DAO to HANOI via DeSci: AI Paradigm Shifts from AlphaGo to ChatGPT

From AlphaGo to ChatGPT,the field of AI has launched a series of remarkable achievements in recent years.Analyzing,comparing,and summarizing these achievements at the paradigm level is important for future AI innovation,but has not received sufficient attention.In this paper,we give an overview and perspective on machine learning paradigms.First,we propose a paradigm taxonomy with three levels and seven dimensions from a knowledge perspective.Accordingly,we give an overview on three basic and twelve extended learning paradigms,such as Ensemble Learning,Transfer Learning,etc.,with figures in unified style.We further analyze three advanced paradigms,i.e.,AlphaGo,AlphaFold and ChatGPT.Second,to enable more efficient and effective scientific discovery,we propose to build a new ecosystem that drives AI paradigm shifts through the decentralized science(DeSci)movement based on decentralized autonomous organization(DAO).To this end,we design the Hanoi framework,which integrates human factors,parallel intelligence based on a combination of artificial systems and the natural world,and the DAO to inspire AI innovations.

The Paradigm Shifts in Bangladesh and China Relations in the New Global Political Architecture

Chinese President Xi Jinping's visit to Bangladesh in October2016 has dramatically uplifted the strategic value of Bangladesh to the world and presented new opportunities to Bangladeshs' security,political and economic interests.Bangladesh and China have agreed to elevate‘the closer comprehensive partnership of cooperation'to a ‘strategic partnership'.China's B&R initiative is perhaps a major project for Bangladesh to promote economic development and to connect itself with global markets.

Reshaping the Relationship between Environment and Development:A Theoretical Framework under the Paradigm of Eco-civilization and Its Policy Implications

This study investigates the sustainability implications of the theoretical models of industrialization and urbanization pioneered by Dixit and Stiglitz^(1) so to open the theoretical “black box” of the unsustainability of the traditional industrialization mode, and shows how to reshape the relationship between the environment and development under the paradigm of ecological civilization. It finds that the theoretical models that “perfectly” simulate the traditional industrialization mode all have the implicit consequence of environmental unsustainability. Nonetheless, this limitation is not due to the problems of the models themselves but is more a result of the limitations of the traditional developmental and neoclassical economics paradigms of the industrial era. Therefore, the consequences of unsustainability cannot simply be avoided through external policies such as technological progress and environmental regulations, nor can they be prevented by simply adjusting some parameters in these theoretical models. Instead, a shift is required in both the developmental and the economics paradigms formed in the traditional industrial era. From an ecological civilization perspective, this study rethinks the basic issues of economics along the two lines of the ends(what) and the means(how) of development;briefly reviews the history of economic thought;and uses a conceptual framework to reorganize the relevant intellectual profundities that are neglected in standard neoclassical economics. The study further formalizes the conceptual framework in a general form model and shows how a paradigm shift in development could shift the trade-offs from the multiple goals of the economy, the environment, and well-being in the traditional industrial era to mutual reinforcement in ecocivilization.

The Spiritual Principles of Restorative Justice and the Efficiency Principles of Modern Capitalism:A Path Towards Reconciliation?

Restorative justice represents a paradigm shift away from a retributive approach to justice to one of restoration as a way of healing the harms to individuals and communities that have been affected by crime.It works from a recognition and acceptance of the interrelationships and interdependencies of individuals within a community.Sustainable development operates from the same point of view,recognizing that to heal and sustain the physical environment,interrelationships and interdependencies must be recognized.In the restorative process,in order for a healing to take place the victim’s voice is made prominent and the offender must take responsibility and be accountable for the harm that has occurred.In the context of more and more acceptance by corporations of the importance of sustainability,and by inference the acceptance of the paradigm shift that sustainability relies on,will corporations become ready to participate in restorative processes?

