A simple method for determining independent fracture toughness and tensile strength of rock

This paper develops a model that only requires two sets of small-size rock specimens with the ratio of the structural geometry parameter maximum to minimum ae,max:ae,min≥3:1 to determine the rock fracture and strength parameters without size effect and predict the actual structural performance of rock.Regardless of three-point-bending,four-point-bending,or a combination of the above two specimen types,fracture toughness KICand tensile strength ftof rock were determined using only two sets of specimens with ae,max:ae,min≥3:1.The values KICand ftwere consistent with those determined using multiple sets of specimens.The full structural failure curve constructed by two sets of small-size specimens with ae,max:ae,min≥3:1 can accurately predict large-size specimens fracture failure,and±10%upper and lower limits of the curve can encompass the test results of large-size specimens.The peak load prediction curve was constructed by two sets of specimens with ae,max:ae,min≥3:1,and±15%upper and lower limits of the peak load prediction curve can cover the small-size specimen tests data.The model and method proposed in this paper require only two sets of small-size specimens,and their selection is unaffected by the specimen type,geometry,and initial crack length.

Fracture Toughness Studies of Polypropylene- Clay Nanocomposites and Glass Fibre Reinfoerced Polypropylene Composites

In this paper, a comparative study on the fracture toughness of woven glass fibre reinforced polypropylene, chopped glass fibre reinforced polypropylene and nanoclay filled polypropylene composites is presented. Nanoclays (Cloisite 15A) of 1 wt. % to 5 wt. % were filled in polypropylene (PP) matrix and they were subjected to fracture toughness stu-dies. The specimen with 5 wt. % nanoclay showed 1.75 times and 3 times improvement in critical stress intensity factor (KIC) and strain energy release rate (GIC), respectively, over virgin PP. On the other hand, 3 wt. % nanoclay PP composites showed superior crack containment properties. These structural changes of composite specimens were examined using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. It showed that exfoli-ated nanocomposite structures were formed up to 3 wt. % nanoclay, whereas, intercalated nanocomposite structures formed above 3 wt. % nanoclay in the PP matrix. Furthermore, the woven fibre reinforced PP composites demonstrated superior crack resistant properties than that of clay filled nanocomposites and chopped fibre PP composites. However, KIC and GIC values for woven fibre composites were lesser than that of chopped fibre composites. Moreover, KIC and GIC values for both nanoclay filled PP composites and woven fibre composites are comparable even though the clay filled PP demonstrated catastrophic failure. Also, the crack propagation rate of PP-nanoclay composites is comparable to that of chopped fibre composites.

CRACK INITIATION POINT DETERMINATION AND DYNAMIC FRACTURE TOUGHNESS FOR CHARPY PRE-CRACKED SPECIMEN

The method to detect the crack initiation point of Charpy pre-cracked specimen under dy- namie loading was studied using strain gauge.The load-time curve and nominal strain-time curve at the crack tip for impact testing specinens may be shnultaneously measured by twin-channel oscilloscope with high speed sampling and diskette storing.Based on the dynam- ic finite element simulation of impact response of Charpy specimen,the measuring method of dynamic fracture toughness was analysed and some problems in previous dynamic fracture toughness measurement were discussed.

A review of the effect of a/W ratio on fracture toughness (Ⅲ)——theoretical analysis

In part Ⅰ and Ⅱ of this series, experimental investigation in both EPFM and LEFM had been discussed. In this part, further theoretical analysis is given. The theoretical development of Two Parameter Fracture Mechanics by Hancock etc, has rationalized our experimental results. This method can be applied to engineering practice, and will allow the advantage of enhanced toughness for specimens with low levels of constraint to be taken into account for defect assessment.

