蒲黄总黄酮对Palmitate培养下的C2C12骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖代谢的影响

目的:探讨蒲黄总黄酮(PTF)对骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖代谢的影响。方法:PTF处理棕榈酸(Palmitate)诱导而致胰岛素抵抗(IR)的C2C12骨骼肌细胞,采用XTT法观察药物对细胞活性的影响;通过检测培养液中的葡萄糖含量反映葡萄糖消耗量;3H-葡萄糖摄入法观察细胞对葡萄糖的转运率。结果:0.25mmol/LPalmitate培养16h,造成C2C12骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖消耗量下降34.66%,0.5g/LPTF可使其葡萄糖消耗量显著增加,且呈一定的时间依赖效应,与罗格列酮(ROS)相比,统计学差异显著(P<0.05);0.25mmol/LPalmi-tate培养16h,使C2C12骨骼肌细胞葡萄糖摄取率下降30.43%,造成骨骼肌细胞胰岛素抵抗(IR)模型,0.5g/LPTF可使IR模型葡萄糖转运率增加32.39%,ROS可使其转运率增加45.88%,与模型组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:PTF能显著增加C2C12骨骼肌细胞的葡萄糖消耗和摄取,这可能是PTF改善骨骼肌IR的机制之一。

茉莉花PAL基因家族的多基因组鉴定与表达分析

为深入探究茉莉花PAL基因家族的功能及在香气成分形成中的作用,本研究以福州单瓣茉莉花、双瓣茉莉花和重瓣茉莉花基因组数据为基础,利用生物信息学方法及实时荧光定量PCR技术,对JsPAL基因家族进行多基因组分析。结果表明,在单瓣茉莉花、双瓣茉莉花和重瓣茉莉花全基因组中分别鉴定出4个、1个和4个PAL家族基因,JsPAL家族成员均具有丙氨酸-丝氨酸-甘氨酸(Ala-Ser-Gly)组成的三肽活性中心。共线性分析发现单瓣茉莉花、重瓣茉莉花和拟南芥的PAL基因间的共线性关系与双瓣茉莉花相比更强;系统发育树分析结果显示,JsPAL基因家族分布在2个亚家族中。JsPAL基因启动子区域存在大量与胁迫响应、激素响应、光响应和植物生长相关的顺式调控元件。荧光定量分析结果表明,JsPAL在茉莉花组织中存在特异性表达,多数JsPAL在花中的相对表达量高于其他组织;大多数JsPAL基因在福州单瓣茉莉花中的相对表达量高于双瓣茉莉花;福州单瓣茉莉花中SP_JsPAL2、SP_JsPAL4、MP_JsPAL1和MP_JsPAL3在其花朵预开放期(F3)的相对表达量显著高于其他时期,双瓣茉莉花中DP_JsPAL1在F3阶段的相对表达量也较高;SP_JsPAL1和SP_JsPAL2与2-苯乙醇和苯乙醛含量呈显著正相关,其中SP_JsPAL1还与苯甲醛含量呈显著正相关。说明,JsPAL可能在茉莉花的发育中起重要作用,SP_JsPAL2、SP_JsPAL4、MP_JsPAL1、MP_JsPAL3和DP_JsPAL1可能对福州单瓣茉莉花、双瓣茉莉花的香气成分形成具有重要的调控作用,SP_JsPAL1可能对福州单瓣茉莉鲜灵香气的形成具有重要作用。

柳叶蜡梅PAL基因家族的鉴定及表达分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)是苯丙烷代谢的关键限速酶,在调节植物胁迫应答和生长发育方面发挥重要作用。为明确PAL基因家族在柳叶蜡梅生长发育中的功能,本研究系统分析了PAL基因家族成员的理化特征、顺式作用元件、系统发育树、保守基序、染色体定位及共线性关系,并比较了它们在不同组织、叶和花不同时期及不同激素处理下的表达模式。结果显示,7个柳叶蜡梅CsPAL家族基因锚定于5条染色体上,编码413~768个氨基酸,分为2个亚族,与腊梅CpPAL蛋白亲缘关系较近,存在基因复制现象。CsPAL家族基因启动子区域富集大量激素响应与胁迫应答的顺式元件。CsPAL家族基因在柳叶蜡梅不同组织、叶和花不同生长阶段及ABA、MeJA处理下呈现差异表达,CsPAL6在叶中高表达,受ABA、MeJA诱导,与黄酮物质在叶和花不同时期的减少相一致,推测可能与黄酮物质的合成有关。研究结果为将来研究CsPAL基因家族在黄酮生物合成中的功能提供了理论参考。

