAEF-N is related to that of fine sediments to a certain extent, with a correlative coefficient of 0.35; while the content of SAEF-N is not related to that of fine sediments, showing that the content of SAEF-N is not controlled by fine grain-size fractions of sediments. In addition, the distributions of different forms of nitrogen are also interacted one another, and the contents of IEF-N and SOEF-N are obviously affected by TN, while those of inorganic nitrogen (WAEF-N, SAEF-N and IEF-N) are not affected by SOEF-N and TN obviously, although they are interacted each other.

氮形态对小白菜根系生长、根区pH及细胞壁组分的影响

【目的】氮素(N)是调控蔬菜作物生长的重要因子,探究氮形态对小白菜根系生长及细胞壁组分的影响,明确根区pH变化与质膜(PM)H^(+)-ATPase的关系,为进一步研究氮素调控植物根系生长发育提供理论基础。【方法】以小白菜(‘华王’)为试材,设置3个N素形态(硝态氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、甘氨酸态氮(Gly-N)),采用营养液水培法,探究无机氮和有机氮调控小白菜根区pH和根细胞壁组分对根系生长的影响,同时探讨氮营养对小白菜根系生长素(IAA)和PM H^(+)-ATPase酶的影响。用根系扫描法和生理试验等方法,测定小白菜的总根长、总根体积、总根表面积和根尖数等根系形态指标以及介质pH、PM H^(+)-ATPase酶活性、IAA含量、细胞壁及其主要组分含量、果胶甲酯酶(PME)、扩张素(EXP)含量等生理指标,并分析根系形态和各生理指标之间的相关性。【结果】Gly-N和NO_(3)^(-)-N均碱化介质pH,且Gly-N碱化介质pH的能力高于NO_(3)^(-)-N处理,NH_(4)^(+)-N酸化介质pH。与NO_(3)^(-)-N处理相比,Gly-N处理显著降低小白菜地上部(40.23%)和根系干物质含量(21.74%)、主根长(55.15%)、总根长(58.63%)、总根表面积(53.12%)、总根尖数(73.07%)、根分叉数(65.39%)、内部链接数(40.91%)和外部链接数(73.94%),提高了根系细胞壁提取率(22.00%)、果胶(47.74%)、纤维素(25.30%)、EXP(109.53%)、PM H^(+)-ATPase酶活性(15.42%)、根冠比(30.33%)、拓扑指数(11.43%)和分形维数(4.32%);NH_(4)^(+)-N处理植株地上部干物质含量、主根长、根分叉数、内部链接数、外部链接数、根系PME活性和IAA含量分别显著降低22.98%、34.30%、35.32%、26.22%、29.02%、36.38%和8.74%,根系PM H^(+)-ATPase酶活性、细胞壁提取率、果胶和半纤维素分别显著提高14.60%、19.38%、22.98%、74.33%。根系形态指标与生理指标之间的相关分析结果表明,总根表面积与总根长、总根尖数、外部链接数、根分叉数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与主根长、内部链接数、叶干重呈显著正相关(P<0.05);总根表面积与根直径、扩张素、拓扑指数呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),与果胶、纤维素和分形维数呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。根直径与扩张素、纤维素、分形维数、拓扑指数呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与果胶呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。【结论】Gly-N和NH_(4)^(+)-N均增加了小白菜根系细胞壁含量,抑制了小白菜根系的伸长生长;Gly-N更有利于果胶和纤维素的积累,NH_(4)^(+)-N有利于半纤维素的积累。

Relationship between catchment characteristics and nitrogen forms in Cao-E River Basin, Eastern China

