Protection and Inheritance of the Architectural Cultural Heritage of the Longevity Pagoda in Jingzhou

With the ongoing advancement of human civilization,China is increasingly prioritizing the preservation and transmission of its architectural heritage.This study examines the historical development of the Longevity Pagoda in Jingzhou,synthesizing its architectural and artistic characteristics as well as its cultural heritage value.In light of contemporary challenges,the paper proposes strategies for the protection and preservation of the Longevity Pagoda.The aim is to ensure that the Longevity Pagoda continues to realize its distinctive historical,cultural,and social significance in the future.

Seismic assessment of two multi-tiered pagodas damaged by the 2015 Nepal earthquake

A seismic assessment of two multi-tier pagodas by numerical analysis is presented herein.The Changu Narayan temple and the Kumbeshwar temple in Nepal are used as the case studies.Both pagodas are built of brick masonry in earthen mortar,with timber columns and crossbeams.The Changu Narayan temple is a two-tier pagoda,and was seriously damaged during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake.The Kumbeshwar temple is a five-tier pagoda,and its top-tier collapsed due to the Gorkha earthquake.A seismic assessment was carried out using finite element(FE)analysis.The FE models were prepared,and dynamic identification tests and penetrometer tests were conducted.Pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis were performed as part of the seismic assessment.The main shock of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake was considered as the input accelerograms.The behavior between the two pagodas was compared with the collapse mechanisms and damage patterns observed in the actual structures.The comparison suggested common structural features of multi-tier pagodas.This study is dedicated to providing a better understanding of the seismic behavior of multi-tier pagoda-type structures and provides suggestions for their effective analysis.

韩国汉语培训机构考察——以韩国PAGODA语学院为例

PAGODA语学院是目前韩国外国语培训市场上最具代表性的汉语培训学院。该文通过整理PAGODA语学院相关资料,考察了PAGODA语学院的发展历程、现状,分析其特点、优势及存在的问题,提出了改进对策,以期能为韩国汉语培训机构的进一步发展提供参考。

Archaeological investigation by geotomo-graphy: structure of the foundation of Yingxian timber pagoda

It is significant to take a non-destructive inspection, one of advanced techniques, for detecting the internal structure and the present status of ancient cultural relics. The results detected by geotomography in Yingxian timber pagoda, Shanxi Province, are presented in this paper. The embankment in the stepped foundation shows a three circular structure in horizontal: the circular platform core is hard, homogenous and unharmed, out of which there are some radial collapsed grooves. The middle circle with a thickness of 2 to 4 m is a compacted layer and its loading capacity decreases then. The outer protective layer has a larger porosity and a weak loading capacity. An abnormal body is found out in the core, which has a circular shape and a reverse high-absorption coefficient in the shallow part, but appears a long-band shape and a low-absorption coefficient in the deep part. It might be a disturbance caused by artificial activities: the shallow part is probably a channel filled with loosen soil and the deep part is a hidden cave. It is found that the foundation of the courtyard is homogenous and integrated. Two soft and weakened areas in the north are related to the long-term run-off and drainage of groundwater. The inclination of the timber pagoda to the northwest and northeast relates to several factors, such as the inherited subsidence of the northern foundation, the lower loading capacity of the outer stepped foundation, seismic activity and timber deformation.No.2 FENG R.et al.: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION BY GEOTOMOGRAPHY

With the Old to Be New: Analysis on Design of Square Pagoda Gardenin Songjiang

The Square Pagoda Garden in Songjiang designed by Mr. Feng Jizhong is a model work of Chinese garden and modern architecture. Its basic pattern embodies the core idea of “with the old to be new”. This study mainly interpreted the Square Pagoda Garden from two dimensions of garden space and architectural structure, analyzed the unique creative characteristics and design ideas of the Square Pagoda Garden in combination with the characteristics of traditional Chinese garden architecture, and explored the “old” and “new” in the design of the Square Pagoda Garden.