茶树PAL、C4H与4CL基因家族的全基因组鉴定及表达分析

【目的】分析茶树PAL、C4H和4CL基因家族成员的基本特征,探索它们与苯乙醇樱草糖苷含量性状之间的因果关系,对于深入研究PAL、C4H和4CL基因家族在茶树上的生物学功能具有重要意义。【方法】基于生物信息学方法及转录组测序技术,分析PAL、C4H和4CL基因成员在茶树基因组中的分布、理化性质、基因结构、系统发育关系、启动子顺式作用元件与表达特性,以及探索茶树PAL、C4H和4CL基因成员在苯乙醇樱草糖苷含量差异显著的茶树新品系(高糖苷和低糖苷品系)新梢中的表达差异。【结果】7个CsPAL、4个CsC4H与4个Cs4CL基因分布在9条染色体上。所有CsPAL均只有1个内含子;除CsC4H4外,其他CsC4H成员均含有2个内含子;Cs4CL成员均含有多个内含子。系统进化分析表明,它们与杨树PAL、C4H和4CL蛋白的亲缘关系较近。基因结构和保守基序分析显示,亲缘关系较近的基因,其基因结构和保守基序的组成也较为相似。启动子顺式作用元件预测发现,CsPAL、CsC4H与Cs4CL基因成员的启动子区域内含有多种顺式元件,包括逆境胁迫响应、生长发育相关以及激素响应等多种顺式元件。转录组分析发现,大多数CsPAL、CsC4H与Cs4CL的成员表现为组织特异性表达,且会受到激素、低温、干旱及高盐的诱导。CsPAL7、CsC4H4与Cs4CL3在苯乙醇樱草糖苷含量明显差异的品系中存在表达差异,CsPAL7在高糖苷品系中的表达量要大于低糖苷品系,CsC4H4与Cs4CL3在低糖苷品系中的表达量均显著高于高糖苷品系,推测这3个家族基因的表达可能对茶树新梢中苯乙醇樱草糖苷的形成起不同的作用。【结论】本研究为PAL、C4H和4CL基因的功能分析提供了有用的信息,其家族成员可作为茶树分子育种的候选基因。

Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Sn-2 Palmitate: A Review

Human milk fat(HMF)is an important source of nutrients and energy for infants.Triacylglycerols(TAGs)account for about 98%of HMF and have a unique molecular structure.HMF is highly enriched in palmitic acid(PA)at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone(more than 70%)and in unsaturated fatty acids at the sn-1,3 position.The specific TAG structure in HMF plays a valuable function in infant growth.Sn-2 palmitate(mainly 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol)is one of the structured TAGs that is commonly supplemented into infant formula in order to enable it to present a similar structure to HMF.In this review,the development of the lipase-catalyzed synthesis of sn-2 palmitate over the last 25 years are summarized,with a focus on reaction schemes in a laboratory setting.Particular attention is also paid to the commercialized sn-1,3 regioselective lipases that are used in structured TAGs synthesis,to general methods of TAG analysis,and to successfully developed sn-2 palmitate products on the market.Prospects for the lipase-catalyzed synthesis of sn-2 palmitate are discussed.