Effect of arc-current and spray distance on elastic modulus and fracture toughness of plasma-sprayed chromium oxide coatings

In this experimental study, chromium oxide powder was sprayed on a low-carbon steel substrate using the atmospheric plasma spray process. The current and standoff distances(SODs) were varied to study their effect on the fracture toughness of the coatings. Theoretically, as the arc current increases, the melting of the ceramic oxide should increase and this in turn should lead to the formation of a dense coating. However,it was observed that if the arc power is too high and because the particle size of the powder is small(approximately 30 μm), the particles tend to fly away from the plasma core. Similarly, an appropriate SOD should provide the particles with more melting time, thus resulting in a dense coating. On the other hand, a larger SOD leads to the solidification of the molten particles before the droplets can reach the substrate. All these effects may lead to substantial variation in the fracture toughness of the coating. The present paper attempts to correlate the plasma spraying parameters and microstructure of the coating with the fracture toughness and other primary coating properties.

Development of embedded-atom potentials and prediction of properties for binary Ti-V

The embedded atom potentials for binary Ti V were developed and used to predict the mechanical properties of binary Ti V solid solutions with hcp and bcc structures including lattice parameters, elastic constants and fracture toughness for Mode Ⅰ fracture under plane strain. The calculation results show that with the increment of V content, the lattice parameters and elastic constants decrease but the fracture toughness increases for hcp solid solutions, the lattice parameters decrease but the elastic constants and fracture toughness increase for bcc solid solutions. The calculation results agree well with the available experiment values. [

Cutting Behavior of Cortical Bone in Different Bone Osteon Cutting Angles and Depths of Cut

Cortical bone is semi-brittle and anisotropic,that brings a challenge to suppress vibration and avoid undesired fracture in precise cutting process in surgeries.In this paper,a novel analytical model is proposed to represent cortical bone cutting processes.The model is utilized to predict the chip formations,material removal behavior and cracks propagation under varying bone osteon cutting angles and depths.Series of orthogonal cutting experiments were conducted on cortical bone to investigate the impact of bone osteon cutting angle and depth of cut on cutting force,crack initialization and propagation.The observed chip morphology highly agreed with the prediction of chip formation based on the analytical model.The curly,serrated,grainy and powdery chips formed when the cutting angle was set as 0°,60°,90°,and 120°,respectively.Cortical bone were removed dominantly by shearing at a small depth of cut from 10 to 50μm,and by a mixture of pealing,shearing,fracture and crushing at a large depth of cut over 100μm at different bone osteon angles.Moreover,its fracture toughness was calculated based on measured cutting force.It is found that the fluctuation of cutting force is suppressed and the bone material becomes easy to remove,which attributes to lower fracture toughness at bone osteon cutting angle 0°.When the cutting direction develops a certain angle to bone osteon,the fracture toughness increases then the crack propagation is inhibited to some extent and the fluctuation of cutting force comparatively decreases.There is a theoretical and practical significance for tools design and operational parameters choice in surgeries.

Predicting unstable toughness of concrete based on initial toughness criterion

研究目的:研究混凝土失稳韧度的理论预测方法。创新要点:1.提出混凝土失稳韧度的理论预测方法;2.利用楔入劈拉试件计算不同级配混凝土的失稳韧度;3.研究失稳韧度受拉伸软化曲线的影响。研究方法:1.基于起裂韧度扩展准则,采用理论分析手段研究混凝土的失稳韧度计算方法;2.利用楔入劈拉试件(见图3)计算不同级配混凝土的失稳韧度。重要结论:1.基于起裂韧度准则可合理地预测峰值荷载状态及失稳韧度;2.混凝土失稳韧度受断裂能的影响较小;3.拉伸软化曲线对混凝土失稳韧度的影响较小。

