ICE与CAP方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的近期疗效比较

目的 比较ICE与CAP方案治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的近期疗效。方法 将 38例晚期非小细胞肺癌随机分为治疗组 (ICE方案 )和对照组 (CAP方案 ) ,观察两组的疗效及毒副作用。结果 治疗组CR 2例 ,PR 1 0例 ,有效率 6 3.1 6 % ;对照组CR 0例 ,PR 5例 ,有效率 2 6 .32 % ,两者有差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。

Last Deglaciation Climatic Fluctuation Record by the Palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap, Southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The last deglaciation, a key period for understanding present and future climate changes, has long been the hot topic for palaeoclimatological study. The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau（QTP） is often a target study area for understanding hemispheric, or even global environment changes. The glacial landforms on the QTP provide a unique perspective for its climate change. In order to investigate the onset of the last deglaciation at the QTP and its regional correlation, the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides（TCN） 10 Be and 26 Al surface exposure dating was chosen to date the roche moutonnée, the polished surface and the moraine debris located at the palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap（pDIC）, southeastern QTP. Our results show that the onset of the last deglaciation is at about 19 ka, followed by another warming event occurring around 15 ka in the p-DIC area. These timings agree well with other records, e.g. equivalent with a rapid sea level rise at 19 ka and the onset of B？lling warming event at about 15 ka. Thus, our new data can provide good reveal constraint on the climate evolution at the QTP.

Cosmogenic ^(10)Be and ^(26)Al Chronology of the Last Glaciation of the Palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap,Southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The glacial landforms of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau （QTP） provide a unique opportunity to research hemispheric and global environmental changes. In this study, we focus on the glacial history of the palaeo-Daocheng Ice Cap （p-DIC） in the southeastern QTP during the last glacial cycle. Based on field investigations, morphostratigraphy, and surface exposure dating of roche moutonnée, polished surface and moraine debris through the terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides （TCN） ^10Be and ^26Al. We identify glacial deposits of the last deglaciation, with minimum ages of 14.9±1.3-18.7±1.7 ka, the Last Glacial Maximum （LGM） of 24.7±2.2 ka, and the early part of the last glacial period （marine oxygen isotope stage （MIS） 3） of 37.1±3.4-45.2±3.9 ka. Our results show that in this region, the extent of the glacial advance during MIS 3 was larger than that during the traditional LGM （MIS 2）. These ages are consistent with prior chronologies, and the ^10Be age is consistent with the ^26Al age for the same sample. Thus, these data provide reliable constraints on climate change in the QTP, during the last glaciation.

Temperature distribution of Collins Ice Cap,King George Island,Antarctica

emperature measurements in boreholes show that ice is of temperate state in accumulation area and of cold state in ablation area in Collins Ice Cap. Ice temperature of active layer is significantly influenced by seasonal variations of air temperature.The warming of ice by the melt water infiltration is remarkable. Snow cover also noticeably affects thermal regimes of the Collins Ice Cap. The measurements also reveal that temperature below the active layer is approximate to the melting point in the majority of the glacier except in the vicinity of the Little Dome,where ice temperature varies sharply within a surface distance of more than 10 metres. Significant water oozing from ice cores was observed at a depth of 30 m during the drilling near the Little Dome, which is probably caused by the combined effects such as internal runoffs,differential movement and high salinity of the glacier.

A preliminary study on oxygen isotope of ice cores of Collins Ice Cap,King George Island,Antarctica

Glacier forming material shows no difference of oxygen isotope for different heights above sea level on Big Dome of Collins Ice Cap. δ 18 O variations of surface firn with depth(time) are extremely similar. Owing to the material and energy exchange between different annual layers, homogeneity of oxygen isotope arises and leads to no avail of δ 18 O ice core dating on Big Dome Summit of Collins Ice Cap. Affected by seasonal variations of temperature, oxygen isotope composition of winter layer is distinctly different from that of summer layer whose δ 18 O value is higher and variation coefficient is smaller. By means of direct comparison oxygen isotope/temperature gradient of Collins Ice Cap is defined as 0.74‰/℃ in use of annual mean temperature and δ 18 O value on Big Dome Summit and Small Dome Top of Collins Ice Cap.

