Experiment investigation on visualization and operating characteristics of closed loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels

Using ethanol or acetone as the working fluid, visualization of oscillations in steady state was observed visually by high-speed cameras, and temperature oscillating and heat transfer characteristics of closed-loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels(POHP-PC) were experimentally investigated by varying liquid filled ratios(50%, 70%, 85%), section scales(1 mm×1 mm and 1 mm×1.5 mm), inclination angles, working fluids and heating inputs. It was found that during operating there was mixed flow consisting of plug flow and annular flow in channels of oscillating heat pipe at steady-state. There was an equilibrium position for working fluid of condenser during oscillating, and periodic oscillations occurred up and down in the vicinity of equilibrium position. With heat input increasing, equilibrium position rose slowly as a result of vapor pressure of evaporation.Evaporation temperature oscillating amplitude possessed a trend of small-large-small and frequency trend was of small-large during steady-state. It may be generally concluded that temperature, whether evaporator or condenser, fluctuated sharply or rose continuously when oscillating heat pipe coming to dry burning state. Simultaneously, it was found that temperature difference of cooling water possibly dropped with heat input rising during dry burning state. Thermal resistance of No. 2 with acetone was lower than that of No. 1 during experiments, but No. 2 achieving heat transfer limit was earlier than No. 1. However, with ethanol, thermal resistance of No. 1 and No. 2 were similar with the heating input less than 110-120 W and filling ratios of 50% and 70%. And with filling ratio of 85%, heating transfer performance of No. 2 was better compared to No. 1 during all the experiments.

Flow Instability in Parallel Channels with Water at Supercritical Pressure: A Review

Research into flow instability at both subcritical and supercritical pressures has attracted attention in recent years because of its potential of occurrence in industrial heat transfer systems. Flow instability has the potential to affect the safety of design and operation of heat transfer equipment. Flow instability is therefore undesirable and should be avoided?in the design and operation of industrial equipment. Rahman?et al. reviewed studies on supercritical water heat transfer with the aim of providing references for SCWR researchers. It was found out that most of the CFD studies and experimental studies were performed with single tube geometry due to the complexity of parallel channel geometry. Because studies performed with parallel channel geometry could provide detailed information to the design of the SCWR core, they called for more studies in parallel channel geometry at supercritical pressures in the future. In order to help understand how flow instability investigations are carried out and also highlight the need to understand flow instability phenomenon and equip the designers and operators of industrial heat transfer equipment with the needed knowledge on flow instability, this study carried out a review of flow instability in parallel channels with water at supercritical pressures.

Analytical and Computational Analysis of Flow Splitting in Multiple, Parallel Channels Systems

Previous analytical results on flow splitting are generalized to consider multiple boiling channels systems. The analysis is consistent with the approximations usually adopted in the use of systems codes (like RELAP5 and TRACE5, among others) commonly applied to perform safety analyses of nuclear power plants. The problem is related to multiple, identical, parallel boiling channels, connected through common plena. A theoretical model limited in scope explains this flow splitting without reversal. The unified analysis performed and the confirmatory computational results found are summarized in this paper. New maps showing the zones where this behavior is predicted are also shown considering again twin pipes. Multiple pipe systems have been found not easily amenable for analytical analysis when dealing with more than four parallel pipes. However, the particular splitting found (flow along N pipes dividing in one standalone pipe flow plus N -1 identical pipe flows) has been verified up to fourteen pipes, involving calculations in systems with even and odd number of pipes using the RELAP5 systems thermal-hydraulics code.

Effective Capacity of URLLC over Parallel Fading Channels with Imperfect Channel State Information

This paper investigates the effective capacity of a point-to-point ultra-reliable low latency communication(URLLC)transmission over multiple parallel sub-channels at finite blocklength(FBL)with imperfect channel state information(CSI).Based on reasonable assumptions and approximations,we derive the effective capacity as a function of the pilot length,decoding error probability,transmit power and the sub-channel number.Then we reveal significant impact of the above parameters on the effective capacity.A closed-form lower bound of the effective capacity is derived and an alternating optimization based algorithm is proposed to find the optimal pilot length and decoding error probability.Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis and show that the closedform lower bound is very tight.In addition,through the simulations of the optimized effective capacity,insights for pilot length and decoding error probability optimization are provided to evaluate the optimal parameters in realistic systems.

Experimental study on flow excursion instability of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel in scramjet regenerative cooling parallel channels

Flow instability of supercritical hydrocarbon fuel is a crucial issue in scramjet regenerative cooling structure. In this study, flow excursion instability and flow distribution in parallel tubes were experimentally studied for supercritical fluids. Two types of flow excursion occur in a single tube. Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ excursions, and they are corresponding to decreasing and increasing flow rate respectively. They can trigger flow maldistribution between parallel tubes and the hysteresis phenomenon of flow distribution. The effects of system parameters, including inlet temperature,system pressure, and heat flux, on flow distribution were analyzed. In addition, the relationship between flow excursion and the pseudo-critical interval proposed in the literature was established according to the heated tube outlet temperature at the onset of flow instability. Finally, the flow excursion instability boundary was obtained using two dimensionless parameters. These experimental results can provide helpful insight on the mechanism of Scramjet regenerative cooling.

