Research on the Aerodynamic Characteristics of Leading Edge and Bulge of Ram-Air Parafoil Based on CFD

This study focuses on the aerodynamic characteristics and flow mechanism of three different configurations of ram-air parafoil with open/closed air inlet and bulges. Firstly, we designed a special parafoil configuration for this study. Then we used numerical simulation to obtain the aerodynamic data of three parafoils at different angles of attack, and studied the influence of the bulge and the leading edge open/closed inlet on the aerodynamic performance of the ram-air parafoil. Finally, we study the flow mechanism of the ram-air parafoil through the pressure distribution and flow field. The results of the study show that compared with the aerodynamic parameters of the parafoil without bulges, the optimal angle of attack of the two parafoils with bulges is increased by 4?, the maximum lift to drag ratio of the parafoil with closed leading edge is reduced by about 4.3% and the optimal angle of attack is reduced by about 2?. The maximum lift to drag ratio of the parafoil with open leading edge is reduced by about 23.6% and the stalling angle of attack is reduced by about 4?. The pressure on the surface of a ram-air parafoil with open leading edge inlet is the highest. .

Trajectory tracking of powered parafoil based on characteristic model based all-coefficient adaptive control

One of the primary difficulties in using powered parafoil(PPF) systems is the lack of effective trajectory tracking controllers since the trajectory tracking control is the essential operation for PPF to accomplish autonomous tasks. The characteristic model(CM) based all-coefficient adaptive control(ACAC) designed for PPF systems in horizontal and vertical trajectory control is proposed. The method is easy to use and convenient to adjust and test. Just a few parameters are adapted during the control process. In application, vertical and horizontal CMs are designed and ACAC controllers are constructed to control vertical altitude and horizontal trajectory of PPF based on the proposed CMs, respectively. Result analysis of different simulations shows that the applied ACAC control method is effective for trajectory tracking of the PPF systems and the approach guarantees the transient performance of the PPF systems with better disturbance rejection ability.

Design and simulation for large parafoil fix line object homing algorithm

Traditional parafoil homing usually uses a point as object. As the mobility of parafoil is limited by its glide ratio and wind, in some cases when the parafoil scatter area is large, or the glide ratio of parafoil is small, the deviation of its landing point to object point will be arduous to control. Accordingly, during these situations, when parafoil is used in recovery of spacecraft or satellite, the landing area of parafoil can be set as a rectangle, and the object of parafoil can be set as a line segment. The thesis of this work is designing an algorithm for parafoil homing using line segment as object. The algorithm of wind velocity and direction calculation in different flying segments was also investigated. The algorithm designed navigates the parafoil to land into the predestined area and largely reduce the probability of recovery loads falling to unwanted area to damage houses and people.

Design and optimization in multiphase homing trajectory of parafoil system

In order to realize safe and accurate homing of parafoil system,a multiphase homing trajectory planning scheme is proposed according to the maneuverability and basic flight characteristics of the vehicle.In this scenario,on the basis of geometric relationship of each phase trajectory,the problem of trajectory planning is transformed to parameter optimizing,and then auxiliary population-based quantum differential evolution algorithm(AP-QDEA)is applied as a tool to optimize the objective function,and the design parameters of the whole homing trajectory are obtained.The proposed AP-QDEA combines the strengths of differential evolution algorithm(DEA)and quantum evolution algorithm(QEA),and the notion of auxiliary population is introduced into the proposed algorithm to improve the searching precision and speed.The simulation results show that the proposed AP-QDEA is proven its superior in both effectiveness and efficiency by solving a set of benchmark problems,and the multiphase homing scheme can fulfill the requirement of fixed-points and upwind landing in the process of homing which is simple in control and facile in practice as well.

NSGA Ⅱ based multi-objective homing trajectory planning of parafoil system

Homing trajectory planning is a core task of autonomous homing of parafoil system.This work analyzes and establishes a simplified kinematic mathematical model,and regards the homing trajectory planning problem as a kind of multi-objective optimization problem.Being different from traditional ways of transforming the multi-objective optimization into a single objective optimization by weighting factors,this work applies an improved non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA Ⅱ) to solve it directly by means of optimizing multi-objective functions simultaneously.In the improved NSGA Ⅱ,the chaos initialization and a crowding distance based population trimming method were introduced to overcome the prematurity of population,the penalty function was used in handling constraints,and the optimal solution was selected according to the method of fuzzy set theory.Simulation results of three different schemes designed according to various practical engineering requirements show that the improved NSGA Ⅱ can effectively obtain the Pareto optimal solution set under different weighting with outstanding convergence and stability,and provide a new train of thoughts to design homing trajectory of parafoil system.

