Physics Guided Deep Learning-Based Model for Short-Term Origin–Destination Demand Prediction in Urban Rail Transit Systems Under Pandemic

Accurate origin–destination(OD)demand prediction is crucial for the efficient operation and management of urban rail transit(URT)systems,particularly during a pandemic.However,this task faces several limitations,including real-time availability,sparsity,and high-dimensionality issues,and the impact of the pandemic.Consequently,this study proposes a unified framework called the physics-guided adaptive graph spatial–temporal attention network(PAG-STAN)for metro OD demand prediction under pandemic conditions.Specifically,PAG-STAN introduces a real-time OD estimation module to estimate real-time complete OD demand matrices.Subsequently,a novel dynamic OD demand matrix compression module is proposed to generate dense real-time OD demand matrices.Thereafter,PAG-STAN leverages various heterogeneous data to learn the evolutionary trend of future OD ridership during the pandemic.Finally,a masked physics-guided loss function(MPG-loss function)incorporates the physical quantity information between the OD demand and inbound flow into the loss function to enhance model interpretability.PAG-STAN demonstrated favorable performance on two real-world metro OD demand datasets under the pandemic and conventional scenarios,highlighting its robustness and sensitivity for metro OD demand prediction.A series of ablation studies were conducted to verify the indispensability of each module in PAG-STAN.

The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Mother-Infant Bond: A Systematic Review

Background: The healthy bond that develops prenatally between the mother and her infant is important for the neuropsychological development and development of the child. In stressful situations and mental disorders, the development of this bond is inhibited. With this study, an attempt is made to investigate whether the COVID-19 pandemic affected the development of the mother-infant bond. Methods: We have searched in the databases, PubMed, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, from July to October 2023 and we have found 18 related articles. Results: Most studies supported a lower mother-infant attachment during the pandemic period. We also found increased rates of depressive symptoms, anxiety and post-traumatic stress during the pandemic. Conclusions: The period of the pandemic and the psychological factors were the right conditions for the reduced development of the mother-infant bond. In epidemiological outbreaks, the mental health of the mother and her relationship with the infant should be a priority for perinatal care professionals.

The Performance of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Various Viral Pneumonia Pandemics: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

Objective: To compare the effects of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and routine mechanical ventilation on mortality and the risk of associated adverse events in patients with severe viral pneumonia. Methods: PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and other databases were searched to collect case-control or cohort studies on prognoses associated with ECMO treatment for viral pneumonia. Search terms included extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ECMO, viral pneumonia, COVID-19, influenza, MERS, and others. According to the PICOS principle, two evaluators independently screened the literature, extracted the data, cross-checked the data, and extracted the data again. Two researchers evaluated the risk of bias in the included studies according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and cross-checked the results. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan 5.3 software. Results: Nine studies were included for analysis, encompassing a total of 4,330 patients, which were categorized into ECMO and CMV groups. There were no significant differences between the two groups in most baseline data;however, the ECMO group had a lower oxygenation index, and some studies reported higher SOFA scores in the ECMO group compared to the CMV group. There was no significant difference in in-hospital mortality between the two groups. The length of ICU stay, total hospital stay, and total mechanical ventilation time were longer in the ECMO group than in the CMV group. In terms of adverse events, there was no significant difference in the occurrence of kidney injury between the two groups. Bleeding events were reported in two studies, with more bleeding events occurring in the ECMO group. According to the subgroup analysis of different virus types, there were no statistical differences in the above aspects among patients with swine flu, novel coronavirus, and MERS. Conclusion: ECMO has a certain degree of positive significance in the treatment of severe viral pneumonia, but there is no significant difference in the treatment outcome of ECMO across different epidemic periods. The timing of ECMO treatment, patient management, and withdrawal evaluation still need further research.