Paradigm Shift in Natural Language Processing

In the era of deep learning, modeling for most natural language processing (NLP) tasks has converged into several mainstream paradigms. For example, we usually adopt the sequence labeling paradigm to solve a bundle of tasks such as POS-tagging, named entity recognition (NER), and chunking, and adopt the classification paradigm to solve tasks like sentiment analysis. With the rapid progress of pre-trained language models, recent years have witnessed a rising trend of paradigm shift, which is solving one NLP task in a new paradigm by reformulating the task. The paradigm shift has achieved great success on many tasks and is becoming a promising way to improve model performance. Moreover, some of these paradigms have shown great potential to unify a large number of NLP tasks, making it possible to build a single model to handle diverse tasks. In this paper, we review such phenomenon of paradigm shifts in recent years, highlighting several paradigms that have the potential to solve different NLP tasks.

Paradigm Shift

The world adjusts to an evolving international landscape The world of 2017 is one marked by turbulence and chaos.In assessing the international situation over the past year,much can be revealed by starting with two international conferences.Anxious about the future due to the uncertainties brought about by Trump’s presence in the White House and the European refugee crisis,the 53rd Munich Security Conference(MSC)held in February marked the first time European observers put forward the idea that the"post-Western era"or even the"post-order age"has now arrived.

Constructing a Chinese-Style Zero-Carbon Financial System: Theoretical Considerations and Policy Recommendations

The Chinese government's"dual carbon"commitment to carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in September 2020 indicates that China will promote green economy transition and achieve high-quality growth in line with the New Development Concept.Definitely,both China's economic and financial development will undergo a paradigm shift.This paper reviews the evolution of global finance's role in supporting environmental governance,climate change and sustainable development,and proposes that the time has come to develop zero-carbon finance which should be closely aligned with the""netzero emissions"requirement for achieving the global temperature target of the Paris Agreement.While the current policy frameworks for zero-carbon finance in major Western countries are useful references,they also have limitations.In order to build a Chinese-style zero-carbon financial system,China should integrate the experience of other countries and leverage both institutional advantages and green finance practices of own to the fullest extent possible.This paper goes into further detail about the concept of building a zerocarbon financial macro-management framework and a composite ecology of the zerocarbon financial market,and puts forward policy recommendations.The Chinese-style zero-carbon finance solution will also contribute to global carbon neutrality by enabling China to achieve carbon neutrality as soon as possible and providing countries with China's solutionas reference.

The face of conservation responding to a dynamically changing world

In its 40-year history,the science of conservation has faced unprecedented challenges in terms of environmental damage and rapid global change,and environmental problems are only increasing as greater demands are placed on limited natural resources.Conservation science has been adapting to keep pace with these changes.Here,we highlight contemporary and emerging trends and innovations in conservation science that we believe represent the most effective responses to biodiversity threats.We focus on specific areas where conservation science has had to adjust its approach to address emerging threats to biodiversity,including habitat destruction and degradation,climate change,declining populations and invasive species.We also document changes in attitudes,norms and practices among conservation scientists.A key component to success is engaging and maintaining public support for conservation,which can be facilitated through the use of technology.These recent trends in conservation and management are innovative and will assist in optimizing conservation strategies,increasing our leverage with the general public and tackling our current environmental challenges.

Fluidization science,its development and future

By revisiting the three stage theory for the progress of science proposed by Taketani in 1942, the footmarks of fluidization research are examined. The bubbling and fast fluidization issues were emphasized so that the future offluidization research can be discussed among scientists and engineers in a wider perspective. The first cycle of fluidization research was started in the early 1940s by an initial stage of phenomenology. The second stage of structural studies was kicked off in the early 1950s with the introduction of the two phase theory. The third stage of essential studies occurred in the early 1960s in the form of bubble hydrodynamics. The second cycle, which confirmed the aforementioned three stages closed at the turn of the century, established a general understanding of suspension structures including agglomerating fluidization, bubbling, turbulent and fast fluidizations and pneumatic transport; also established powerful measurement and numerical simulation tools.After a general remark on science, technology and society issues the interactions between fluidization technology and science are revisited. Our future directions are discussed including the tasks in the third cycle, particularly in its phenomenology stage where strong motivation and intention are always necessary, in relation also to the green reforming of the present technology. A generalized definition of ＇fluidization＇ is proposed to extend fluidization principle into much wider scientific fields, which would be effective also for wider collaborations.