Miracle of Fruit Sales:Pagoda's through Retail-pull Industrialization

Pagoda successfully created the " exclusive shop" model in the fruit industry,and now it is the world's largest fruit chain retailer,creating the miracle of fruit sales. Behind the miracle is the innovation of fruit industrialization,that is,the retail-pull industrialization,which realizes the farmers' income increase,consumer satisfaction and sustainable business development,and also promotes the upgrade and development of fruit industry in China. The retail-pull industrialization business model has important reference significance for the fresh industry of China.

Location and Spatio-temporal Distribution Characteristics of Geomantic Pagodas in Guangdong and Jiangxi Based on GIS

Geomantic pagodas are evolved from Buddhist pagodas in the history of China. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people attached importance to the imperial examination, so they were keen on construction of geomantic pagodas in landscapes to pray for good luck. This phenomenon was more obvious in southern China, especially in Guangdong and Jiangxi. In this paper, the location and spatiotemporal distribution of geomantic pagodas in Guangdong and Jiangxi were studied by using Google Earth and Arc GIS, combining with ASTER GDEM data. In addition, the effects of elevation, topographic profile and slope on site selection of geomantic pagodas were investigated to sum up the distribution and space environment characteristics of geomantic pagodas in Guangdong and Jiangxi, explore the relationship between geomantic pagodas structure and city landscape, and investigate the effects of spatio-temporal distribution of geomantic pagodas on city pattern.

On the Motions of Four Pagoda Clocks in the Forbidden City

Ancient mechanical clocks and automatons are solid evidence regarding the evolution of technological development.At least four ingenious eighteenth-century clocks with pagoda automatons are preserved in the Palace Museum in Beijing.Two were made in China,the other two in Britain.Although the internal mechanical components were maintained and recorded in the late twentieth century,their mechanism structure is mostly not made available to the public owing to the historical value of these artefacts.This study introduces feasible mechanism structures for the four pagoda automatons based on published works,along with considerations of mechanical design.Five subsystems of the clocks are analyzed,and two mechanisms of the pagoda automaton are illustrated.In particular,feasible mechanisms of the four pagoda automatons for raising their stories are explained.The analysis procedure presented in this paper expands the feasibility of reconstruction work on ancient mechanisms with unknown structures.

Research on the Geomantic Structure Kuishan Pagoda of the Ming Dynasty in Xuzhou

This paper introduced the origin of the Kuishan Pagoda and its role in "increasing architectural achievements and reinforcing scenic sights" of Xuzhou from the perspective of the city’s Fengshui (geomancy).The round base of the pagoda was 16.7 meters in diameter.The octagonal pagoda had seven stories,with a height of 67 meters.Each story had 4 doors that face each other in pairs.From the second to the seventh story,the pagoda was decorated with brick-carved waist eaves,cornices,rafters,upward angles and tile ranges,which were rigorously and strictly designed and distributed.The outward-pointing waist eaves were narrow and short and boast exquisite shapes.The top of the pagoda pointed skywards and was decorated with interlayered metal wheels.The pagoda top with metal wheels appeared magnificent and demonstrated exquisite craftsmanship,adding a particularly imposing atmosphere to the pagoda.

山地地形下中江南塔地震响应特征试验

为研究山地地形对砖石古塔地震响应的影响,以位于四川中江县铜鱼山顶的中江南塔作为原型,选取了汶川地震发生时自贡台阵的加速度记录为基底输入,通过小型振动台试验研究了山底、山顶古塔自振频率随地震动幅值的变化趋势,分析了地形效应对古塔地震响应的影响及古塔破坏特征。结果表明:在低幅值地震动作用下古塔自振频率不变,当自由地表地震动峰值分别达到100 Gal和150 Gal时,山顶和山底古塔发生破坏;在古塔自振特性、输入地震动的频谱特征以及结构构造特点影响下,古塔发生了“上轻下重”的破坏特征;与山底古塔相较,山顶古塔地震反应明显更大,相同工况下山顶古塔各楼层峰值加速度、最大相对位移、最大层间位移角分别为山底古塔的2~3倍、1.5~4.5倍、1.5~4.5倍,其中最大相对位移和最大层间位移角的放大倍数与地震动幅值相关,因此需重视山顶古塔的地震安全性。