Healthcare providers’perspectives on factors influencing their critical care decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic:An international pilot survey

BACKGROUND Understanding a patient's clinical status and setting priorities for their care are two aspects of the constantly changing process of clinical decision-making.One analytical technique that can be helpful in uncertain situations is clinical judgment.Clinicians must deal with contradictory information,lack of time to make decisions,and long-term factors when emergencies occur.AIM To examine the ethical issues healthcare professionals faced during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic and the factors affecting clinical decision-making.METHODS This pilot study,which means it was a preliminary investigation to gather information and test the feasibility of a larger investigation was conducted over 6 months and we invited responses from clinicians worldwide who managed patients with COVID-19.The survey focused on topics related to their professional roles and personal relationships.We examined five core areas influencing critical care decision-making:Patients'personal factors,family-related factors,informed consent,communication and media,and hospital administrative policies on clinical decision-making.The collected data were analyzed using theχ2 test for categorical variables.RESULTS A total of 102 clinicians from 23 specialties and 17 countries responded to the survey.Age was a significant factor in treatment planning(n=88)and ventilator access(n=78).Sex had no bearing on how decisions were made.Most doctors reported maintaining patient confidentiality regarding privacy and informed consent.Approximately 50%of clinicians reported a moderate influence of clinical work,with many citing it as one of the most important factors affecting their health and relationships.Clinicians from developing countries had a significantly higher score for considering a patient's financial status when creating a treatment plan than their counterparts from developed countries.Regarding personal experiences,some respondents noted that treatment plans and preferences changed from wave to wave,and that there was a rapid turnover of studies and evidence.Hospital and government policies also played a role in critical decision-making.Rather than assessing the appropriateness of treatment,some doctors observed that hospital policies regarding medications were driven by patient demand.CONCLUSION Factors other than medical considerations frequently affect management choices.The disparity in treatment choices,became more apparent during the pandemic.We highlight the difficulties and contradictions between moral standards and the realities physicians encountered during this medical emergency.False information,large patient populations,and limited resources caused problems for clinicians.These factors impacted decision-making,which,in turn,affected patient care and healthcare staff well-being.

Intelligent Manufacturing Systems in COVID‑19 Pandemic and Beyond:Framework and Impact Assessment

Pandemics like COVID-19 have created a spreading and ever-higher healthy threat to the humans in the manufacturing system which incurs severe disruptions and complex issues to industrial networks.The intelligent manufacturing(IM)systems are promising to create a safe working environment by using the automated manufacturing assets which are monitored by the networked sensors and controlled by the intelligent decision-making algorithms.The relief of the production disruption by IM technologies facilitates the reconnection of the good and service flows in the network,which mitigates the severity of industrial chain disruption.In this study,we create a novel intelligent manufacturing framework for the production recovery under the pandemic and build an assessment model to evaluate the impacts of the IM technologies on industrial networks.Considering the constraints of the IM resources,we formulate an optimization model to schedule the allocation of IM resources according to the mutual market demands and the severity of the pandemic.

Integrate ecosystem services into socio-economic development to enhance achievement of sustainable development goals in the post-pandemic era

The COVID-19 pandemic has stalled and rolled back progress on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs).Ecosys-tem services(ESs),defined as the contributions of ecosystems to human well-being,underpin the achievement of SDGs.To promote SDG achievement in post-pandemic era,we teased out the links between ESs and SDGs while examining the impact of COVID-19.We found that ESs benefited all SDGs,yet man-made pressures led to degra-dation of ecosystems and their services.There is broad consensus that the virus lurks in degraded ecosystems and generates spillover due to human interference.The pandemic and global lockdown/restriction disrupted the flow of ESs and altered human ESs demand,threatening the efforts for the SDGs.We suggested:1)to study the association and traceability of ESs-SDGs under the pandemic;2)to prioritize pressing issues such as health care,livelihood,and resource security and in the long run,we should promote human-nature harmony to achieve the SDGs;and 3)to enhance ESs and to promote the SDGs through local community efforts,ESs accounting,and ecosystem restoration.This paper provides insights into the importance of ESs to the SDGs and the ways to integrate ESs into socio-economic development to promote the SDG achievement after the pandemic.