THERMAL PROPERTIES AND TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION OF SNOW/FIRN ON THE LAW DOWE ICE CAP, ANTARCTICA

Based on detailed measurements of density and a numerous data on temperature in shallow boreholes (about 20m deep), the thermal properties and temperature distribution of snow / firn layer on the Law Dome ice cap, Antarctica, are discussed. According to a review of works on thermal properties of snow by Yen (1981), a relationship between thermal conductivity (K) and density (ρ) is proposed to be expressed by a formula, K=0.0784+2.697/ρ2. Then an eqation of heat transfer in a deformed ununiform medium is applied and solved analytically by two approaches. Comparison of calculated and measured temperatures indicates that the difference is mainly dependent on the determination of boundary donditions.

CONCENTRATION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOLUBLE IMPURITIES IN THE SURFACE SNOW OF COLLINS ICE CAP, KING GEORGE ISLAND, ANTARCTICA

Measurements carried out for the upper 10m firn/ice obtained at the main dome of Collins Ice Cap, King George Island, Antarctica revealed the direct relation of soluble impurities of snow mass to the composition of atmosphere aerosols. It was indicated that sea salt source dominates the atmosphere aerosol around Collins Ice Cap.The simultaneous variation shown by the concentration profiles of Na+ , K+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+, SO42-, Cl- , Br- and very close EF values (≈1) suggested their common marine source and similar deposition process. Besides the possible surface contamination,NH4+ varied uniformly along deeper part of the core in concentration, which could be considered as background value of ammonium. A satisfactory explanation for NO3- concentration profile has not reached at present.

Climate， mass balance and glacial changes on small dome of Collins Ice Cap， King George Island， Antarctica

During 1991/1992 Chinese Antarctic Expedition, a full-year glacial investigations on the small dome of Coffins Ice Cap were carried out, the data from investigations showed that vertical temperature gradients on small dome were about 0. 79℃/100m and 0. 66℃/100m in the summer and in the winter separately. LOwer summer temperature in this area is one Of most important conditions for glacial development. In 1991/1992 the small dome was a weak positive balance year with a mass balance difference of 163 mm, annual ELA was 140m, mass balance gradient was 8.4mm/m and mass balance level was 928mm. Mass balance fluctuations on small dome in 1971-1992 were calculated by a new method, the results revealed that the small dome of Coffins Ice Cap was relatively stable over 21 years.

Shaping the Future of Energy:A Path toward Zero-Emission and Sustainable Solutions

In the age of rapidly growing global population and escalating energy demands,the pursuit of sustainable,zero-emission energy sources has become critical.This article explores the interplay between environmental concerns,such as global warming and the greenhouse effect,and the need for innovative energy solutions.The melting polar ice caps exemplify the urgent need for reducing carbon emissions.ARCs(advanced reactor concepts)in both fission and fusion technologies offer promising paths to zero-emission energy.Advanced fission reactors,including SMRs(small modular reactors)and Generation IV reactors,provide improved safety,efficiency,and waste management.Fusion energy,despite being in the experimental stage,holds potential as a nearly limitless clean energy source.AI(artificial intelligence)significantly enhances these technologies by optimizing design,operations,maintenance,safety,and grid integration.AI-driven innovations are pivotal in accelerating the development and deployment of ARC technologies,ensuring they are safe,reliable,and efficient.The article underscores the vital role of policy support,global cooperation,and strategic investments in shaping a sustainable energy future that can mitigate the effects of climate change,support economic growth,and protect our planet.

