Corn field experiments with two treatments, NP and NPK, where N in the form of urea, P in the form of calcium phosphate, and K in the form of KCl were applied at rates of 187.5, 33.3, and 125 kg ha^-1, respectively, o...Corn field experiments with two treatments, NP and NPK, where N in the form of urea, P in the form of calcium phosphate, and K in the form of KCl were applied at rates of 187.5, 33.3, and 125 kg ha^-1, respectively, on soils derived from Quaternary red clay were conducted in the hilly red soil region of Zhejiang Province, China. Plant grains and stalks were collected for determination of K content. Seven equations were used to describe the kinetics of K release from surface soil samples taken before the corn experiments under electric field strengths of 44.4 and 88.8 V cm^-1 by means of electro-ultrafiltration （EUF） and to determine if their parameters had a practical application. The second-order and Elovich equations excellently described K release; the first-order, power function, and parabolic diffusion equations also described K release well; but the zero-order and exponential equations were not so good at reflecting K release. Five reference standards from the field experiments, including relative grain yield （yield of the NP treatment/yield of the NPK treatment）, relative dry matter yield （dry matter of the NP treatment/dry matter of the NPK treatment）, quantity of K uptake in the NP treatment （no K application）, soil exchangeable K, and soil HNO3-soluble K, were used to test the effectiveness of equation parameters obtained from the slope or intercept of these equations. Correlations of the ymax （the maximum desorbable quantity of K） in the second-order equation and the constant b in the first-order and Elovich equations to all five reference standards were highly significant （P ≤ 0.01）. The constant a in the power function equation was highly significant （P 〈 0.01） for four of the five reference standards with the fifth being significant （P ≤ 0.05）. The constant b in the parabolic equation was also significantly correlated （P ≤ 0.05） to the relative grain yield and soil HNO3-soluble K. These suggested that all of these parameters could be used to estimate the soil K supplying capacity and the crop response to K fertilizer.展开更多
A parameter estimation algorithm is introduced and used to determine the parameters in the standard k-epsilon two equation turbulence model (SKE). It can be found from the estimation results that although the paramete...A parameter estimation algorithm is introduced and used to determine the parameters in the standard k-epsilon two equation turbulence model (SKE). It can be found from the estimation results that although the parameter estimation method is an effective method to determine model parameters, it is. difficult to obtain a set of parameters for SKE to suit all kinds of separated flow and a modification of the turbulence model structure should be considered. So, a new nonlinear k-e two-equation model (NNKE) is put forward in this paper and the corresponding parameter estimation technique is applied to determine the model parameters. By implementing the NNKE to solve some engineering turbulent flows, it is shown that NNKE is more accurate and versatile than SKE. Thus, the success of NNKE implies that the parameter estimation technique may have a bright prospect in engineering turbulence model research.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Key Basic Research Support Foundation of China (No. G1999011809) the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (No. RC99035).
文摘Corn field experiments with two treatments, NP and NPK, where N in the form of urea, P in the form of calcium phosphate, and K in the form of KCl were applied at rates of 187.5, 33.3, and 125 kg ha^-1, respectively, on soils derived from Quaternary red clay were conducted in the hilly red soil region of Zhejiang Province, China. Plant grains and stalks were collected for determination of K content. Seven equations were used to describe the kinetics of K release from surface soil samples taken before the corn experiments under electric field strengths of 44.4 and 88.8 V cm^-1 by means of electro-ultrafiltration （EUF） and to determine if their parameters had a practical application. The second-order and Elovich equations excellently described K release; the first-order, power function, and parabolic diffusion equations also described K release well; but the zero-order and exponential equations were not so good at reflecting K release. Five reference standards from the field experiments, including relative grain yield （yield of the NP treatment/yield of the NPK treatment）, relative dry matter yield （dry matter of the NP treatment/dry matter of the NPK treatment）, quantity of K uptake in the NP treatment （no K application）, soil exchangeable K, and soil HNO3-soluble K, were used to test the effectiveness of equation parameters obtained from the slope or intercept of these equations. Correlations of the ymax （the maximum desorbable quantity of K） in the second-order equation and the constant b in the first-order and Elovich equations to all five reference standards were highly significant （P ≤ 0.01）. The constant a in the power function equation was highly significant （P 〈 0.01） for four of the five reference standards with the fifth being significant （P ≤ 0.05）. The constant b in the parabolic equation was also significantly correlated （P ≤ 0.05） to the relative grain yield and soil HNO3-soluble K. These suggested that all of these parameters could be used to estimate the soil K supplying capacity and the crop response to K fertilizer.
文摘A parameter estimation algorithm is introduced and used to determine the parameters in the standard k-epsilon two equation turbulence model (SKE). It can be found from the estimation results that although the parameter estimation method is an effective method to determine model parameters, it is. difficult to obtain a set of parameters for SKE to suit all kinds of separated flow and a modification of the turbulence model structure should be considered. So, a new nonlinear k-e two-equation model (NNKE) is put forward in this paper and the corresponding parameter estimation technique is applied to determine the model parameters. By implementing the NNKE to solve some engineering turbulent flows, it is shown that NNKE is more accurate and versatile than SKE. Thus, the success of NNKE implies that the parameter estimation technique may have a bright prospect in engineering turbulence model research.
