Achieving High Soil Fertility, Efficient Fruit Harvesting and Low Carbon Footprint Palm Oil Production in Malaysia

The current palm oil harvesting process removes the whole fruit bunch from the palm with most of the fruit unripe, and takes the whole fruit bunch from the plantation to a processing mill. There are two consequences. This robs the symbiotic palm/soil eco-system of important nutrients and steadily reduces soil fertility. Poor soil fertility is now the limit to palm oil production in peninsular Malaysia despite much use of expensive fertiliser, and weak palms in unhealthy soil are prone to the fungus Ganoderma. Secondly, it takes much energy to remove the fruit from the bunch and the quantity and quality of the oil is less than that of ripe fruit. All this is because ripe fruit—which naturally becomes loose—has been defined as “a problem” in harvesting. This paper proposes covering the fruit bunch in a mesh sack whilst ripening, which prevents ripe fruit naturally from becoming loose being a problem and transforms the whole harvesting process. This allows efficient fruit separation and fruit pressing to be done at the foot of the palm tree with only the oil being removed from the plantation, both simplifying and improving the harvesting process and maintaining the organic fertility cycle, adding value in every respect.

Ecological Structure and Fruit Production of African Fan Palm (<i>Borassus aethiopum</i>) Populations

Ecological structure and fruit production of African fan palm stands in Benin were studied on the basis of surveys laid out in ten (10) populations located in three ecological zones. Dendrometric and fruit production parameters such as: diameter at breast height (dbh), total height (TH), number of fruit bunch per tree, number of fruits per tree, number of seeds per fruit, fruit length and width were measured on all African fan palm trees within thirteen (13) plots of 1,000 m2. Diameter and height classes distribution of the palms in each ecological zone adjusted to Weibull distribution showed a bell shaped curve with left dissymmetry, characteristic of young stands (form coefficient between 1 and 3.6). African fan palm stem number was 156 trees/ha. Variation of dbh, TH, number of fruit bunch per tree were highly significant between populations and ecological zones (P < 0.05%). Trees from Sudanian zone were highly grown (mean dbh = 52.2 cm) while those of Sudano - Guinean transition zone were less (mean dbh = 32.73 cm) and dominated by female trees. African fan palm stands of Pahou is suitable for seed collection for in situ conservation of the species while those of Ouorghi and Akomiah could provide fruits for edible hypocotyls production.

Comparison of ASBR and CSTR reactor for hydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent under thermophilic condition

Hydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent (POME) by Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum PSU-2 was investigated both in batch and continuous reactors using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) and continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR). The hydrogen production determined from batch experiment of POME at an inoculum size of 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% (v/v) was 161, 201, 246 and 296 mL H2/g-COD with COD removal efficiency of 21%, 23%, 23% and 23%, respectively. Continuous hydrogen production was start-up with 30% (v/v) inoculum in both ASBR and CSTR reactors and more than 30% COD removal could be obtained at HRT of 4 days, corresponding to OLR of 11.3 g COD/ L·day. Similar hydrogen production rates of 2.05 and2.16 LH2/L. day were obtained from ASBR and CSTR, respectively. COD removal efficiency of ASBR was 37.7%, while it was 44.8% for CSTR. However, ASBR was stable in term of alkalinity, while the CSTR was stable in term of hydrogen production, soluble metabolites concentration and alkalinity. Therefore, the CSTR was found to be more stable in hydrogen production than ASBR under the same OLR.

Cameroon Green Energy Potentials: Field Survey of Production, Physico-Chemical Analyses of Palm Kernel Oil for Industrial Applications

This paper reports a field survey undertaken to determine the availability of raw material for palm kernel oil commercial production for industrial applications. Both industrial and artisanal wastes from palm kernel oil production were also surveyed as raw material (palm kernel seeds) for green energy production. Results of the field study show that 22% of palm kernel seeds (which represents tons of waste) resulting from palm oil processing plants are dumped while at the artisanal level, 80% of palm kernel seed waste is dumped. Analysis of field study data shows that large amounts of waste palm kernel seeds are available to enable large scale production of palm kernel oil (PKO) for desirable industrial applications in green energy production. The paper also reports on the physical and chemical properties of Cameroon palm kernel oil (PKO). Palm kernel oil was extracted using mechanical press and solvent extraction. The palm kernel oil (PKO) from Cameroon was analyzed by standard physico-chemical methods. Results of the physical measurements show a specific gravity of PKO of 0.92 kg/L, viscosity of 26.03 cSt and at 5.93 cSt at 40°C and 100°C respectively, viscosity index of 185, pour point of 20°C, cloud point of 29°C, flash point of 200°C, aniline point of 105°F, diesel index of 23, cetane number of 27 and ASTM (American Standards for Testing and Materials) color of less than 2.5. Results of chemical analyses showed an acid value of 17.95 mg KOH/g, free fatty acid (FFA) content of 8.98 mg KOH/g, iodine value of 2.10 mg I2/g, peroxide value of 2.10 meq/kg, ester value of 123.0 mg KOH/g, hydroxyl value of 93.4 mg OH/g, saponification value of 140.95 mg KOH/g and a sulfur content of 0.016% w/v, signifying low sulfur content. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed the palm kernel oil to be predominantly made up of glycerides of various fatty acids with higher proportions of C12 to C16 fatty acid residues. Cameroon PKO therefore has a broad spectrum of industrial applications by virtue of its rich physical and chemical properties.