The distribution of different nitrogen forms and their spatial and temporal variations in different pollution types of tributaries or reaches were investigated. Based on the catchments characteristics the tributaries or reaches can be classified into 4 types, including headwater in mountainous areas （type Ⅰ）, agricultural non-point source （NPS） pollution in rural areas （type Ⅱ）, municipal and industrial pollution in urban areas （type Ⅲ）, and combined pollution in main stream （type IV）. Water samples were collected monthly from July 2003 to June 2006 in the Cao-E River Basin in Zhejiang, eastern China. The concentrations of NO3^--N, NH4^＋ -N, and total nitrogen （TN） were measured. The mean concentrations of NO3^- -N were decreased in the sequence type IV 〉 type Ⅱ〉 type Ⅲ 〉 type Ⅰ, whereas, NH4^＋-N, total organic nitrogen （TON）, and TN were in the sequence： type Ⅲ〉 type Ⅳ 〉 type Ⅱ〉 type Ⅰ. In headwater and rural reaches, CNO^-2-N was much higher than Crea^＋ 4-N. In urban reaches, TON and NH4^＋ -N were the main forms, accounting for 54.7% and 32.1% of TN, respectively. In the whole river system, Crea^＋ 4--N decreased with increasing distance from cities, and CNo^-3 -N increased with the increasing area of farmland in the catchments. With increased river flow, CNO^-3 N increased and Crea4^＋-N decreased in all types of reaches, while the variations of CTON and CTN were different. For TN, the concentration may be decreased with the increase of river flow, but the export load always increased.

New Insights into the Nitrogen Form Effect on Photosynthesis and Photorespiration

在高轻的条件下面，铵营养在植物生长上有否定效果。这建议植物生长上的铵营养的不利效果可能与碳获得，光合作用，和相片呼吸有关。然而，没有能在铵供应下面解释植物生长减小的特定的机制的一致证据。在轻反应期间，菸碱腺嘌 dinucleotide 氢磷酸盐(NADPH ) 的剩余被生产，这通常被接受，它完全没在 CO2 的吸收期间被使用。在叶的硝酸盐减小为不对铵成年的植物可得到的 NADPH 代表一个另外的水池。硝酸盐和铵营养可以为 NADPH 消费使用不同小径，它在光合作用和相片呼吸导致差别。词法(即，房间尺寸，叶肉厚度，和叶绿体体积)并且在酶(即， ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase ( Rubisco )，磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶( PEPCase )，并且夫酸安 synthetase/glutamate 合成酶( GS/GOGAT ))当植物与硝酸盐或铵氮形成的任何一个被对待时，发展的差别与光合作用和相片呼吸有关。处于为与硝酸盐或铵对待的植物的相片呼吸率的差别与到 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG ) 和相片 respiratory CO2 再设立的柠檬酸盐的变换有关。

Characteristics of nitrogen forms in the surface sediments of southwestern Nansha Trough,South China Sea

The area of the southwestern Nansha Trough is one of the most productive areas of the southern South China Sea.It is a typical semi-deep sea area of transition from shoal to abyssal zone.To understand distributions and roles of nitrogen forms involved in biogeochemical cycling in this area,contents of nitrogen in four extractable forms:nitrogen in ion exchangeable form(IEF-N),nitrogen in weak acid extractable form(WAEF-N),nitrogen in strong alkali extractable form(SAEF-N) and nitrogen in strong oxidation extractable form(SOEF-N),as well as in total nitrogen content(TN) in surface sediments were determined from samples collected from the cruise in April-May 1999.The study area was divided into three regions(A,B and C) in terms of clay sediment(<4 μm) content at <40%,40%-60% and >60%,respectively.Generally,region C was the richest in the nitrogen of all forms and region A the poorest,indicating that the finer the grain size is,the richer the contents of various nitrogen are.The burial efficiency of total nitrogen in surface sediments was 28.79%,indicating that more than 70% of nitrogen had been released and participated in biogeochemical recycling through sediment-water interface.

两阶段pH控制和碳氮源协同补加促进谷氨酸棒杆菌高产L-谷氨酰胺

为提高谷氨酸棒杆菌发酵产L-谷氨酰胺产量、糖酸转化率、生产强度等技术指标,该文通过响应面法优化了摇瓶发酵培养基中葡萄糖、(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)和玉米浆含量,并利用50 L发酵罐进行分批发酵,构建了菌体生长、底物消耗和产物生成动力学模型,进而在50 L发酵罐中采用两阶段控制pH策略,并通过补加葡萄糖和(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4),协同控制发酵液中碳氮源浓度,促进菌体高效合成L-谷氨酰胺。结果表明,优化后发酵培养基中葡萄糖、(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)和玉米浆含量分别为167、61、31 g/L,摇瓶发酵L-谷氨酰胺产量达到38.13 g/L,较优化前提高了34.12%;50 L发酵罐分批发酵80 h后L-谷氨酰胺产量达42.06 g/L,糖酸转化率达到25.85%,生产强度为0.53 g/(L·h);在50 L发酵罐中基于两阶段pH控制的碳氮源协同补加策略,显著促进了谷氨酸棒杆菌高产L-谷氨酰胺,发酵周期缩短至52 h,L-谷氨酰胺产量达68.01 g/L,糖酸转化率达33.93%,生产强度为1.31 g/(L·h)。该研究对促进L-谷氨酰胺的工业化生产具有重要参考价值。