Mental health of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder during COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder(ASD)may have great difficulties when their routines change,and this may affect the psychological wellbeing of their parents.For this reason,it is important to examine studies that address the mental health of parents in order to adapt to the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.AIM To determine the mental health status of parents with children diagnosed with ASD in the COVID-19 pandemic.METHODS The study,which is a systematic review,was conducted between December 15,2020 and December 30,2020 by scanning articles in English.The Scopus,Science Direct,PubMed,Cochrane,Web of Science,and Google Scholar databases were used for scanning.The keywords COVID-19 AND(“autism”OR“autistic”OR“autism spectrum disorder”)AND parent AND(“mental health”OR“anxiety”OR“stress”)were used in the search process.The inclusion criteria in the study were findings regarding the mental health of parents with children diagnosed with ASD in the COVID-19 pandemic,addressing their anxiety and stress situations,being a research article,and accessing the full text of the article.RESULTS In the study,a total of 6389 articles were reached,and the full texts of 173 articles were evaluated for eligibility.After the articles excluded by the full-text search were eliminated,12 studies involving 7105 parents were included in the analysis.The findings obtained from the articles containing data on mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic of parents with children with autism spectrum disorder were discussed in three groups.These were findings on the experiences of parents with children with ASD in the COVID-19 pandemic regarding the areas where parents with children with ASD need support in the COVID-19 pandemic and methods of coping with the COVID-19 pandemic for parents with children with ASD.In the systematic review,it was determined that the anxiety and stress of the parents increased,they needed more support compared to the pre-pandemic period,and they had difficulty coping.CONCLUSION In this systematic review,it was concluded that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the mental health of the parents of children with ASD.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: how countries shouldbuild more resilient health systems for preparedness and response

Objective: A resilient health system plays a crucial role in pandemic preparedness and response. Althoughthe World Health Organization (WHO) has required all states parties to strengthen core capacities to respondto public health emergencies under the International Health Regulations (2005), the actions of most countriesto combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has showed that they are not well-prepared. This crosssectionalstudy aimed to examine the health system resilience of selected countries and analyze their strategiesand measures in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This study selected five countries including the Iran, Japan, Republic of Korea (South Korea), the U.K.,and the U.S., based on the severity of the national epidemic, the geographical location, and the developmentlevel. Cumulative number of death cases derived from WHO COVID-19 dashboard was used to measure theseverity of the impact of the pandemic in each country;WHO State Parties Self-Assessment Annual Reporting (SPAR)Scores and Global Health Security (GHS) Index were applied to measure the national health system resilience;and research articles and press materials were summarized to identify the strategies and measures adopted bycountries during response to COVID-19. This study applied the resilient health systems framework to analyzehealth system resilience in the selected countries from five dimensions, including awareness, diversity, selfregulation,integration and adaptation.Results: The SPAR Scores and GHS Index of the four developed countries, Japan, South Korea, the U.K. and theU.S. were above the global and regional averages;the SPAR Scores of Iran were above the global average whilethe GHI Index lain below the global average. In terms of response strategies, Japan, the U.K. and the U.S. investedmore health resources in the treatment of severe patients, while South Korea and Iran had adopted a strategyof extensive testing and identification of suspected patients. In terms of specific measures, all the five countriesadopted measures such as restrictions on entry and international travel, closure of schools and industries,lockdown and quarantine. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of implementing these measures varied acrosscountries, based on the response strategies.Conclusion: Although SPAR Scores and GHS Index have evaluated the national core capacities for preparednessand response, the actions to cope with the COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the fact that most countries stilldo not build resilient health systems in response to public health emergencies. Health system strengtheningand health security efforts should be pursued in tandem, as part of the same mutually reinforcing approach todeveloping resilient health systems.

Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with serious mental disorders: A systematic review of the literature

BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic is having a great impact on individuals from all over the world,particularly on individuals with mental disorders.Several studies found more pronounced psychiatric symptoms,notably symptoms of depression and anxiety.AIM To assess the situation of patients with serious mental illness(SMI:Affective disorders and schizophrenia)regarding their mental health outcome during the pandemic.METHODS A systematic search using the databases PubMed and MEDLINE was conducted,employing the key words“COVID-19”,“SARS-CoV-2”,“psychiatric/mental disorder/illness”,“affective/mood disorder”,“bipolar disorder”,“(major)depression”,“schizoaffective disorder”,and“schizophrenia”.Studies that had been published up until January 9,2021 were included.Information of studies in languages other than English and German was mostly taken from their English abstracts.RESULTS The literature search concluded in the finding of 36 studies containing relevant clinical data.A general impairment of the mental health of individuals with SMI could be detected,particularly in individuals with affective disorders,as compared to those with schizophrenia.Compared to healthy controls,symptoms of anxiety,depression,and stress were more pronounced in individuals with SMI.Relevant factors found that impacted their mental health were age,resilience,and socioeconomic environment,especially the shortage of mental health services,lack of social support,and inadequate information about COVID-19.CONCLUSION In light of these results,mental health services should be reinforced,notably the use of telemental health services.Furthermore,supplying individuals with SMI with adequate information about the COVID-19 pandemic and increasing their resilience is important.When researching the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on individuals with SMI,standardization as well as follow-up studies are needed to enable better comparability and understanding.

