Machine-Learning Based Packet Switching Method for Providing Stable High-Quality Video Streaming in Multi-Stream Transmission

Broadcasting gateway equipment generally uses a method of simply switching to a spare input stream when a failure occurs in a main input stream.However,when the transmission environment is unstable,problems such as reduction in the lifespan of equipment due to frequent switching and interruption,delay,and stoppage of services may occur.Therefore,applying a machine learning(ML)method,which is possible to automatically judge and classify network-related service anomaly,and switch multi-input signals without dropping or changing signals by predicting or quickly determining the time of error occurrence for smooth stream switching when there are problems such as transmission errors,is required.In this paper,we propose an intelligent packet switching method based on the ML method of classification,which is one of the supervised learning methods,that presents the risk level of abnormal multi-stream occurring in broadcasting gateway equipment based on data.Furthermore,we subdivide the risk levels obtained from classification techniques into probabilities and then derive vectorized representative values for each attribute value of the collected input data and continuously update them.The obtained reference vector value is used for switching judgment through the cosine similarity value between input data obtained when a dangerous situation occurs.In the broadcasting gateway equipment to which the proposed method is applied,it is possible to perform more stable and smarter switching than before by solving problems of reliability and broadcasting accidents of the equipment and can maintain stable video streaming as well.

Study of Crosstalk Property in an Optical Packet Switching Node

The effect of queuing delay of output buffer on the crosstalk property in optical packet switching nodes is investigated. The relationship between crosstalk and buffer length is obtained. From the calculation and simulation results, it is concluded that the crosstalk power penalty predominantly depends on the buffer length, the longer the buffer, the greater the penalty, as well as the random range of the penalty. While comparing with the effect of queuing delay, the effect of random routing path delay takes very little proportion in the total power penalty.

Simulation of the Physical Performance of Optical Packet Switching Nodes

A graphical and visual simulation system for the study of optical packet switching (OPS) nodes is accomplished. With the simulation system, the effect on physical performance-bit error rate (BER) due to a variety of factors such as the crosstalk parameters of OPS nodes, number of cascaded OPS nodes, length of optical output buffer, traffic load and fluctuation of amplitude of optical signals are evaluated. Reliability of the simulation system is proved by the analytical results obtained in all the above cases.

An Arrangement of Channels and Transceivers in Optical Packet Switching Networks

Based on a media access and control（MAC）protocol,an arrangement of channels and transceivers in optical packet switching dense wavelength division multiplexing（DWDM）networks is proposed in this paper.In order to reduce the cost of nodes,fixed transmitters and receivers are used instead of tunable transmitters and receivers.Two fixed transmitters and many fixed receivers are used in each node in the scheme.The average waiting delay of this scheme is analyzed through mathematics and computer simulation.The result shows that the property of the scheme is almost the same as using tunable transmitter and receiver.Furthermore,if the tuning time of tunable transmitters is taken into account,the performance of the tunable transmitter scheme is poor than this scheme at the average waiting delay and throughput of the network.

Research on application of MOOC in optical packet switching

An experiment on receiving and identifying multiple optical orthogonal codes （MOOC） sequence-based optical labels in an optical packet switching （OPS） network is reported. Two groups of MOOC with a code length of 23 and a code weight of 3 are used to identify the optical labels. The scheme and principle of OPS networks based on MOOC sequence-based optical labels are presented. Because optical labels contain OPS and routing information, the importance of optical label processing with multiple inconsecutive, random, and burst optical labels in an OPS network is pointed out. Considering the MOOC-based optical labels, we design a circuit consisting of a broadened network and a cascaded amplifier to receive multiple groups of low-power narrow pulses （optical labels in the MOOC-OPS network） with a period of 2 ns. The successful experimental results demonstrate that the designed scheme is feasible.

Key Technologies for Optical Packet Switching

The paper describes our recent progress on key technologies and components for realizing optical packet switching, including an out-of-band optical label switching technique, an optical packet synchronizer and a burst-mode optical receiver.