Experimental Investigation on Flow Pattern and Bubble Behavior during Subcooled Flow Boiling of R1233zd(E)in Parallel Channels

In this study,the flow pattern and bubble behavior of R1233zd(E)during subcooled flow boiling in parallel channels are experimentally investigated with visualization and thermal measurement.The test section is composed of 21 rectangular mini channels with the hydraulic diameter of 1.5 mm and the length of 140 mm.Bubbly flow,slug flow,churn flow and wavy-annular flow occur in sequence with the increase of vapor quality,while transient flow pattern transition process involving multiple flow patterns are also captured.The distribution of flow pattern is non-synchronized and axial-asymmetric,with earlier flow pattern transitions observed in peripheral channels away from the center axis.The initial nucleate site in each channel also show a random and axial-asymmetric distribution,while faster bubble growth can be noted in some channel under the comprehensive effects of liquid evaporation and bubble coalescence.The variation of heat transfer coefficient is correspondence to the flow pattern transition,showing different trends along the flow direction.The increase of mass flux can lead to delayed flow pattern transition and variation of heat transfer coefficient.In addition,higher heat transfer coefficient can be noted in channels away from the center axis.

A NON LINEAR ANALYSIS OF TWO PHASE FLOW INSTA BILITY IN PARALLEL CHANNELS OF A BOILING SYSTEM

This paper proposes a non linear mathematical model of two phase flow instability in parallel channels of a boiling system. Close agreement is obtained between calculations based on this model and measurements of the stable boundary in a system of two channels. The model is also applied to the cases of three and four parallel channels.

Influence of Filling Ratio and Working Fluid Thermal Properties on Starting up and Heat Transferring Performance of Closed Loop Plate Oscillating Heat Pipe with Parallel Channels

Using ethanol or acetone as the working fluid, the performance of starting up and heat transfer of closed-loop plate oscillating heat pipe with parallel channels(POHP-PC) were experimentally investigated by varying filling ratio, inclination, working fluids and heating power. The performance of the tested pulsating heat pipe was mainly evaluated by thermal resistance and wall temperature. Heating copper block and cold water bath were adopted in the experimental investigations. It was found that oscillating heat pipe with filling ratio of 50% started up earlier than that with 70% when heating input was 159.4 W, however, it has similar starting up performance with filling ratio of 50% as compared to 70% on the condition of heat input of 205.4 W. And heat pipe with filling ratio of 10% could not start up but directly transit to dry burning. A reasonable filling ratio range of 35%-70% was needed in order to achieve better performance, and there are different optimal filling ratios with different heating inputs- the more heating input, the higher optimal filling ratio, and vice versa. However, the dry burning appeared easily with low filling ratio, especially at very low filling ratio, such as 10%. And higher filling ratio, such as 70%, resulted in higher heat transfer( dry burning) limit. With filling ratio of 70% and inclination of 75°, oscillating heat pipe with acetone started up with heating input of just 24 W, but for ethanol, it needed to be achieved 68 W, Furthermore, the start time with acetone was similar as compared to that with ethanol. For steady operating state, the heating input with acetone was about 80 W, but it transited to dry burning state when heating input was greater than 160 W. However, for ethanol, the heating input was in vicinity of 160 W. Furthermore, thermal resistance with acetone was lower than that with ethanol at the same heating input of 120 W.

APO-Based Parallel Algorithm of Channel Allocation for Cognitive Networks

This article investigates channel allocation for cognitive networks, which is difficult to obtain the optimal allocation distribution. We first study interferences between nodes in cognitive networks and establish the channel allocation model with interference constraints. Then we focus on the use of evolutionary algorithms to solve the optimal allocation distribution. We further consider that the search time can be reduced by means of parallel computing, and then a parallel algorithm based APO is proposed. In contrast with the existing algorithms, we decompose the allocation vector into a number of sub-vectors and search for optimal allocation distribution of sub-vector in parallel. In order to speed up converged rate and improve converged value, some typical operations of evolutionary algorithms are modified by two novel operators. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed algorithm drastically outperform other optimal solutions in term of the network utilization.