PAL联合思维导图教学法在血液科体格检查临床教学中的应用

目的 探索同伴互助教学(peer-assisted learning,PAL)联合思维导图教学法在血液科体格检查中的教学效果。方法 选择苏州大学附属第三医院2022年1月—2023年3月117名临床医学生作为研究对象,随机分为3组,对照组行传统教学法,试验组1行PAL教学法,试验组2行PAL联合思维导图教学法,每组学生各39名,对3组学生进行不同方式的体格检查教学,教学完成后进行理论知识考核、操作考核和问卷调查。结果 3组间比较,学生在理论知识考核、操作考核以及问卷调查方面的差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05);与对照组比较,试验组1和试验组2的各项得分均更具优势,其中试验组2的成绩优于试验组1,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 PAL联合思维导图教学法有助于体格检查技能的掌握和临床思维能力的培养,能够有效提高教学质量。

基于FPGA的PAL图像数据解码与传输设计

为了满足地面监控设备将视频数据快速上传至存储设备的需求,解决图像传感器输出PAL制信号的模拟解码和数据传输的问题,设计了基于FPGA的PAL数据输入、网络接口输出的硬件模块。通过解码器将PAL模拟信号转换为并行数字信号,并在FPGA端将输入数据进行奇偶场数据缓存,通过乒乓操作实现隔行转逐行的视频输出。同时在FPGA内部采用调用MAC软核的方式在UDP协议上增加重传机制和异步FIFO,实现数据的网络传输。

Repression of PKR mediates palmitate-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells through regulation of Bcl-2

The present study shows that double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase （PKR） regulates the protein expres- sion level and phosphorylation of Bcl-2 and plays an anti-apoptotic role in human hepatocellular carcinoma ceils （HepG2）. In various types of cells, saturated free fatty acids （FFAs）, such as palmitate, have been shown to induce cellular apoptosis by several mechanisms. Palmitate down-regulates the activity of PKR and thereby decreases the level of Bcl-2 protein, mediated in part by reduced activation of the NF-KB transcription factor. In addition to the level of Bel-2 protein, the phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at different amino acid residues, such as Ser70 and Ser87, is also important in regulating cellular apoptosis. The decrease in the phosphorylatiou of Bcl-2 at Ser70 upon exposure to palmitate is mediated by inhibition of PKR and possibly by c-Jun N-terminal kinase （JNK）, whereas the phosphory- lation of Bcl-2 at Ser87 is unaffected by palmitate or PKR. In summary, PKR mediates the regulation of the protein level and the phosphorylation status of Bel-2, providing a novel mechanism of palmitate-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

Reaction kinetics of isopropyl palmitate synthesis

In this study, the kinetics of isopropyl palmitate synthesis including the reaction mechanism was studied based on the two-step noncatalytic method. The liquid-phase diffusion effect on the reaction process was eliminated by adjusting the stirring rate. The results showed that the two-step reaction followed a tetrahedral mechanism and conformed to second-order reaction kinetics. Nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl carbon afforded an intermediate, containing a tetrahedral carbon center. The intermediate ultimately decomposed by elimination of the leaving group, affording isopropyl palmitate. The experimental data were analyzed at different temperatures by the integral method. The kinetic equations of the each step were deduced, and the activation energy and frequency factor were obtained. Experiments were performed to verify the feasibility of kinetic equations, and the result showed that the kinetic equations were reliable. This study could be very signi ficant to both industrial application and determining the continuous production of isopropyl palmitate.

海藻酸钙固定化重组暗紫贝母PAL蛋白

利用IPTG诱导含暗紫贝母(Fritillaria unibracteata)苯丙氨酸解氨酶FuPAL-pET28a的重组大肠杆菌BL21菌株,经Ni2+亲和层析与质谱鉴定获得纯度较高的FuPAL重组蛋白。以海藻酸钙凝胶为固定化介质,包埋FuPAL重组蛋白。单因素考察试验与统计学分析结果表明,海藻酸钠质量分数、CaCl_(2)浓度、固定化时间、海藻酸钠与酶质量比影响固定化酶的活性,它们的最优条件分别为3.5%、1g/L、4 h与40 000:1。进一步采用L9(3~4)正交试验设计,确定影响因素的重要性从高到低依次为CaCl_(2)浓度、海藻酸钠质量分数、固定化时间、海藻酸钠与酶质量比,最佳的固定化条件是CaCl_(2)浓度为2 g/L,海藻酸钠质量分数为4%,固定化时间为3 h,海藻酸钠与酶质量比为40 000:1。在该优化工艺条件下,制备的固定化酶凝胶颗粒呈较好的圆整性和均一性,相对酶活力达到最高,为68.53%。该固定化方法具有试验成本低、工艺流程简单、反应条件温和的特点,应用前景较好,并为固定化FuPAL蛋白的制备优化提供了重要的理论基础。