Fragility and challenges of health systems in pandemic: lessons from India's second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

The unprecedented healthcare demand due to sudden outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has almost collapsed the health care systems especially in the developing world. Given the disastrous outbreak of COVID-19 second wave in India, the health system of country was virtually at the brink of collapse. Therefore, to identify the factors that resulted into breakdown and the challenges, Indian healthcare system faced during the second wave of COVID-19 pandemic, this paper analysed the health system challenges in India and the way forward in accordance with the six building blocks of world health organization (WHO). Applying integrated review approach, we found that the factors such as poor infrastructure, inadequate financing, lack of transparency and poor healthcare management resulted into the overstretching of healthcare system in India. Although health system in India faced these challenges from the very beginning, but early lessons from first wave should have been capitalized to avert the much deeper crisis in the second wave of the pandemic. To sum-up given the likely future challenges of pandemic, while healthcare should be prioritized with adequate financing, strong capacity-building measures and integration of public and private sectors in India. Likewise fiscal stimulus, risk assessment, data availability and building of human resources chain are other key factors to be strengthened for mitigating the future healthcare crisis in country.

COVID-19 pandemic effects on the distribution of healthcare services in India: A systematic review

BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic has brought fundamental changes to our problems and priorities,especially those related to the healthcare sector.India was one of the countries severely affected by the harsh consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic.AIM To understand the challenges faced by the healthcare system during a pandemic.METHODS The literature search for this review was conducted using PubMed,EMBASE,Scopus,Web of Science,and Google Scholar.We also used Reference Citation Analysis(RCA)to search and improve the results.We focused on the published scientific articles concerned with two major vital areas:(1)The Indian healthcare system;and(2)COVID-19 pandemic effects on the Indian healthcare system.RESULTS The Indian healthcare system was suffering even before the pandemic.The pandemic has further stretched the healthcare services in India.The main obstacle in the healthcare system was to combat the rising number of communicable as well as noncommunicable diseases.Besides the pandemic measures,there was a diversion of focus of the already established healthcare services away from the chronic conditions and vaccinations.The disruption of the vaccination services may have more severe short and long-term consequences than the pandemic’s adverse effects.CONCLUSION Severely restricted resources limited the interaction of the Indian healthcare system with the COVID-19 pandemic.Re-establishment of primary healthcare services,maternal and child health services,noncommunicable diseases programs,National Tuberculosis Elimination Program,etc.are important to prevent serious long-term consequences of this pandemic.

Internet of things-based health monitoring system for early detection of cardiovascular events during COVID-19 pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has currently caused the mortality of millions of people around the world.Aside from the direct mortality from the COVID-19,the indirect effects of the pandemic have also led to an increase in the mortality rate of other non-COVID patients.Evidence indicates that novel COVID-19 pandemic has caused an inflation in acute cardiovascular mortality,which did not relate to COVID-19 infection.It has in fact increased the risk of death in cardiovascular disease(CVD)patients.For this purpose,it is dramatically inevitable to monitor CVD patients’vital signs and to detect abnormal events before the occurrence of any critical conditions resulted in death.Internet of things(IoT)and health monitoring sensors have improved the medical care systems by enabling latency-sensitive surveillance and computing of large amounts of patients’data.The major challenge being faced currently in this problem is its limited scalability and late detection of cardiovascular events in IoT-based computing environments.To this end,this paper proposes a novel framework to early detection of cardiovascular events based on a deep learning architecture in IoT environments.Experimental results showed that the proposed method was able to detect cardiovascular events with better performance(95.30%average sensitivity and 95.94%mean prediction values).