Mathematical Analysis of Unsteady MHD Blood Flow through Parallel Plate Channel with Heat Source

In the present study, a mathematical model of unsteady blood flow through parallel plate channel under the action of an applied constant transverse magnetic field is proposed. The model is subjected to heat source. Analytical expressions are obtained by choosing the axial velocity;temperature distribution and the normal velocity of the blood depend on y and t only to convert the system of partial differential equations into system of ordinary differential equations under the conditions defined in our model. The model has been analyzed to find the effects of various parameters such as, Hartmann number, heat source parameter and Prandtl number on the axial velocity, temperature distribution and the normal velocity. The numerical solutions of axial velocity, temperature distributions and normal velocity are shown graphically for better understanding of the problem. Hence, the present mathematical model gives a simple form of axial velocity, temperature distribution and normal velocity of the blood flow so that it will help not only people working in the field of Physiological fluid dynamics but also to the medical practitioners.

Run-Up Flow of a Maxwell Fluid through a Parallel Plate Channel

We consider the flow of an incompressible viscous Maxwell fluid between two parallel plates, initially induced by a constant pressure gradient. The pressure gradient is withdrawn and the upper plate moves with a uniform velocity while the lower plate continues to be at rest. The arising flow is referred to as run-up flow. The unsteady governing equations are solved as initial value problem using Laplace transform technique. The expression for velocity, shear stresses on both plates and discharge are obtained. The behavior of the velocity, shear stresses and mass flux has been discussed in detail with respect to variations in different governing flow parameters and is presented through graphs.

Mechanical force and cytoplasmic Ca^(2+) activate mechanosensitive BK channel in parallel

BK channels are widely expressed in both excitable and non-excitable cells and known to be involved in many physiological processes,such as vascular smooth tone regulation,neuronal firing and endocrine cell secretion[1].Recently, the BK channels have

Hall Current Effects on Unsteady MHD Flow in a Rotating Parallel Plate Channel Bound-ed by Porous Bed on the Lower Half—Darcy Lapwood Model

We discussed the unsteady flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in a rotating parallel plate channel bounded on one side by a porous bed under the influence of a uniform transverse magnetic field taking hall current into account. The perturbations are created by a constant pressure gradient along the plates in addition to the non-torsional oscillations of the upper plate. The flow in the clean fluid region is governed by Navier-Stoke’s equations while in the porous bed the equations are based on Darcy-Lapwood model. The exact solutions of velocity in the clean fluid and the porous medium consist of steady state and transient state. The time required for the transient state to decay is evaluated in detail and ultimate quasi-steady state solution has been derived analytically and also its behaviour is computationally discussed with reference to different flow parameters. The shear stresses on the boundaries and the mass flux are also obtained analytically and their behaviour is computationally discussed.

Hall Effects on Unsteady MHD Three Dimensional Flow through a Porous Medium in a Rotating Parallel Plate Channel with Effect of Inclined Magnetic Field

In this paper, we make an initial value investigation of the unsteady flow of incompressible viscous fluid between two rigid non-conducting rotating parallel plates bounded by a porous medium under the influence of a uniform magnetic field of strength H0 inclined at an angle of inclination α with normal to the boundaries taking hall current into account. The perturbations are created by a constant pressure gradient along the plates in addition to the non-torsional oscillations of the upper plate while the lower plate is at rest. The flow in the porous medium is governed by the Brinkman’s equations. The exact solution of the velocity in the porous medium consists of steady state and transient state. The time required for the transient state to decay is evaluated in detail and the ultimate quasi-steady state solution has been derived analytically. Its behaviour is computationally discussed with reference to the various governing parameters. The shear stresses on the boundaries are also obtained analytically and their behaviour is computationally discussed.

复杂战场环境下改进YOLOv5军事目标识别算法研究

复杂战场环境下军事目标识别技术是提升战场情报获取能力的基础和关键。针对当前军事目标识别技术在复杂战场环境下漏检误检率高、实时性差等问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv5模型的PB-YOLO军事目标识别算法。将改进的目标识别算法对于陆战场军事单元的识别锚框进行重新聚类,以提升模型对于目标大小适应度,加速模型收敛;采用通道-空间并行注意力机制,增加模型对复杂战场环境下目标特征信息与位置信息关注度;在特征融合网络部分使用BiFPN以提升模型对于特征的融合能力与速度;采用Alpha_IoU损失函数加速模型收敛,解决当真实框与预测框重合时IoU计算退化问题。实验结果表明,在自建军事目标数据集下,改进算法与主流目标识别算法相比,在保证模型空间复杂度的同时,mAP值达到了90.17%。消融实验对比结果表明,改进后网络较原模型精度提升11.57%,具有较好的识别性能,能够为战场情报获取提供有效的技术支撑。