Effect of Long-Term Fertilization on Organic Nitrogen Forms in a Calcareous Alluvial Soil on the North China Plain

In order to illustrate the change of nitrogen (N) supply capacity after long-term application of manure and chemical fertilizer, as well as to properly manage soil fertility through fertilizer application under the soil-climatic conditions of the North China Plain, organic N forms were quantified in the topsoil with different manure and chemical fertilizer treatments in a 15-year fertilizer experiment in a Chinese calcareous alluvial soil. Soil total N (TN) and various organic N forms were significantly influenced by long-term application of chemical fertilizer and manure. TN, total hydrolysable N, acid-insoluble N, amino acid N and ammonium N in the soil increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing manure and fertilizer N rates, but were not influenced by increasing P rates. Also, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence either the quantity of amino sugar N or its proportion of TN. Application of manure significantly increased (P < 0.05) hydrolysable unknown N, but adding N or P did not. In addition, application of manure or N fertilizer or P fertilizer did not significantly influence the proportions of different soil organic N forms.

pH值对好氧堆肥过程中NH3挥发和氮素转化的影响

为揭示不同pH值对好氧堆肥中NH_(3)挥发和氮素化合物转化的影响,设置5个处理(T1:对照;T2~T4:pH值分别为8.5、7.5和6.5;T5:酸性添加剂,10%过磷酸钙),研究不同pH值和酸性添加剂对好氧堆肥中NH_(3)挥发和氮素化合物转化的影响。试验结果表明,堆肥的高温期氨挥发量占总挥发量的95%以上。降低堆体pH值可以有效降低氨挥发,且初始pH值越低,氨挥发量越少。至堆肥结束,与T1处理相比,T2~T4处理的NH_(3)累计排放量分别减少了35.8%、66.93%和84.48%。添加过磷酸钙能使堆体pH值降低0.03~0.09个单位,使氨挥发减少62.42%。至堆肥结束,T1、T2、T3和T5处理NH_(4)^(+)-N含量均下降到0.04 g·kg^(-1)以下的水平,而T4处理NH_(4)^(+)-N含量最大为0.17 g·kg^(-1)。说明T4处理有利于促进反硝化作用的进行。T3处理的NO_(3)^(-)-N和酸解有机氮含量均高于T1、T2和T4处理。说明T3处理有利于促进硝化作用和氨同化作用的进行。与T1处理相比,T5处理NH_(4)^(+)-N含量增加了8.56%,NO_(3)^(-)-N含量减少了30%,酸解有机氮含量增加了2.52%,这说明,过磷酸钙的添加有利于促进氨同化作用的进行,但是抑制了反硝化作用的进行。

Effects of Long-Term Fertilization on Different Nitrogen Forms in Paddy along Soil Depth Gradient

The combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer is an effective measure to increase nutrient content of soil plough layer, which must have a profound impact on the deep soil nutrients, especially the contents of nitrogen forms. The purpose of this study was to explore the characteristics of soil nitrogen forms in plough layer and along depth gradient in different fertilization treatments, so as to evaluate the soil quality in spatial dimension, further providing a theoretical basis for scientific fertilization and improvement of paddy soil fertility. Here, a 34-year field experiment was conducted with three treatments: without any fertilizer (CK), pure chemical fertilizer (NPK) and chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer (NPKM). We analyzed the content of nitrogen forms in 0 - 100 cm soil depth and their ratios to total nitrogen (TN), and discussed the correlation between nitrogen forms contents and pH, CEC. Results showed that, compared with CK, both NPK and NPKM significantly increased the contents of nitrogen forms in topsoil (soil layer of 0 - 20 cm), especially nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) content increased by 70% (NPK) and 111% (NPKM), respectively. Although the contents of different nitrogen forms decreased gradually along soil depth gradient, NPKS slowed down the decline rate of TN and alkali-hydrolysable nitrogen (AN) in 0 - 60 cm soil layer, compared to CK. Compared to NPK, NPKM significantly increased the NO3--N/TN ratio in 0 - 20 cm soil layer, but also decreased the content of -N in 20 - 40 cm, which was beneficial to reduce the risk of nitrogen leaching caused by nitrate leaching into deep layer. The increase of soil pH in NPKM treatment obviously alleviated the problem of soil acidification caused by long-term application of chemical fertilizer. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between soil nitrogen forms and cation exchange capacity (CEC), but no significant correlation with soil pH. In conclusion, NPKM ensured the nutrients of soil plough layer (0 - 20 cm), also reduced the risk of nitrogen infiltration and nitrogen loss, thus ensuring the fertility of soil profile.