Thirty-day mortality of patients with hip fracture during COVID-19 pandemic and pre-pandemic periods:A systematic review and metaanalysis

BACKGROUND Timely intervention in hip fracture is essential to decrease the risks of perioperative morbidity and mortality.However,limitations of the resources,risk of disease transmission and redirection of medical attention to a more severe infective health problem during coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic period have affected the quality of care even in a surgical emergency.AIM To compare the 30-d mortality rate and complications of hip fracture patients treated during COVID-19 pandemic and pre-pandemic times.METHODS The search of electronic databases on 1st August 2020 revealed 45 studies related to mortality of hip fracture during the COVID-19 pandemic and pre-pandemic times.After careful screening,eight studies were eligible for quantitative and qualitative analysis of data.RESULTS The pooled data of eight studies(n=1586)revealed no significant difference in 30-d mortality rate between the hip fracture patients treated during the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods[9.63%vs 6.33%;odds ratio(OR),0.62;95%CI,0.33,1.17;P=0.14].Even the 30-d mortality rate was not different between COVID-19 non-infected patients who were treated during the pandemic time,and all hip fracture patients treated during the pre-pandemic period(OR,1.03;95%CI,0.61,1.75;P=0.91).A significant difference in mortality rate was observed between COVID-19 positive and COVID-19 negative patients(OR,6.99;95%CI,3.45,14.16;P<0.00001).There was no difference in the duration of hospital stay(OR,-1.52,95%CI,-3.85,0.81;P=0.20),overall complications(OR,1.62;P=0.15)and incidence of pulmonary complications(OR,1.46;P=0.38)in these two-time frames.Nevertheless,the preoperative morbidity was more severe,and there was less use of general anesthesia during the pandemic time.CONCLUSION There was no difference in 30-d mortality rate between hip fracture patients treated during the pandemic and pre-pandemic periods.However,the mortality risk was higher in COVID-19 positive patients compared to COVID-19 negative patients.There was no difference in time to surgery,complications and hospitalization time between these two time periods.

COVID-19 pandemic in the intensive care unit:Psychological implications and interventions,a systematic review

BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic produced changes in intensive care units(ICUs) in patient care and health organizations. The pandemic event increased patients’ risk of developing psychological symptoms during and after hospitalisation. These consequences also affected those family members who could not access the hospital. In addition, the initial lack of knowledge about the virus and its management, the climate of fear and uncertainty, the increased workload and the risk of becoming infected and being contagious, had a strong impact on healthcare staff and organizations. This highlighted the importance of interventions aimed at providing psychological support to ICUs, involving patients, their relatives, and the staff;this might involve the reorganisation of the daily routine and rearrangement of ICU staff duties.AIM To conduct a systematic review of psychological issues in ICUs during the COVID-19 pandemic involving patients, their relatives, and ICU staff.METHODS We investigated the PubMed and the ClinicalTrials.gov databases and found 65 eligible articles,upon which we commented.RESULTS Our results point to increased perceived stress and psychological distress in staff, patients and their relatives and increased worry for being infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 in patients and relatives. Furthermore, promising results were obtained for some psychological programmes aiming at improving psychological measures in all ICU categories.CONCLUSION As the pandemic limited direct inter-individual interactions, the role of interventions using digital tools and virtual reality is becoming increasingly important. All considered, our results indicate an essential role for psychologists in ICUs.