CLIMATIC CHANGE SINCE LITTLE ICE AGE RECORDED BY DUNDE ICE CAP

The climatic change since the Little Ice Age recorded in the Dunde Ice Cap is presentedin this paper. There have been three cold periods and three warm periods since 1400AD.Among them, the coldest one was in the 17th century. Many evidences verified the three coldand warm variations recorded in the Dundc Ice Cap. But it was found from the comparison between the Dunde Icc Cap climatic record and thewinter temperature record in Shanghai that there was a temporal dfference in climatic changebetween East China and West China. The general trend is that the cooling and warmingprocesses in West China were earlier than that in East China. In the Dunde Ice Cap, it isnow in an anomalous warm period, while it is not as warm as in Dunde Ice Cap recordaccording to the winter temperature in Shanghai. In addition to the possible cause of temporaldifference in climatic change between West China and East China, another possible cause isthat the greenhouse effect of CO_2 may already be recognizable in the Dunde Ice Cap arealocated in Western China in land of the middle latitude.

Climatic and environmental records in Guliya Ice Cap

The Guliya Ice Cap is the largest (with a total area of 376.1 m2 and an area cf 131 2 m2 at the flat top), highest (6 700 m a. s.l.) and coldest (with an ice temperature of -19℃ at 10 m depth) ice cap found in Central Asia so far. From 1990 to 1992, the oxygen isotope ratios, microparticle concentrations, anions, cations of a large number of samples from snow pits and ice cores were analysed to study the climatic and environmental characteristics of the Guliya Ice Cap. Being frozen to bedrock and with extremely low ice temperature, the ideal climatic and environmental informarion was recorded in Guliya Ice Cap. The distinct annual and seasonal cycle characteristics of the oxygen isotope ratio, microparticle concentration, anion and cation provide bases to date precisely the high-resolution time series in the ice cap. Oxygen isotope ratios decreased, microparticle concentrations and various chemical elements increased in the colder periods, while oxygen isotope values increased, microparticle concentrations and various chemical elements decreased during warmer periods, and the interpretation of various abrupt events will be the key to restore systematically various kinds of climatic and environmental information recorded in this ice cap. The records in the Guliya ice cores indicate that climatic wanning which happened in the middle 1980s was one of the most impressive events during the past several decades.

Modern atmospheric environmental records in Guliya Ice Cap of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

Carrying dry and wet deposition records of aerosols in the mid-to upper-troposphereabove northwestern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, the Guliya Ice Core extracted in 1992 at the el-evation of 6 400m on Guliya Ice Cap of western Kunlun Mt. has provided a uniqueopportunity to improve our understanding of atmospheric emvironment in this area. Onthe basis of studies on firn-ice transition of the ice cap, depositional processes

Characteristics of major minerals in volcanic ash in ice core from Collins ice cap, King George Island, Antarctic

COLLINS ice cap is located in King George Island south of Shetland Islands,Antarctic.The icecap is exposed over an area of about 1 300 km^2,amounting to 90% of the island.China na-tional scientific expeditions to the Antarctic studied and investigated Collins ice cap systemati-cally from May to October 1992 when they drilled six ice cores in Low ice dome.Volcano ex-trusion in ice core from Collins ice cap suggested by Dia et al.is favourable for

Cosmogenic^(10)Be dating of the oldest moraine in the Hengduan Mountains

The Hengduan Mountains is in the transitional zone between the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau(QTP)and the YunnanGuizhou Plateau in China,and a key area for elucidating the Quaternary environmental changes in Asia.The paleo-Daocheng ice cap was located on the Shaluli Hilly Plateau in the northeastern Hengduan Mountains,the oldest moraines in the Hengduan Mountains region were found in the ice cap area.Such glacial landforms provide key evidence to study the timing when this area entered the cryosphere with the uplift of the QTP.However,it is difficult to collect suitable glacial boulders from these moraines for traditional terrestrial in-situ cosmogenic nuclide(TCN)exposure dating because of long-term severe moraine degradation.Here,we collected clast samples from the moraine surface and depth profile to constrain the age of the oldest moraine in Kuzhaori(moraine E)using TCN^(10)Be dating technique.The minimum^(10)Be ages of five clast samples from the moraine surface range from 187.4±1.5 to 576.8±4.3 ka,implying that the moraine has been seriously degraded since deposition.Based on the TCN^(10)Be concentrations of the samples from a depth profile and simulations,the exposure-erosion-inheritance history of the profile was obtained.By fitting to the profile^(10)Be concentrations using the chi-square test,the simulations yielded a reliable age of 626.0±52.5 ka for the moraine.Therefore,the oldest moraine(moraine E)in Kuzhaori was most likely formed at about 0.63Ma ago,corresponding to the marine isotope stage(MIS)16.This glaciation represents the maximum Quaternary glaciation after the QTP was elevated into the cryosphere by the Kunlun-Yellow River Tectonic Movement.