Pagoda[5]arene with Large and Rigid Cavity for the Formation of 1∶2 Host-Guest Complexes and Acid/Base-Responsive Crystalline Vapochromic Properties

Pagoda[5]arene(P5),which is composed of five 2,6-dimethoxylanthracene(2,6-DMA)subunits bridged by methylene groups at 1,5 positions,was conveniently synthesized in 43%by trifluoroacetic acid(TFA)-catalyzed one-pot condensation of commercially available 2,6-DMA and paraformaldehyde in 1,2-dichlorobenzene(o-DCB)at room temperature.P5 showed a highly symmetrical pentagonal structure with a large and deep electron-rich cavity,which made it form stable 1∶2 host–guest complexes with various aryl-pyridinium,bipyridinium,and stilbazolium salts in solution.Interestingly,P5 could complex two or even three guests with its intrinsic cavity and the pseudocavity formed by the adjacent macrocycles in solid states.Moreover,the strong intermolecular charge-transfer(ICT)interactions between P5 and the guests were observed.Especially,the complexes formed by P5 and the protonated pyridinium or bipyridinium salts showed acid/base-responsive color changes in solution and remarkable crystalline vapochromic properties by two kinds of processes:from ICT to no ICT and from ICT to enhanced ICT interaction or vice versa.We believe that the easily available P5 with the specific structure and intriguing 1∶2 host–guest complexation can find wide application in supramolecular assemblies and functional materials.

Of Palaces and Pagodas： Palatial Symbolism in the Buddhist Architecture of Early Medieval China

This paper is an inquiry into possible motivations for representing timber-flame architecture in the Buddhist context. By comparing the architectural language of early Buddhist narrative panels and cave temples rendered in stone, I suggest that architectural representation was employed in both masonry and timber to create symbolically charged worship spaces. The replication and multiplication of palace forms on cave walls, in ＂pagodas＂ （futu浮圖,fotu 佛圖, or ta 塔）, and as the crowning element of flee-standing pillars reflect a common desire to express and harness divine power, a desire that resulted in a wide variety of mountainous monuments in China. Finally, I provide evidence to suggest that the towering Buddhist monuments of early medieval China are linked morphologically and symbolically to the towering temples of South Asia through the use of both palace forms and sacred man. d. alas as a means to express the divine power and expansive presence of the Buddha.

莆田市凤山寺——文峰宫建成环境及其无量寿佛塔复原研究

莆田市凤山寺与文峰宫历史悠久,位于莆田古城历史文化街区的核心保护区,是古城的重要组成部分。在过去数十年的城市建设过程中对宫庙建筑群的格局缺乏有效的保护和合理的规划,而使当前的建成环境呈现碎片化的现状,与周边建成环境格格不入。该文从历时性和共时性的角度研究凤山寺—文峰宫的建成环境,探究历史街巷与凤山寺—文峰宫的关系,再现凤山寺—文峰宫建筑群的历史格局,复原城市中原有的标志性建筑——凤山寺无量寿佛塔,并以当前的城市建成环境为基底提出宫庙建筑群与周边建成环境的复原意象,使历史街区的风貌在保护中得以提升。

The Literary Imagination of the White Pagoda and Dynastic Change in Early Ming Hangzhou

This article examines the literary imaginations of the White Pagoda and demonstrates a shift in its representation from a metaphor for the Song court＇s fate to a fantastic site for the subjugation of unworldly beings. In the late thirteenth century, the Yuan-appointed Tibetan Buddhist monk Yang Lianzhenjia exhumed the imperial mausoleums of the defeated Southern Song, built the White Pagoda on the site of the old Southern Song palace in Hangzhou, and interred the exhumed bones under it. Enthusiastic Song loyalists thus considered the White Pagoda to be a symbol of a humiliating past in which the Mongol Yuan dynasty occupied the south. Meanwhile, Qu You, an early-Ming writer from Hangzhou, began to imagine that the White Pagoda served to pacify the innocent, lonely dead who died during the Song-Yuan social disturbance. Investigating the discourse of the early Ming literati in regard to the pagoda site and the supernatural in early Ming Hangzhou leads to the conclusion that the literary imagination of the White Pagoda would have also contributed to the development of the White Snake Legend, where a white serpent spirit was subdued under Thunder Peak Pagoda in Hangzhou.