Effect of fibrinolytic therapy on ST-elevation myocardial infarction clinical outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic:A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND ST-elevation myocardial infarction(STEMI)is the result of transmural ischemia of the myocardium and is associated with a high mortality rate.Primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI)is the recommended first-line treatment strategy for patients with STEMI.The timely delivery of PPCI became extremely challenging for STEMI patients during the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,leading to a projected steep rise in mortality.These delays were overcome by the shift from first-line therapy and the development of modern fibrinolytic-based reperfusion.It is unclear whether fibrinolytic-based reperfusion therapy is effective in improving STEMI endpoints.AIM To determine the incidence of fibrinolytic therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic and its effects on STEMI clinical outcomes.METHODS PubMed,Google Scholar,Scopus,Web of Science,and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were queried from January 2020 up to February 2022 to identify studies investigating the effect of fibrinolytic therapy on the prognostic outcome of STEMI patients during the pandemic.Primary outcomes were the incidence of fibrinolysis and the risk of all-cause mortality.Data were meta-analyzed using the random effects model to derive odds ratios(OR)and 95%confidence intervals.Quality assessment was carried out using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale.RESULTS Fourteen studies including 50136 STEMI patients(n=15142 in the pandemic arm;n=34994 in the pre-pandemic arm)were included.The mean age was 61 years;79%were male,27%had type 2 diabetes,and 47%were smokers.Compared with the pre-pandemic period,there was a significantly increased overall incidence of fibrinolysis during the pandemic period[OR:1.80(1.18 to 2.75);I2=78%;P=0.00;GRADE:Very low].The incidence of fibrinolysis was not associated with the risk of all-cause mortality in any setting.The countries with a low-and middle-income status reported a higher incidence of fibrinolysis[OR:5.16(2.18 to 12.22);I2=81%;P=0.00;GRADE:Very low]and an increased risk of all-cause mortality in STEMI patients[OR:1.16(1.03 to 1.30);I2=0%;P=0.01;GRADE:Very low].Meta-regression analysis showed a positive correlation of hyperlipidemia(P=0.001)and hypertension(P<0.001)with all-cause mortality.CONCLUSION There is an increased incidence of fibrinolysis during the pandemic period,but it has no effect on the risk of all-cause mortality.The low-and middle-income status has a significant impact on the all-cause mortality rate and the incidence of fibrinolysis.

An Approach with a Queue System to the Pandemic Period Study

Epidemics still happen,being the annual influenza outbreaks examples of such occurrences.To estimate the epidemic period length is imperative because,in this period,it is necessary to strengthen the health care,through extra availability in human and material resources.So,a huge increase of expenses occurs.As a pandemic is an epidemic with a great population and geographical dissemination,more appropriately this happens with the pandemic period.Mainly using results on the M|G|∞queue busy period,it is presented an application of this queue system to the pandemic period’s parameters and distribution function study.

Pain and Fatigue Perceptions of Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Myopathies before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic Period

Objective: To assess general pain and fatigue and their association with the disease status of patients with systemic autoimmune myopathies (SAMs), in terms of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on these parameters. Methods: This is a cross-sectional and prospective cohort study that included 72 patients with SAMs who were matched by age and gender with 67 healthy individuals. The patients engaged in an interview via a validity survey to measure disease status, and assess a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and fatigue in two periods: before (phase I) and during (phase II) of the Brazilian COVID-19 pandemic. For cross-sectional analysis, patients’ data from phase I were compared to healthy individuals’ information, whereas for prospective analysis, data of the patients who were assessed in phase II were compared to the same patients’ data from phase I. Results: The patients had significantly more pain perception, comparable fatigue perception and fatigue severity, when compared to the healthy individuals. During the COVID-19 pandemic period, the disease activity, pain and fatigue perceptions, and fatigue severity remained unchanged. Despite this, the pain and fatigue perceptions correlated significantly with patients’ VAS, the patient health outcome, and fatigue severity. In addition, the pain perception correlated to creatine phosphokinase, whereas fatigue perceptions correlated to physicians' VAS. Conclusions: The study showed that patients with SAMs have significantly increased pain perceptions compared to healthy individuals. During the COVID-19 pandemic period, the pain and fatigue perceptions remained unchanged in patients with SAMs but they correlated to several disease status parameters.