Soil organic matter amendments in date palm groves of the Middle Eastern and North African region:a mini-review

Countries in the Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) region are among the most water-scarce regions in the world, and their dryland soils are usually poor in organic carbon content (<0.5%). In this study, we summarize examples of how people in the few oases of the MENA region overcome environmental challenges by sustainably managing economically important date production. On the basis of the limited studies found in the existing literature, this mini-review focuses on the role of traditional soil organic matter amendments beneath the soil surface as a key tool in land restoration. We conclude that soil organic matter amendments can be very successful in restoring soil water and preventing the soil from salinization.

Research on Status and Development of Oil Palm Industry in the World

The development prospects of the world's oil palm industry,as well as the distribution of oil palm production in the world and the overview of oil palm industry in the main producing countries were discussed,and the harvested area and production of oil palm and the production and import and export of palm oil were analyzed. The results showed that the world's oil palm harvested area showed an increasing trend from 2000 to2016,and the world's oil palm harvested area in 2016 was increased by 103. 18% compared with that in 2000. The world's oil palm fruit production basically increased from 2000 to 2016( only decreased by 1. 45% in 2007 compared to 2006),and the production in 2016 increased by 148. 76%compared with that in 2000. The world's palm oil production increased year by year from 2000 to 2014,and the production 2014 was 157. 89% higher than that in 2000. The world's palm oil import quantity in 2016 increased by 215. 72% compared with that in 2000,and the growth rate exceeded22% every five years. The export quantity of palm oil in 2016 increased by 197. 88% compared with that in 2000,and the growth rate exceeded19% every five years. It is predicted that the world's oil palm harvested area and production will continue to increase in the next five years; the palm oil production will also increase; and the import quantity and export quantity of palm oil will continue to grow. Nigeria has great development potential for oil palm,and its production of oil palm can be increased by updating old oil palm plantations and strengthening management.

Estimation of the Production Cost of Date Fruits of Cultivar Majhoul (<i>Phoenix dactylifera</i>L.) and Evaluation of the Moroccan Competitiveness towards the Major Exporting Regions in the World

The aim of the present study was to estimate the production cost of dates of cv. Majhoul (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as part of the Moroccan strategy to develop the date palm sector, and to compare it to that reported in the main exporting regions. Data were collected through surveys of farmers and farm owners carried out in the “Meski Boudnib” extension zone during 2018 and 2019, as well as from studies performed by some governmental organizations. The surveys were conducted on 30 modern and productive date palm farms, managed in monoculture and equipped with localized irrigation systems. All fixed and variable costs were calculated. It was found, through our calculations, that the subsidies from the Moroccan government reduce the average investment cost of a modern date palm farm by 56%. It was also shown that the production cost of one ton of date fruits of cv. Majhoul in the extension zone “Meski Boudnib” (Morocco) is estimated at about 6060 MAD (US$ 634.5), out of which 28% represents the labor cost and 23% represents mineral and organic fertilization costs. The findings of the present study revealed that the production cost of one ton of cv. Majhoul dates in “Meski Boudnib” is lower than those reported in the Coachella Valley (20,189 MAD/ton;US$ 2114) and the Jordan Valley (10,536 MAD/ton;US$ 1103).

棕榈粕及其发酵饲料在动物生产中的应用进展

棕榈粕是棕榈仁浸提取油后的副产品,具有产量丰富、营养价值高、成本低廉且抗营养因子含量较低的优点。通过微生物发酵技术可以有效降解棕榈粕中的抗营养因子,提高其消化率。文章简介了棕榈粕的生产流程、营养价值及其减量替代豆粕的可行性,主要介绍采取蒸汽闪爆预处理、复合酶处理和微生物发酵处理等方式降解棕榈粕中的β-甘露聚糖与纤维含量,从而提高蛋白质水平,提高棕榈粕的利用率。文章概述了棕榈粕及其发酵饲料在反刍、家禽、猪、水产生物等养殖中的应用研究进展,总结了棕榈粕在不同动物中的推荐添加量,为棕榈粕在动物养殖中的开发与利用提供参考。