Levels and trends of poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic environment-An update

Poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances(PFASs)are important environmental contaminants globally and in the early 2000s they were shown to be ubiquitous contaminants in Arctic wildlife.Previous reviews by Butt et al.and Letcher et al.have covered studies on levels and trends of PFASs in the Arctic that were available to 2009.The purpose of this review is to focus on more recent work,generally published between 2009 and 2018,with emphasis on PFASs of emerging concern such as perfluoroalkyl carboxylates(PFCAs)and short-chain perfluoroalkyl sulfonates(PFSAs)and their precursors.Atmospheric measurements over the period 2006e2014 have shown that fluorotelomer alcohols(FTOHs)as well as perfluorobutanoic acid(PFBA)and perfluoroctanoic acid(PFOA)are the most prominent PFASs in the arctic atmosphere,all with increasing concentrations at Alert although PFOA concentrations declined at the Zeppelin Station(Svalbard).Results from ice cores show generally increasing deposition of PFCAs on the Devon Ice cap in the Canadian arctic while declining fluxes were found in a glacier on Svalbard.An extensive dataset exists for long-term trends of long-chain PFCAs that have been reported in Arctic biota with some datasets including archived samples from the 1970s and 1980s.Trends in PFCAs over time vary among the same species across the North American Arctic,East and West Greenland,and Svalbard.Most long term time series show a decline from higher concentrations in the early 2000s.However there have been recent(post 2010)increasing trends of PFCAs in ringed seals in the Canadian Arctic,East Greenland polar bears and in arctic foxes in Svalbard.Annual biological sampling is helping to determine these relatively short term changes.Rising levels of some PFCAs have been explained by continued emissions of long-chain PFCAs and/or their precursors and inflows to the Arctic Ocean,especially from the North Atlantic.While the effectiveness of biological sampling for temporal trends in long-chain PFCAs and PFSAs has been demonstrated,this does not apply to the C4eC8ePFCAs,perfluorobutane sulfonamide(FBSA),or perfluorobutane sulfonate(PFBS)which are generally present at low concentrations in biota.In addition to air sampling,sampling abiotic media such as glacial cores,and annual sampling of lake waters and seawater would appear to be the best approaches for investigating trends in the less bioaccumulative PFASs.

Two-Dimensional Energy Balance Model and Its Application to Some Climatic Issues

Based on a two-dimensional energy balance model, the studies on some climatic issues such as the re- lationship between ice cap latitude and solar constant, desertifieation, and the warming effect of carbon dioxide, have been reviewed and discussed. The phenomenon that a fixed solar constant might correspond to different equilibrium ice cap latitudes is determined by the continuity of albedo distribution. The disconti- nuity in albedo distribution increases the number of equilibrium ice cap latitudes. Desert would expand both northward and southward when desert surface albedo is increasing. This would deteriorate the ecological environment in border regions, and then threaten the existence of local inhabitants. Melting of the polar ice would not be accelerated, with increasing carbon dioxide concentration. The ice cap latitude would move northward slowly, with some “hiatus” periods, under the slowly increasing global average surface tempera- ture. According to the current research, future development of the two-dimensional energy balance model and possible progress are also forecasted.

2011年第七届亚太天文奥赛实测试题

低年组 1、火星。 给了你7张火星的照片，拍摄于2003年火星大冲时，请根据对火星细节的测量，以表格的形式列出数据，并作一张图，来计算出火星极地冰冠（即极冠，ice cap of polar）的变化速度，以千米／天（km／day）为单位。