Effects of Nitrogen Forms on the Growth and Development of Trees

Nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen are the main nitrogen forms absorbed by trees from soil,and they have significantly different physiological regulation effects on trees;trees can also absorb some soluble organic nitrogen compounds,such as urea and amino acids.Trees supplied with single ammonium nitrogen or nitrate nitrogen will have higher photosynthesis,and the promotion effect of mixed nitrogen sources on tree photosynthesis is stronger.Enzymes play an important role in the metabolism of trees.The key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism include nitrate reductase,etc.,which affect the metabolism of trees through different responses of key enzymes to various nitrogen forms.The input of different nitrogen forms changes the content of mineral elements in trees and then affects the growth of trees.Different nitrogen forms have significant differences in the growth and metabolic processes of trees,which in turn have different physiological effects on plants.Several key issues in the future research on nitrogen nutrition and physiology of trees are discussed.

Nitrogen forms and pollution load of Dianchi Lake inflow river runoff in rainy season

With the control of point source pollution in Dianchi Lake basin, and the expansion of Kunming city, non-point source pollution has become the main source pollution of urban water environment and Dianchi Lake. To reveal the nitrogen pollution characteristics in watershed, this research selected key monitoring points and sections at Baoxiang river basin in rainy season which is the peak transported time of non-point source pollution, the nitrogen and hydrological indicators are monitored systematically. The different forms of nitrogen are analyzed, the pollution load of nitrogen are calculated and studied at cardinal sections; combined with the literature data, we compared the water nitrogen characteristics of Dianchi basin and Taihu basin, the main results are as follows:(1) In summer, water nitrogen form of Baoxiang river in the Caohe area is dominated by nitrate nitrogen, while in other areas it is dominated by ammonia nitrogen which is accounted for 31%-50% of total nitrogen;(2) The water pollution loads of Baoxiang river tended to increase from upstream to downstream, from June to August the total nitrogen pollution mainly comes from urban areas and the pollution load is 166.408 t;(3) In Dianchi Lake watershed and Taihu Lake watershed nitrogen concentration of inflow river is higher than that of the lake, nitrate nitrogen concentration between inflow river and lake shows a little difference, while ammonia nitrogen concentration of inflow river is higher than that of the lake. The results can provide the theoretical basis for nonpoint source pollution control and urban water environment planning and improvement in Dianchi Lake Basin.

Transformation of Coordinate Forms of Phosphate Ad－sorbed on Goethite Snrfaces Under Conditions of Vary－ing pH

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低碳氮比和高pH进水启动短程反硝化:性能及污泥特性变化

短程反硝化厌氧氨氧化技术(PDA)在污水处理中广泛应用的前提是富集出足量的短程反硝化细菌。通过接种剩余污泥,考察了采用简单的调控进水pH和碳氮比(C/N)策略,在上升流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器内进行长达77 d短程反硝化启动过程。结果表明:在反应器的进水C/N(~2.6)与pH(~9)条件下,出水快速出现了亚硝态氮积累,在40 d以后,反应器内的亚硝积累率(NTR)保持稳定,NTR为(54.67±7.29)%,表明了短程反硝化过程已经在反应器内建立。此外,将进水pH调节为7.5,NTR依然稳定在(66.13±0.77)%,驯化后的污泥适用于常规污水的PD过程。高pH条件下反应器内污泥浓度上升,微生物对进水的适应导致了胞外聚合物(EPS)下降,EPS中的蛋白和多糖比例的变化反映了污泥具有颗粒化的趋势。结果表明:控制进水高pH和低C/N比成功启动了短程反硝化过程,驯化后的污泥可以用于PDA脱氮,尤其在同时处理含有氨氮和硝态氮废水时具有显著优势。