PALM EXPO 2015专家调研报告 专业音响设备及技术

基于PALM EXPO 2015上对专业音响设备和技术的调研情况,从传声器、扬声器系统、功率放大器、调音台及周边设备、教育系统等几个方面,通过具有代表性的新产品、新技术的介绍,分析参展产品的总体现状,剖析国内专业音响设备的优劣势,指出了专业音响设备的发展趋势。

PALM EXPO 2014专家调研报告 专业音响设备及技术

基于PALM EXPO 2014上对专业音响设备和技术的调研情况,从传声器、扬声器、功率放大器、调音台及周边、会议系统几个方面,通过具有代表性的新产品、新技术的介绍,分析参展产品的总体现状,剖析国内专业音响设备的优劣势,指出了专业音响设备的发展趋势。

棕榈粕在畜禽生产中的应用

棕榈粕是棕榈仁脱壳榨油后的剩余物,是一种营养物质丰富且价格低廉的饲料原料。由于其含有一定的抗营养因子且粗纤维含量高,动物不易消化吸收,可通过粉碎、高温高压爆破、菌酶复合发酵和微生物发酵等方法降低其纤维及抗营养因子含量。经发酵后的棕榈粕具有适口性好和预防疾病的优点,并能够提高动物的消化率和生产性能。文章主要阐述了棕榈粕的特点、营养及抗营养特性,结合前人研究分析了棕榈粕及其发酵饲料在猪、反刍动物、家禽和水产动物养殖中的实际应用情况,对动物生产性能、血清生化指标等方面的影响,缓解饲料中抗营养因子作用以及作为非常规饲料原料替代玉米和豆粕的可行性,为棕榈粕及其发酵饲料在畜禽生产中的应用提供参考。

棕榈壳热解失重特性及动力学研究

采用热重-红外联用（TG-FTIR）、裂解-气相色谱/质谱联用（Py-GC/MS）技术和小型固定床装置,考察了棕榈壳的热解失重过程和产物特性,并进一步评价了热解半焦的气化反应性。结果表明：棕榈壳热解失重过程大致分为干燥（25-236℃,3.42%）、主失重（236-400℃,52.31%）和炭化（400-850℃,14.90%）3个阶段,1.5级或2级反应可以较好描述棕榈壳热解反应的主失重过程;升温速率10-30 K/min下,反应表观活化能为67.63-76.47 k J/mol;热解过程主要气体产物的释放量顺序分别为CO2、H2O、CH4和CO;600-850℃下,棕榈壳主要热解产物为液相产物,其质量产率36.8%-50.9%,能量产率41.3%-58.9%,主要组分包括苯酚、乙酸、十八烷酸、十六烷酸、4-烯丙基-2,6-二甲氧基苯酚等物质,其中苯酚GC含量较高（12.56%-15.49%）,这可能主要与原料木质素的含量较高有关;固相产物的质量和能量产率分别为20.6%-26.7%和27.4%-35.0%,其CO2气化反应性相对低于稻秆、木粉等常见生物质。

棕榈油基可生物降解润滑剂的制备

为制备可生物降解的润滑剂,该文以棕榈油为原料制备三羟甲基丙烷三酯,用气相内标法测定三酯的生成率。通过响应面优化后,三酯的生成率最高为88.75%,经分子蒸馏后,三酯的纯度为98.6%,结构经红外光谱和质谱表征。以分子蒸馏后的产品为基础油,PB-1300(聚异丁烯)、T803B(聚α-烯烃)、BHT(2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚)和司苯-80(山梨糖醇单甘油酯)为添加剂,复配得到成品润滑剂。该润滑剂除低温性能与抗氧化能力较差外,具有很好的黏温性能和安全稳定性、无毒且易生物降解。

棕纤维材料特性及床芯生产工艺

棕纤维床垫是一种以棕纤维为主体材料,采用胶黏剂使其相互粘连,使棕纤维之间的交点成网状,从而形成胶点胶结的多孔结构和具有一定弹性的床芯,再在其表面覆以面料制成的床垫。它具有绿色环保、通爽透气、软硬适中等特点,深受消费者喜爱。笔者通过实验分析了棕纤维的材料特性,并在总结生产经验的基础上,归纳出棕纤维床芯生产工艺流程,为进一步深入研究打下基础。