Systematic Review Study on the Impact of the Pandemic on Literacy:Experiences of Parents and Teachers

With the COVID-19 pandemic,it was necessary to carry out public health measures,including the adoption of remote teaching and modification of the educational practices and experiences of parents and teachers.Thus,the objective of this study was to conduct a systematic review and analyze the impact of the pandemic on the learning of schoolchildren in the early years of literacy,according to the experiences and practices of parents and teachers.This systematic review is based on the PRISMA method(Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)and the guiding questions of the PICO strategy(Population,Intervention,Comparison,Outcome).The PubMed,LILACS,Scopus,SciELO,Embase,and Web of Science databases were used.The selection criteria involved the descriptors elementary school AND COVID-19,elementary school AND pandemic,and elementary school AND SARS-CoV-2.A total of 130 studies were selected,and after applying the criteria,only six studies were analyzed.The studies used interviews and questionnaires aimed at parents,teachers,and students and were carried out in various countries:one in Saudi Arabia,two in Indonesia,one in the United States of America,one in Canada,and one in China.The studies were classified as Evidence Level 4(clinical outcome studies).As common points,most parents were stressed,overloaded,and unprepared to support their children during remote learning.Teachers also mentioned difficulties,such as the lack of support and training,which affected their practices.Further studies should be carried out to verify the educational and social impacts resulting from remote teaching.

Development of Web Based Online Medicine Delivery System for COVID-19 Pandemic

Average Bangladeshis spend a significant amount of income on medicine. A reliable and fast online medicine delivery system is not ubiquitous. Most people buy medicine from the local Pharmacies. They need to go to medicine stores to buy the specific medicine prescribed by the specialized doctors. Sometimes all prescribed medicines are not available in local Pharmacies therefore people need to go to other areas to buy the medicines. It is very time consuming and people need to spend money as well for this. In our country, traffic jams are a very big problem. People waste longer time on the road due to traffic jams. Here most of the pharmacies are closed at night time but sometimes in an emergency situation medicine is very essential. In this case an online web based e-commerce medicine delivery system is needed very much. In addition, currently the whole world is suffering due to COVID-19 pandemic. Coronavirus is very contagious which we all know. In this pandemic time it is not risk free to go out to buy medicine from the pharmacies. Due to COVID-19, medicine scarcity is also an important issue. In this situation, an online medicine delivery system can play an important role. By considering the above mentioned facts, a reliable and fast online solution is proposed. This paper presents the development of a web based online medicine delivery system. A reliable, fast, safe and user-friendly online based e-commerce web application has been developed in this paper. Medicine delivery system has also been included with this proposed system. This platform is a dynamic web application built in Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) based Laravel framework with a powerful back end. It is hosted on a dedicated Virtual Private Server (VPS). This system is lightning fast and optimized very well for searching engines. With the help of the developed platform, drugs will be available at one’s doorstep very fast, safely and reliably. In this system, users can choose a medicine section of their choices and go through all the items that the system provides. Users can then select the desired drug items, add them to cart and then proceed to payment. It has payment integration of Cash on Delivery (COD) systems. After developing the system it has been tested and it works fine. It is a one-stop solution where people can find various medicines including COVID-19 related medicines and other items in this online platform. Besides medicine, here you can also find other health care products like food supplements, birth control products, hair care products, skincare products, beauty products, etc. People can order their required medicines or other medical related available items from online and the delivery support will provide the products door to door for the users. Using this system now users can get their needed medicine without leaving home. They can save money and they do not need to go out in this pandemic situation to buy medicine. In this crucial situation, the online medicine delivery system is very helpful and it will act as a blessing for the people.

Social Media-Based Surveillance Systems for Health Informatics Using Machine and Deep Learning Techniques:A Comprehensive Review and Open Challenges

Social media(SM)based surveillance systems,combined with machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)techniques,have shown potential for early detection of epidemic outbreaks.This review discusses the current state of SM-based surveillance methods for early epidemic outbreaks and the role of ML and DL in enhancing their performance.Since,every year,a large amount of data related to epidemic outbreaks,particularly Twitter data is generated by SM.This paper outlines the theme of SM analysis for tracking health-related issues and detecting epidemic outbreaks in SM,along with the ML and DL techniques that have been configured for the detection of epidemic outbreaks.DL has emerged as a promising ML technique that adaptsmultiple layers of representations or features of the data and yields state-of-the-art extrapolation results.In recent years,along with the success of ML and DL in many other application domains,both ML and DL are also popularly used in SM analysis.This paper aims to provide an overview of epidemic outbreaks in SM and then outlines a comprehensive analysis of ML and DL approaches and their existing applications in SM analysis.Finally,this review serves the purpose of offering suggestions,ideas,and proposals,along with highlighting the ongoing challenges in the field of early outbreak detection that still need to be addressed.