基于空中回收的运载火箭尾舱挂取方案设计及仿真分析

运载火箭空中回收的挂取过程是整个回收过程中最关键的环节之一。针对运载火箭尾舱空中挂取的全流程,开展了将直升机作为回收平台的钩取装置设计,主要包括拉力传感器、过载保护装置、减载装置以及末端的执行机构。翼伞和减速伞从火箭尾舱的底部弹出,挂取装置可通过挂取翼伞顶部的牵顶伞实现对回收体的挂取操作。通过对挂取过程的仿真分析可以看出,回收体的质量增大时,过载显著增加,而当翼伞的收伞时间增加时,减载效果明显。

超大型组合翼伞与超大型连续翼伞的气动性能对比分析

随着航天回收系统应用需求越来越广,回收物质量也越来越大,对翼伞面积的要求越来越高,超大型翼伞开始受到广泛的关注,然而目前国内外对超大型翼伞的研究较少。对此,文章以超大型连续翼伞和超大型组合翼伞为研究对象,分别对其进行物理建模。采用计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)的方法,基于k-epsilon湍流模型,分别计算在无下拉、单侧下拉、双侧下拉时超大型连续伞和超大型组合伞的气动特性。研究发现,超大型组合伞在组合处有很明显的气流补充,可以减缓流动分离的情况,增大失速迎角,更适合大攻角的飞行任务,适用范围更广。研究成果可以为以后超大型翼伞的选型提供一定的参考。

翼伞系统两体模型雀降操纵高度的优化

为减小翼伞系统的着陆速度,提高载荷的着陆安全性,提出了最优雀降高度确定方法,并完成相对雀降高度和着陆速度影响因素及计算模型研究。首先建立了翼伞-载荷系统两体九自由度动力学模型和雀降操纵耦合气动特性模型,更真实地模拟了翼伞-载荷两体之间操纵情况下的运动性能,研究了雀降操纵下翼伞系统的速度、姿态变化,数值结果和文献规律一致,滑翔比最大误差为8.20%。其次,基于该两体模型,以最小垂直着陆速度为优化目标,采用时间二分法确定最优雀降高度,分析了雀降操纵时机对着陆速度的影响。然后,开展了不同初始工况、翼载荷、着陆海拔高度、安装角下翼伞系统最优雀降实施的仿真计算,并采用最小二乘法完成了相对雀降高度、着陆速度的公式拟合。结果表明:初始参数对相对雀降高度几乎没有影响;随着翼载荷及着陆海拔高度的升高,着陆速度及相对雀降实施高度增加;安装角对着陆速度影响不大,但安装角的增大会引起雀降实施高度增加;所提出的相对雀降高度和着陆速度计算模型与仿真结果较为符合,最大误差小于4.00%,表明该计算模型有良好的适用性。

A new modeling scheme for powered parafoil unmanned aerial vehicle platforms: Theory and experiments

A novel framework is established for accurate modeling of Powered Parafoil Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(PPUAV). The model is developed in the following three steps: obtaining a linear dynamic model, simplifying the model structure, and estimating the model mismatch due to model variance and external disturbance factors. First, a six degree-of-freedom linear model, or the structured model, is obtained through dynamic establishment and linearization. Second, the data correlation analysis is adopted to determine the criterion for proper model complexity and to simplify the structured model. Next, an active model is established, combining the simplified model with the model mismatch estimator. An adapted Kalman filter is utilized for the real-time estimation of states and model mismatch. We finally derive a linear system model while taking into account of model variance and external disturbance. Actual flight tests verify the effectiveness of our active model in different flight scenarios.