红棕油对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及蛋黄着色效果的影响

为研究饲粮中添加红棕油对蛋鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质、蛋黄着色效果的影响,试验将80羽50周龄海兰褐蛋鸡随机分为4组,分别为对照组、1%、2%和3%红棕油组。试验期为10周。结果表明:1%、2%红棕油组的哈氏单位以及1%、2%、3%红棕油组的蛋黄颜色均高于对照组(P<0.05);红棕油组蛋黄叶黄素、玉米黄素和总类胡萝卜素含量均高于对照组(P<0.05),呈剂量依赖关系,分别较对照组提高18%~60%、23%~84%和61%~95%。2%、3%红棕油组蛋黄β-胡萝卜素含量分别较对照组提高1.7%和2.2%(P<0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加一定比例的红棕油可以改善蛋品质,并且有效的提高蛋黄颜色,增加蛋黄中类胡萝卜素的含量,从而提高鸡蛋的营养价值。

单甘酯对棉籽油和棕榈硬脂酯交换体系结晶性质的影响

研究不同油酸单甘酯添加量对棉籽油和棕榈硬脂(质量比50:50)酶催化酯交换产物结晶性质的影响。结果表明:添加2%和5%的油酸甘油酯,酯交换产物的固体脂肪含量(SFC)与熔点基本不发生变化,添加量增大到10%,体系的SFC与熔点略有下降;添加不同量的油酸甘油酯,均使酯交换产物结晶温度发生变化,其中低熔点组分对应的峰温度随添加量增加而增大,高熔点组分对应的峰温度随添加量增大而下降;添加2%的油酸单甘酯对酯交换产物的成核速率和结晶速率不存在影响;添加不同量的油酸单甘酯后,酯交换产物中β′晶形比例下降,下降程度与添加量成负相关。

日粮中加入棕榈粕对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响

研究旨在探讨棕榈粕替代部分奶牛日粮中的混合精料对奶牛生产性能和经济效益的影响。试验选用32头体重(623±23)kg、产奶量(27.0±2.3)kg、处于泌乳中后期的荷斯坦奶牛,随机分为4组,每组8头。对照组中不添加棕榈粕,处理A组添加棕榈粕14.3%,B组添加32.3%,C组添加44.3%。试验周期为8周。结果表明:A组奶牛产奶量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);A、B、C组奶牛乳成分指标均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),A组奶牛对干物质(DM)、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率均显著高于其他各组(P<0.05);A组奶牛的经济效益显著高于其他各组(P<0.05)。研究表明,在奶牛日粮中添加14.3%的棕榈粕能够提高产奶量,提高营养物质表观消化率,提高经济效益。

油棕的综合利用

叙述了油棕的主要产品棕榈油在餐饮业、食品制造业和工业上的应用,以及油棕副产品、油棕树的树叶、树干等的利用状态,并对油棕的综合利用进行了展望。

6个引进油棕品种农艺性状评价

油棕(Elaeis guineensis Jacq.)是世界上产油效率最高的热带木本油料作物之一,享有“世界油王”之称。缺少自主选育的优良品种是限制我国油棕产业发展的主要因素之一,为选育适应我国栽培的油棕品种并对优良育种材料提供参考,对6个引自哥斯达黎加的油棕品种的植株生长、果穗、果实、产油量等性状进行观测与综合分析。结果表明:种植4年后,6个品种植株的自然高度为3.45~4.78 m,冠幅为5.28~6.11 m,茎高为81.50~105.00 cm,叶片总数为32.50~41.50片/株,叶片长度为332.25~391.75 cm,新增叶数为18.00~22.50片/(株·年),其中2号和5号品种的植株相对较矮小;6个品种均属于中小果且为薄壳类型,其中1号品种的幼果为绿色,且成熟果穗中有30%~75%的果实没有核果(无籽),3号品种的幼果有绿色和黑色,其他品种的幼果均为黑色;6个品种的果穗数为8.48~13.31串/(株·年),果肉/果实比重为73.65%~83.50%,果实/果穗比重为53.45%~59.21%、果肉出油率为47.92%~54.10%、果穗出油率为20.83%~24.93%,具有高产的潜力。主成分分析结果表明,6个品种间在第一主成分无明显分离,层次聚类和热图可视化了6个品种植株农艺性状指标的聚类情况。6个品种综合相关性分析表明,单株产油量与果穗性状、果实性状和果穗出油率呈极显著正相关,这些指标可作为产油量鉴定指标,为未来油棕高产选育提供基础。

广东葵树博览园体验性旅游项目设计研究

体验性项目设计是主题公园旅游规划的重要一环,结合实地考察,分析广东葵树博览园内旅游项目设计存在的重观赏性轻参与性、功能分区设计不合理和游览路线缺乏科学性等问题,提出完善园内旅游项目相关设计的辅助体验、设计参与性强的深度体验项目和重视葵文化纪念品的延伸体验设计等建议。