HPLC Quantification of Dexamethasone Palmitate in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid of Rat after Lung Delivery with Large Porous Particles

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for the determination of dexamethasone palmitate (DXP) in bronchoalveolar fluid lavage samples (BALF). DXP in rat BALFs containing the internal standard (IS), testosterone decanoate (TD), was extracted using a mixture of chloroform and methanol (9:1, v/v). Extracts were then centrifuged, dried and dissolved in acetonitrile. A chromatographic separation based on an isocratic elution was done using acetonitrile and water (85:15, v/v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min. The graph of the developed method was linear within the tested calibration range of 0.5 - 40 μg/mL. The overall extraction recovery of DXP from BALF samples was 84.3% ± 1.6%. The accuracy (relative error) and precision (coefficient of variation) values were within the pre-defined limits of ≤15% at all concentrations. This methodology has been applied to determine levels of DXP in BALF samples collected from rats treated with DXP large porous particles. The measured concentrations were successfully evaluated using a non-compartment pharmacokinetic model. Since the developed method requires only a microvolume (100 μL) of BALF sample for analysis, it is therefore particularly suitable for the evaluation of drug biodistribution in lung.

Microencapsulation by Spray Drying of Vitamin A Palmitate from Oil to Powder and Its Application in Topical Delivery System

Vitamin A palmitate (VAP) contains retinol and palmitic acid which is easily absorbed by body and widely used in skin care products. But, it is a hydrophobic and oxidation sensitive molecule which undergoes rapid degradation especially in an aqueous environment. The purpose of this study was to prepare microcapsules of VAP using combination maltodextrin and modified starches. Emulsion of VAP was prepared using cremophore RH 40 with Tween 80 in a homogenizer and formed emulsion was spray-dried. The spray process was optimized using a central composite design for two variables to obtain microcapsules with desirable characteristics. Microcapsules containing 30% of VAP were produced using different concentration of wall materials. The prepared microcapsules were evaluated for their physical, morphological, in-vitro drug release and SEM study. The results showed that obtained microcapsules are nearly spherical in shape with a particle size ranged from 1 to 12 μm. The drug content and encapsulation efficiency (53% - 63%) of different batches were found within acceptable range. These stabilized drug loaded microcapsules were incorporated into silicone cream based formulation for convenient topical application and evaluated for its physicochemical parameters. The drug release study showed 80.18% to 83.43% of drug release from VAP microcapsules while topical formulations prepared by VAP microcapsules showed 67.09% to 71.45% drug release at the end of 24 hrs. The formulations were kept for 3 months stability study as per ICH guidelines and found to be stable.

Effects of methyl palmitate and lutein on LPS-induced acute lung injury in rats

AIM: To investigate the effects of methyl palmitate and lutein on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced acute lung injury(ALI) in rats and explore the possible mechanisms. METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups:(1) control;(2) LPS;(3) Methyl palmitate; and(4) Lutein groups. Methyl palmitate(300 mg/kg, ip) was administered 3 times per week on alternating days while lutein(100 mg/kg, oral) was given once daily. After 1 wk of vehicle/methyl palmitate/lutein treatment, ALI was induced by a single dose of LPS(7.5 mg/kg, iv). After 24 h of LPS injection, animals were sacrificed then biochemical parameters and histopathology were assessed. RESULTS: Treatment with methyl palmitate attenuated ALI, as it significantly decreased the lung wet/dry weight(W/D) ratio, the accumulation of the inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF) andhistopathological damage. However, methyl palmitate failed to decrease lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity in BALF. On the other hand, lutein treatment produced significant anti-inflammatory effects as revealed by significant decrease in accumulation of inflammatory cells in lung, LDH level in BALF and histopathological damage. Methyl palmitate and lutein significantly increased superoxide dismutase(SOD) and reduced glutathione(GSH) activities with significant decrease in the lung malondialdehyde(MDA) content. Importantly, methyl palmitate and lutein decreased the level of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α) in the lung. Lutein also reduced LPS-mediated overproduction of pulmonary nitrite/nitrate(NO-2/NO-3), which was not affected by methyl palmitate pretreatment. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate the potent protective effects of both methyl palmitate and lutein against LPS-induced ALI in rats. These effects can be attributed to potent antioxidant activities of these agents, which suppress inflammatory cell infiltration and regulated cytokine effects.