Inscriptions Found in the Pagoda on Thunder Peak

The Pagoda on Thunder Peak used to stand on Xizhao Hill (or Hills Bathed in Sunset). It is said that when the setting sun casts its last rays on the pagoda, it makes the most beautiful scene. However. it was after the pagoda was connected to a popular legend that it became well-known in China. The story ended with the heroine imprisoned underneath this pagoda. Built initially to commemorate Lady Huang,the royal con-

基于模态柔度曲率的砖石古塔损伤识别研究

损伤识别是结构性能评估的有效途径之一,砖石古塔的模态柔度曲率是进行损伤识别的有效参数之一。为研究古塔结构损伤机制与模态柔度曲率的关系,依据兴教寺窥基塔结构模型振动台试验及数值模拟结果,分析周期性荷载作用下塔体动力响应及破坏特征,建立了塔体损伤程度与模态参数的关系模型。结果表明,古塔结构开裂破坏后,刚度减小,模态柔度曲率增大;数值计算与试验测试所得加速度及频域响应规律一致,塔体模型结构试件的开裂损伤随加载工况增多而持续累积,加载前期损伤参数变化缓慢,而后保持稳定,试验及模拟所得塔体的破坏过程一致。因此,塔体模态柔度曲率变化与古塔结构损伤累积具有一致性,可用于有效可靠识别砖石古塔结构损伤识别。

砖石古塔模型振动台试验的离散元模拟分析

砖石古塔块体间黏结强度较低,受地震作用易产生裂缝后发生破坏,为研究砖石古塔在地震作用下开裂及裂缝发展机制,以玄奘塔1/8缩尺模型结构为对象,建立离散元模型,计算了地震波激励下结构的加速度及位移反应,与振动台试验结果进行对比,分析了塔体开裂破坏全过程。结果表明,数值计算所得结构的加速度及位移反应与振动台试验结果一致,当地震烈度较低时,两者顶层位移变化曲线基本一致;烈度提高后,塔体开裂导致结构动力响应的计算值与试验结果出现差异,但两者的变化规律相同。在地震波激励下,塔体首层先开裂,随地震烈度的提高延伸至中部塔层,块体第2层出现阶梯状错动,模型损伤过程与试验裂缝发展状况基本吻合。研究结果为砖石古塔地震损伤及破坏过程分析提供了参考。

基于等效模型的砖石古塔有限元模型修正方法

针对砖石古塔实体有限元模型节点众多导致修正效率低下问题,提出了一种将实体模型和杆系模型相结合的有限元模型快速修正方法。基于古塔结构的测试输出信号,使用随机子空间法识别了塔的自振频率。使用整体连续式方法建立了ABAQUS有限元模型,基于实测结果,使用萤火虫算法修正了塔的弹性模量、密度。修正后的有限元模型的计算结果与实测结果对比,能够较好吻合,说明修正后的模型可靠,可以作为后续抗震性能分析的基础。

从敦煌莫高窟壁画看盛唐时期的佛塔建筑

基于对敦煌莫高窟历代佛塔壁画分布情况的梳理,总结莫高窟盛唐壁画中佛塔类型与发展规律。从形制、色彩、装饰造像三个层面,对莫高窟壁画中木塔、砖石塔、砖木混合塔佛塔建筑与现存盛唐时期同类型佛塔建筑进行比较研究,发现两者异同。此外,文章还分析了盛唐佛塔建筑对盛唐后传统佛塔建筑与现代建筑的影响,提出在现代审美语境下继承与发展盛唐佛塔建筑的设计方法。

应县木塔结构稳定性评估预问题之我见

国家重点研发计划支持项目《应县木塔结构稳定性评估与保护研究》研究指南在明确常规研究内容的同时,强调了“研究应县木塔营建历史、形制、用材原则,构件劣化特征与损伤累积效应关系”。清华大学建筑学院研究团队认为该问题正是应县木塔结构稳定性评估工作的基础性“预问题”,并就此进行延伸思考,提出此“预问题”的3个方面及解决问题的相应技术路线。