高滑翔伞伞绳叉联结构优化设计

为获得翼伞伞绳最优叉联结构设计方案,文章提出了1种高滑翔翼伞伞绳叉联结构的优化设计方法。首先,通过计算流体力学方法进行翼伞气动分析,确定最优气动性能时对应的伞绳安装角及翼伞伞衣气动载荷;然后,通过几何分析和受力分析,建立伞绳结点处的力系平衡方程及伞绳长度几何控制方程;最后,在满足伞绳结构安全的前提下,以伞绳总长度最小为优化目标,采用基于外罚函数和Davidon-Fletcher-Powell(DFP)算法原理的优化算法获得不同约束力条件对应的翼伞伞绳叉联点位置方案。优化结果表明:与优化前叉联方案相比,该方法伞绳长度可减小9.0%,阻力系数降低8.8%。此外,通过增加伞绳受力约束,可实现翼伞滑翔性能的进一步提高。

Research on parafoil stability using a rapid estimate model

With the consideration of rotation between canopy and payload of parafoil system, a four-degree-of-freedom（4-DOF） longitudinal static model was used to solve parafoil state variables in straight steady flight. The aerodynamic solution of parafoil system was a combination of vortex lattice method（VLM） and engineering estimation method. Based on small disturbance assumption,a 6-DOF linear model that considers canopy additional mass was established with benchmark state calculated by 4-DOF static model. Modal analysis of a dynamic model was used to calculate the stability parameters. This method, which is based on a small disturbance linear model and modal analysis, is high-efficiency to the study of parafoil stability. It is well suited for rapid stability analysis in the preliminary stage of parafoil design. Using this method, this paper shows that longitudinal and lateral stability will both decrease when a steady climbing angle increases. This explains the wavy track of the parafoil observed during climbing.

基于LBM的翼伞伞型曲面化气动特性研究

翼伞是应用于空降空投领域的一类重要气动减速装置,该文总体目标为采用格子玻尔兹曼方法研究不同翼伞曲面化伞型的气动仿真特性。在进行与试验数据的验证后,仿真分析不同伞型的气动曲线,得到其变化趋势和系数值差异。进行详细的流动特性分析对不同伞型的气动特性差异原因,还分析气室、小孔2种气流结构对气动特性的影响。采用传统有限元方法进行补充解释分析。结果充分证明格子玻尔兹曼方法进行翼伞气动仿真的可靠性。加入曲面化的伞型其升阻特性有明显提高,同时反映出气动特性的鲁棒性。气室结构对升阻特性提高有较大影响,而小孔结构影响程度较小。上述结论对翼伞试验和仿真研究具有重要的借鉴和指导意义。

基于原始自然算法的翼伞航迹规划研究

翼伞是一种对外部环境敏感性高的飞行器,在翼伞航迹规划中,需要考虑到风速和风向的变化以及地形高度的变化等因素来规划最优航迹。论文根据翼伞质点模型,对航迹规划中的约束进行数字化处理,包括风场、地形、威胁区、转弯半径等约束;将原始自然算法应用于翼伞航迹规划中并仿真验证了算法的合理性。相比于传统的航迹规划方法,基于原始自然算法的翼伞航迹规划技术具有更高的效率和更好的安全性,可以同时考虑多种外部因素干扰,以更好地适应不同的飞行环境。

基于双线性ADRC的翼伞系统三维航迹跟踪控制

目前翼伞系统的航迹跟踪主要针对二维路径,对于三维航迹跟踪的研究不多。针对翼伞系统6-DOF模型,采用具有天然解耦属性的自抗扰控制策略,设计一种基于双线性ADRC(B-ADRC)的三维轨迹跟踪控制方法。在水平面与纵向设计制导率与控制器,实现姿态与轨迹位置的跟踪,并对轨迹跟踪误差进行实时修正。跟踪过程中,将理想轨迹离散化获得一系列参考点,通过点切换的方式实现了复杂轨迹的跟踪。实验结果表明:所设计的双线性ADRC控制器能够实现对三维航迹的跟踪,具有良好的鲁棒性和抗干扰能力。

基于模型预测控制的翼伞航迹跟踪

翼伞是一种既可以在空中展开又可以在地面折叠的伞状装置,其具有的高度不稳定性和复杂气动特性给翼伞控制带来了很大挑战。本文提出了一种基于模型预测控制(MPC)的翼伞航迹跟踪控制方法。首先,建立了翼伞运动学和动力学模型,包括了翼伞的位置、速度、加速度等状态变量,以及翼伞运动受到的气动力和气动力矩。然后,采用模型预测控制方法,利用已知的翼伞模型和环境模型进行预测,通过优化算法计算出最优的控制输入,实现对翼伞航迹的跟踪控制。最后,通过仿真试验验证了所提出的控制方法的有效性。相比传统的翼伞跟踪方法,本文提出的方法显示出更优的跟踪性能,该方法能够有效抑制外部扰动的影响,具有良好的控制精度及鲁棒性,有一定的工程应用价值。