Photonic Packet Switching Based on Optical Label Processing

We express a photonic packet switch prototype based on optical label processing methods which dramatically increase the label processing capability. We experimentally demonstrate 40Gbit/s/port packet switching and optical buffering capabilities of the prototype.

Improved optical packet switching structure with recirculation buffer and feedback tunable wavelength converter

The performance of an optical switching network is mainly determined by its core node structure. An improved optical packet switching （OPS） node structure based on recirculation optical fiber delay line （FDL） and feedback tunable wavelength converter （TWC）, and a specific scheduling algorithm for the node structure are presented. This switching structure supports both point-to-point and point-to-multi- points broadcasting transmission with superior capacity expansion performance. Its superiority in packet loss probability is proved by simulation.

Simulation of Optical Packet-Switched Metropolitan Area Network

This paper introduces architectures of two types optical packet switched metropolitan area networks and their media access control protocols. We have designed related network simulation systems. With these simulation systems, the characteristics and performance of the two MANs can be achieved.

Orthogonal Stacked Spectral Coding Labels for Fast Packets Routing over Optical MPLS Network

Multi-protocol label switching（MPLS） has the advantage of high efficiency in the second layer, which improves the performance of data packets routing. In this paper, a new structure to implement optical MPLS is proposed. We construct a code family for spectral-amplitude coding（SAC） labels in the optical MPLS networks. SAC labels are suitable for optical packet switching because they can be constructed and recognized quickly at each router. We use the label stacking to provide hierarchical routing to avoid swapping labels at each forwarding node and reduce system complexity. However, the phase-induced intensity noise（PIIN） appears due to the incoherent property of the light source when the stacked labels set makes the correlation decoding with the local node label,which degrades system performance.

Analysis of Packet Sending and Receiving by Layer 3 Ethernet Switch CPU

Designing an Ethernet switch that can assure normal interaction of protocol packets between switches in a network environment of massive traffic is an important matter. Taking the L3 Ethernet switch based on Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) as an example,this article analyzes several typical issues about packet receiving and sending by the CPU in a multi-progress environment,including CPU load,software and hardware queue settings,and communication mechanism between CPU and the switch chip. This article gives solutions to these issues mentioned above. The solutions are applicable to Network Processor (NP) issues as well.

Seamlessly transformable hybrid packet and circuit switching for efficient optical networks

Efforts in realizing all-optical packet switching are overwhelming in the past decade. While optical packet switching remains an attractive switching paradigm in the long run, technical challenges prohibit it from becoming a practical solution for the ever-growing bandwidth hunger during the next few years. Finding a technically viable way to meet the increasing capacity requirement with good scalability and flexibility becomes a clear pursue for the community. Hybrid packet and circuit switching is considered to be one promising technique in realizing high performance switching at low cost and less energy consumption, by taking the advantage of both packet switching and circuit switching. In this paper, we review existing work in hybrid optical packet and circuit switching. We discuss the key technical challenges in realizing hybrid optical packet and circuit switching. We further introduce our ongoing efforts in building a seamlessly transformable packet/circuit-switching node with in a hybrid node, the scheduling complexity with a node running in full packet switching mode. hybrid optical and electronic components. We show that typical scheduling algorithms may be reduced to half of

Flow Control Strategy for the High Speed Network Based on Control Theory

Design of an effective congestion control scheme is a hot topic in the development of compute network. The flow control scheme can adjust the packet sending rate in source host, thus effectively avoiding the network congestion. This paper proposes a flow control scheme based on discrete control theory. The simulation results show that this method can adjust the sending rate and queue level in buffer rapidly and effectively. The method is easy to implement and applicable to high speed networks.

A NOVEL FRAMEWORK OF ONLINE NETWORK CODING FOR MULTICAST SWITCHES WITH CONSTRAINED BUFFERS

Network coding is able to address output conflicts when fanout splitting is allowed for multicast switching.Hence,it successfully achieves a larger rate region than non-coding approaches in crossbar switches.However,network coding requires large coding buffers and a high computational cost on encoding and decoding.In this paper,we propose a novel Online Network Coding framework called Online NC for multicast switches,which is adaptive to constrained buffers.Moreover,it enjoys a much lower decoding complexity by a Vandermonde matrix based approach,as compared to conven-tional randomized network coding Our approach realizes online coding with one coding algo-rithm that synchronizes buffering and coding.Therefore,we significantly reduce requirements on buffer space,while also sustaining high throughputs.We confirm the superior advantages of our contributions using empirical studies.