Paliperidone palmitate-induced facial angioedema:A case report

BACKGROUND Paliperidone palmitate is a once-monthly injectable,atypical antipsychotic.To our knowledge,there has been only one report of paliperidone palmitate-induced angioedema presenting with acute laryngeal edema with subsequent respiratory arrest.Here,we present a case report of paliperidone palmitate-induced angioedema with a relatively mild clinical presentation compared with the previously reported case,and the patient's condition was not complicated by lifethreatening anaphylaxis.CASE SUMMARY A 79-year-old female,who had a major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease with behavioral disturbances.Paliperidone palmitate was offlabel used to control her aggression,irritability,and psychosis.After induction doses(150 mg and 100 mg intramuscularly,given 1 wk apart),she developed intermittent swelling of the face,eyelids,and lips on day 17 after the initial dose,and the edema was explicitly seen on day 20.The diagnosis was paliperidone palmitate-induced angioedema.The monthly injection dose was discontinued on day 33 after the initial dose.The angioedema was subsequently alleviated,and it had completely resolved by day 40 after the initial dose.CONCLUSION Paliperidone palmitate-induced angioedema is a rare condition and can present with a mild,intermittent facial edema,which may be overlooked in clinical practice.

Dihydroartemisinin ameliorates palmitate-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via regulation on miR-133b/Sirt1 axis

Excessive fat ectopically deposited in the non-adipose tissues is considered as one of the leading causes of myopathy.The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Dihydroartemisinin(DHA)in palmitate(PAL)-incubated H9c2 cells(lipotoxicity-induced cell injury model).Cell viability of PAL-treated cells was determined by MTT assay,and apoptotic regulators were examined by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis,in the absence or in the presence of DHA,respectively.Expression levels of miR-133b and Sirt1 were also evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting examination.PAL decreased the viability of H9c2 cells and enhanced the expression of apoptotic genes.DHA reversed the effect of PAL on cell viability and lowed the level of Caspase3 and Bax.It also lowered the expression of miR-133b,while enhanced the expression of Bcl-2.Sirt1 was revealed as target of miR-133b through transcriptional regulation and the process was affected by DHA.DHA partially protected against the PAL-induced lipotoxicity by influencing the expression of miR-133b that hindered the activity of Sirt1.DHA may be used as a potential treatment in clinical management for lipotoxicity induced heart complications.

Development and Application of a Validated HPLC Method for the Determination of Clindamycin Palmitate Hydrochloride in Marketed Drug Products: An Optimization of the Current USP Methodology for Assay

A simple efficient isocratic reversed-phase HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride (CPH) and its commercially available oral solution products. Separation was achieved on a Phenomenex Zorbax (Luna) cyano column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) with a Phenomenex cyano guard cartridge (4 × 3.0 mm) on Agilent 1050 series HPLC system. CPH and its resolution standard lincomycin were eluted isocratically at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with a simplified mobile phase (potassium phosphate buffer (5 mM, pH 3.0)—acetonitrile—tetrahydrofuran (20:75:5, v/v/v)) and detected at 210 nm. The column was maintained at 25?C. The method was validated according to USP category I requirements. Robustness and forced degradation studies were also conducted. CPH marketed drug products were obtained from a drug distributor and assayed for potency using the validated method. Validation acceptance criteria were met in all cases. The analytical range for CPH was 15 - 500 μg/mL and the linearity was r2 > 0.999 over three days. The method was determined to be specific and robust. Both accuracy (92.0% - 103.8%) and precision (0.67% - 1.52%) were established across the analytical range for low, intermediate and high QC concentrations. Method applicability was demonstrated by analyzing two marketed products of CPH, in which results showed potency >98%. The method was determined to be an enhancement over the current USP methodology for assay as a result of increased efficiency, reduced organic solvents and the elimination of matrix modifiers. This method was successfully applied for the quality assessment of: 1) currently marketed drug products and 2) will in future assess the product quality of novel dosage forms of CPH for pediatric use.