翼伞系统自主归航的关键技术研究综述

探究翼伞系统的建模、航迹规划和轨迹跟踪控制三项关键技术,以支撑翼伞系统的自主归航在大规模装备空投补给、运载火箭助推器回收和自然灾难救援等场合的广阔应用前景。通过调研国内外翼伞系统的发展,对其三项关键技术的基本原理、常用方法和前沿技术进行对比分析和归纳概括,重点包括翼伞系统在复杂环境下的柔性建模技术和障碍空间内的航迹规划技术以及基于智能控制策略的轨迹跟踪技术。对翼伞系统自主归航关键技术的未来发展趋势进行总结和展望,有助于对翼伞系统的自主归航研究形成总体性认知并掌握其发展动向,将对后续翼伞系统自主归航的研究具有启示作用和借鉴价值。

动力翼伞风扰补偿高度控制方法

外界风场是影响翼伞高度跟踪精度的最主要扰动因素。针对该问题,建立了动力翼伞的八自由度模型,并在传统自抗扰控制的基础上,设计一种基于风场前馈补偿的改进抗扰控制器,对外界的风场干扰进行针对性补偿,实现翼伞系统的高度跟踪控制。在通过仿真实验对控制器进行初步验证的基础上,进行了翼伞系统的实际飞行实验。在实际飞行环境下,仿真中所调节的控制器参数可直接应用于实际飞行实验,翼伞系统的平均高度跟踪误差在2.5 m以内,证明所设计的控制器存在一定的实际应用价值。

翼伞后缘偏转过程的流固耦合动力学特性

深入研究翼伞后缘偏转过程的气动与结构耦合动力学问题是解决大型翼伞精确空投系统机动转弯和雀降等操纵动作设计分析的重点内容。首先基于ALE算法和罚函数耦合方法对翼伞后缘偏转过程进行流固耦合动力学建模,之后基于结构化的ALE求解方法和瞬态非线性求解器对翼伞三维模型的单个气室后缘偏转进行仿真验证,预测了后缘偏转运动引起的周围流场流动分离现象。分别针对翼伞后缘单侧下偏和双侧下偏过程的流固耦合行为进行仿真分析,获得全时域内翼伞结构场和周围流场特性动态演化结果,以及翼伞气动性能参数时间历程曲线,发现了后缘下偏过程的操纵延迟现象。最后通过风洞试验对仿真结果进行验证,证明了方法的有效性,为大型冲压翼伞的设计和应用提供理论和技术支撑。

冲压式翼伞滑布控制开伞技术研究

为了研究滑布收口控制对冲压式翼伞开伞动载的影响,文章应用结构化任意拉格朗日-欧拉(Structured Arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,S-ALE)方法对翼伞系统在无滑布收口控制和有滑布收口控制两种情况下进行了开伞过程的流固耦合仿真计算,分析了滑布收口对翼伞开伞过程的影响。结果表明:滑布收口控制可以有效降低冲压式翼伞的充气速度、伞衣应力和开伞动载,开伞动载可以降低33%。但有滑布收口控制时,翼伞的气室饱满程度有所下降,边缘气室饱满程度的下降更明显;由于滑布在开伞过程中对翼伞前后缘伞绳受力的影响有差别,使得某些伞绳出现松弛现象,这会对冲压式翼伞俯仰稳定性有一定影响。通过研究滑布收口控制对冲压式翼伞开伞动载的影响,可以为冲压式翼伞收口技术的设计与应用提供参考。

大型动力翼伞拖曳起飞动力学研究

动力翼伞具有有效载荷大、续航时间长、安全性和可靠性高以及成本低等优点,在军用和民用领域有很大的发展潜力。文章针对动力翼伞的地面拖曳起飞过程,根据牛顿力学的基本原理,建立了动力翼伞拖曳起飞纵向动力学模型,描述了翼伞拖曳、稳定、放飞过程的运动状态,搭建了动力翼伞运动过程的仿真环境,分别模拟了拖曳过程与放飞后翼伞的运动状态。通过控制变量比较了翼伞在不同运动参数下的稳定情况,给出了动力翼伞释放的速度、角速度以及角度条件,得出了地面拖曳车辆的合理运动模式及动力翼伞释放时机,对于后续动力翼伞的工程应用具有一定的指导意义。