A time-driven transmission method for well logging networks

Long delays and poor real-time transmission are disadvantageous to well logging networks consisting of multiple subnets. In this paper, we proposed a time-driven transmission method （TDTM） to improve the efficiency and precision of logging networks. Using TDTM, we obtained well logging curves by fusing the depth acquired on the surface, and the data acquired in downhole instruments based on the synchronization timestamp. For the TDTM, the precision of time synchronization and the data fusion algorithm were two main factors influencing system errors. A piecewise fractal interpolation was proposed to fast fuse data in each interval of the logging curves. Intervals with similar characteristics in curves were extracted based on the change in the histogram of the interval. The TDTM is evaluated with a sonic curve, as an example. Experimental results showed that the fused data had little error, and the TDTM was effective and suitable for the logging networks.

Investigation on performance of all optical buffer with large dynamical delay time based on cascaded double loop optical buffers

Optical buffers are critical for optical signal processing in future optical packet-switched networks. In this paper, a theoretical study as well as an experimental demonstration on a new optical buffer with large dynamical delay time is carried out based on cascaded double loop optical buffers （I：）LOBs）. It is found that pulse distortion can be restrained by a negative optical control mode when the optical packet is in the loop. Noise analysis indicates that it is feasible to realise a large variable delay range by cascaded DLOBs. These conclusions are validated by the experiment system with 4-stage cascaded DLOBs. Both the theoretical simulations and the experimental results indicate that a large delay range of 1-9999 times the basic delay unit and a fine granularity of 25 ns can be achieved by the cascaded DLOBs. The performance of the cascaded DLOBs is suitable for the all optical networks.

Address switching:Reforming the architecture and traffic of Internet

The success of the Internet is largely ascribable to the packet-switching scheme, which, however, also presents major challenges. Having identified three missing links in the current Internet architecture based on our long-term experiences of designing and operating large-scale backbones, we put forward a new, but incrementally deployable, network schemc address switching. The address switching has both the advantages of packet switching and circuit switching; it supplies the missing links in the current Internet architecture and can reform the Internet traffic. Our analysis, protocol design and ex- periments indicate that the address switching can greatly improve the quality of service （QoS）, security and routing scalability of today＇s Internet. So it can provide flexible, high-performance and ＂per-service＂ networking for the scientific research communities. Moreover, it can provide a fairer and more sustainable business model for the commodity Internet.

Novel photonic packet WDM ring networks with tunable transmitters and fixed receivers using multi-token protocol

A kind of novel architecture of unslotted photonic packet switching wavelength division multiplexing （WDM） ring network with tunable transmitters and fixed receivers was proposed. In the network the wavelength was used as optical packet label and node media access controller （MAC） address. Optical packets transmitter was made up of tunable laser that was modulated at 10, 40 Gb/s or higher. Optical packet receiver was made up of Bragg grating, circulator, and fixed receiver. Used as metropolitan access network, it is shown through simulation how a multi-token MAC protocol can be implemented to avoid packet collision and achieve efficient bandwidth utilization. Packet delay, throughput, and packet dropping probability results are presented under uniform and none uniform Possion traffic.

Optical Packet Routing Performance of an Optical Packet Switch With an Optical Digital/Analog-Conversion-Type Header Processor (Wavelength Label Switch)

We demonstrate the routing operation of optical packets by an optical packet switch consisting of an optical digital-to-analog conversion-type header processor, a wavelength converter using an electrically-tunable laser, and an arrayed-waveguide grating router. A packet transfer by two-bit optical header was achieved for the first time.

Performance Study on Priority Strategies for WDM Packet Switches under Long-Range Dependent Traffic

The impact of long-range dependent (LRD) traffic on the buffer management schemes for WDM packet switches is studied by simulation. The different priority strategies are compared. The principles of efficient strategy design are also presented.