Process Improvement on the Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Oleyl Palmitate, a Wax Ester via Response Surface Methodology （RSM）

High performance enzymatic synthesis of oleyl palmitate, a wax ester was carried out by lipase-catalyzed esterification of palmitic acid and oleyl alcohol. Response surface methodology （RSM） based on 5-level, 3-variable of centre composite rotatable design （CCRD） was used to evaluate the interactive effects of synthesis, of temperature （40-60 ℃）; amount of enzyme （0.1-0.4 g） and substrate molar ratio of oleyl alcohol to palmitic acid （1：1-4：1） on the percentage yield of wax ester. All reactions were fixed at 1 hour of reaction time. The optimum condition obtained from RSM for the reactions were temperature of 57.9 ℃, enzyme amount of 0.26 g and molar ratio of substrates of 2.92. The actual experimental yield was 91.2% under the optimum condition, which compared well with the maximum predicted value of 92.0%. Comparison of predicted and experimental values reveal good correspondence between them, implying that empirical models derived from RSM can be used to adequately describe the relationship between the factors and response in the synthesis of oleyl palmitate.

PAL联合PBL教学法在急诊实习护生中的应用效果

目的探讨一种以学生为中心的教学方法(peer-assisted learning,PAL)与基于问题学习方法(problem-based learning,PBL)相结合的双轨教学模式在急诊实习护生中的应用。方法抽取2023年9月到2024年1月在海军军医大学第一附属医院长海医院急诊科急诊实习的84名护生为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为研究组和对照组,每组42名。研究组采用PAL联合PBL教学模式,对照组采用传统排班式带教方法,课程结束后通过急诊理论知识考核和实践操作评分标准进行考核及问卷调查方法评价教学方法。结果研究组实习护生的理论及操作考核成绩明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。研究组实习护生的自主学习能力和适应性明显高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论PAL联合PBL的教学方式有助于提升实习护生的理论知识和实践成绩、自主学习能力及实习生的适应性,提高急诊教学质量。

基于PAL的留学生混合式教学研究

为了提高国际留学生的教学产出,针对国际留学生学习特点,适当调整教学目标,将知识目标、能力目标、素质目标并重,开展线上线下混合式教学,有效拓展了教学资源。开展基于PAL的互助式同伴教学法,将形成性考核和结果考核并重改革留学生的考核方法,最终使得课程目标有效达成,提高了针对留学生的教学产出。

马铃薯PAL基因家族的全基因组鉴定及其在非生物胁迫下和块茎花色素苷合成中的表达分析

苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanin ammonia-lyase,PAL)是苯丙烷代谢途径的限速酶和关键酶,在植物生长发育过程中发挥着重要作用。本研究在马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)全基因组水平下,利用BlastP和HMM 3.1鉴定到8个PAL基因家族成员,利用ExPASy、CELLO、PlantCARE等在线工具,对PAL基因家族成员的进行生物信息学分析。利用PGSC数据库下载的RNA-seq数据,分析了StPALs在双单倍体(DM)马铃薯不同组织部位和非生物胁迫下的表达模式。对3个不同颜色马铃薯块茎组织(皮和肉)进行RNA-seq,以及利用3个不同颜色块茎杂交子代的薯肉进行qPCR分析。结果表明,8个StPALs分布在3、5、9和10号染色体上,它们与烟草(Nicotiana tabacum)PAL的亲缘关系较近。StPAL基因成员的启动子区域内含有多个顺式元件,包括光响应、逆境胁迫响应、激素响应、生长发育相关和转录因子调控的多种顺式元件。StPAL2在匍匐茎中特异表达,StPAL3/5/8在块茎和匍匐茎中特异表达,StPAL3在甘露醇处理下下调表达,StPAL3和StPAL8在热胁迫中上调表达。它们可能参与了马铃薯块茎的发育和非生物胁迫响应。5个StPALs(StPAL3/4/5/6/8)基因在彩色薯肉中均上调表达,可能参与马铃薯薯肉中花色素苷的生物合成。这些结果为进一步了解StPAL基因家族特征,深入分析StPALs基因在马铃薯中的功能提供了理论依据。