永磁同步电机机壳串并联混合流道液冷分析

针对机壳串联流道水冷永磁同步电机散热冷却水压力损失过大的问题,提出一款新型机壳串并联混合流道,对某型号42 kW车用永磁同步电机冷却散热进行了计算,比较了机壳串并联混合流道与串联流道冷却电机最高温度与冷却水压力损失,分析了机壳串并联混合流道环形流道数量、槽深及冷却水流量对电机冷却散热影响。结果表明:电机以额定工况运行时,在相同对流换热面积及冷却液流量条件下,机壳串并联混合流道冷却水进出口压降比串联流道减小26 693 Pa,降低67%,而机壳串并联混合流道比串联流道冷却电机最高温度升高0.6℃,增大0.68%;机壳串并联混合流道环形流道数量增多或冷却水流量增大均能加快机壳串并联混合流道冷却永磁同步电机散热,但冷却水压力损失会有所增大;流道槽深增加可显著降低冷却水压力损失,但对电机最高温度变化影响较小。

基于GRU-DRSN的双通道人体活动识别

人体活动识别(human activity recognizition, HAR)在医疗、军工、智能家居等领域有很大的应用空间。传统机器学习方法特征提取难度较大且精度不高。针对上述问题并结合传感器时序特性,提出了一种融合CBAM(convolutional block attention module)注意力机制的GRU-DRSN双通道并行模型,有效避免了传统串行模型因网络深度加深引起梯度爆炸和消失问题。同时并行结构使得两条支路具有相同的优先级,使用深度残差收缩网络(deep residual shrinkage network, DRSN)提取数据的深层空间特征,同时使用门控循环结构(gated recurrent unit, GRU)学习活动样本在时间序列上的特征,同时进行提取样本不同维度的特征,并通过CBAM模块进行特征的权重分配,最后通过Softmax层进行识别,实现了端对端的人体活动识别。使用公开数据集(wireless sensor data mining, WISDM)进行验证,模型平均精度达到了97.6%,与传统机器学习模型和前人所提神经网络模型相比,有更好的识别效果。

两相并联换热通道间流量分配特性实验研究

为提高两相流动换热通道的换热能力及系统性能,探究其并联换热通道中流量分配不均的特征,开展了以水为工质的两并联通道换热实验,对流量分配不均所带来的参数变化进行研究。实验参数变化主要包括进口温度、热流密度、进口流量,以及外部扰动、集管结构带来的流量分配差异。将实验结果与模型计算结果进行了对比,结果表明:并联换热通道间流量分配不均时,优先沸腾通道中流量较少,未沸腾通道出口温度明显降低;增加进口温度、增加热流密度、降低进口流量会导致流量分配不均的出现,其产生和消失对应的进口温度、热流密度、进口流量分别变化了24.8℃、175.6 W/m、19.8%,并存在滞后现象;扰动会加速流量分配不均的出现,对应进口温度相差3.2℃;集管结构会影响优先沸腾通道的位置,单相状态下流量较少的通道倾向于优先沸腾。研究结果可为提高并联换热通道流量分配的均匀性提供参考。

并联竖直上升通道内二氧化碳流动不稳定性实验研究

先进超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,S-CO_(2))布雷顿循环系统因具有紧凑、高效灵活的特点,在第三代光热系统和第四代核电系统中具有良好的应用前景,而布雷顿循环系统中的流动不稳定性威胁着机组的安全运行。为研究竖直上升并联管内CO_(2)的流动不稳定性,该文建立CO_(2)流动不稳定性系统进行实验研究,获得热工参数对流动不稳定性的影响规律;引入无量纲节流系数,构建CO_(2)流动不稳定性预测模型;模型预测效果良好,预测值与实验值吻合良好(误差±20%)。研究发现,增加系统压力、增加质量流量及过冷度范围在5~20℃时,减小过冷度均有利于提高并联管间流动的稳定性;随着出口节流增加,并联管间流动稳定性降低,且发生不稳定性的界限热负荷逐渐减小。

不锈钢槽式预埋组件受剪性能研究

为研究不锈钢槽式预埋组件在剪力作用下的破坏模式和承载性能,完成了3组9个带混凝土基材的不锈钢槽式预埋组件试件的受剪试验。试验结果表明,平行受剪工况下破坏模式为齿牙剪切破坏,垂直受剪工况下破坏模式为混凝土边缘破坏及槽道卷边受弯破坏。在试验的基础上,通过ABAQUS软件建立了有限元分析模型,并验证了模型的准确性。通过数值分析研究了齿牙尺寸、混凝土强度、边缘距离、锚件中心线间距及预埋槽道有效埋深等参数对极限承载力的影响。结果表明,平行受剪工况下,平齿型槽道的齿牙数量、宽度及厚度的增加均可提高极限承载力,齿牙高度对极限承载力影响较小;垂直受剪工况下,平齿型和燕尾型槽道的混凝土强度及边缘距离的增加均可提高极限承载力,而锚件中心线间距的增加则使极限承载力降低,预埋槽道有效深度对极限承载力影响较小。给出了不同破坏模式下的受剪承载力计算公式,通过试验结果与有限元模拟结果的对比,验证了承载力计算公式的有效性。