受压徐变后混凝土断裂特性及拉伸软化本构关系研究

为了对服役期间的混凝土重力坝进行抗裂性评估,开展受压徐变后混凝土断裂特性与拉伸软化本构关系研究。首先对混凝土棱柱体试件进行应力水平为轴心抗压强度的40%为期360 d的受压徐变试验,然后进行准静态加载条件下的三点弯曲断裂试验,测定混凝土的起裂韧度、失稳韧度、断裂能,采用改进的J积分法计算裂缝扩展消耗的能量,推导混凝土的软化本构关系。试验结果表明:受压徐变试验后,混凝土的抗压强度、抗拉强度、弹性模量、起裂韧度、失稳韧度、断裂能提高。受压徐变对混凝土软化本构关系有显著影响,应力自由张开位移变小,使混凝土基本力学性能以及抗裂性增强,但也使混凝土的脆性增加。

Experimental investigation of three-dimensional mixed-mode fracture of a titanium alloy at room and elevated temperatures

Damage tolerance of titanium alloy structures is very important for the safety of modern aircraft under complex loading and environmental conditions. However, there is no available systematic knowledge about the effect of alloy thickness under mixed-mode loading at elevated temperatures. In the present study, a newly developed fracture experimental technique based on high-temperature moiré interferometry was employed to investigate experimentally I-II mixed-mode fracture in titanium alloy TC11 of various thicknesses at room and elevated temperatures. Compact shear specimens with thickness ranging from 1.8 to 7.1 mm were tested. The effects of temperature, thickness, and loading angle on the load capacity and crack initiation angle were investigated systematically. The TC11 alloy was shown to possess varied fracture performance at elevated tem-perature, and an opposite thickness effect at room temperature. Increasing temperature would enhance the fracture load capacity of thick specimens but reduce the fracture load capacity of thin specimens. Crack initiation angles under I-II mixed-mode loading showed the thickness-temperature coupling effects. These complex effects call for new development in three-dimensional mixed-mode fracture theory and technologies for damage tolerance assessment.

钢纤维增强大掺量再生骨料混凝土力学与断裂性能

通过立方体抗压试验、劈裂抗拉试验与三点弯曲试验,探讨再生粗、细骨料较高取代率和钢纤维掺量对再生混凝土力学性能与断裂性能的影响。测试了试件28 d的立方体抗压强度、劈裂抗拉强度与双K断裂韧度,分析了再生混凝土基本力学性能与断裂性能之间的相关性,提出了钢纤维增强大掺量再生骨料混凝土起裂断裂韧度及失稳断裂韧度与劈裂抗拉强度的计算关系。结果表明:再生粗、细骨料以50%质量取代率分别替换天然碎石与河砂,钢纤维体积掺量为1.0%时,抗压强度与劈裂抗拉强度达到最高,分别达到天然混凝土的77.12%与93.97%。掺加1.0%的钢纤维后,试块的失稳断裂韧度明显增加,并且在再生细骨料掺量为50%时均超过了天然混凝土。

Evaluation of the location parameter in Weibull distribution of CTOD testing results of high strength steel weldments

In this paper, the location parameter δ_(a) in Weibull distribution i.e. the lower limiting CTOD toughness of high strength steel weldments is evaluated from Gleeble simulated coarse grained specimens. The Charpy-V transition temperature obtained from these specimens is transformed to a fracture toughness K_(IC) value at a given temperature using Sanz' relation. Then, the location parameter a is δ_(a) evaluated. The predicted location parameter arrives at agreement with the lowest CTOD value as obtained from thick multilayer weldments. The improvement of the fracture toughness of multilayer weldments needs the increase of the lowering limiting CTOD.toughness i.e. the toughness of the coarse grained zone.

Influence of Vanadium Additions on the Performance of Mo₃Si

Several molybdenum silicides based alloys were produced by arc cast method with different vanadium additions. The microstructures revealed mainly single phase in samples with precipitation of second phases segregated to the grain boundaries. Lattice parameter and density measurements with different V concentrations have been correlated with lattice distortion. Mechanical properties studies were carried out, showing a decreasing behavior in microhardness while fracture toughness value increases at intermediate concentrations. Results indicated that vanadium alloying produces a significant effect on grain growth behavior and second phase precipitation.

混凝土断裂参数计算方法研究

提出利用五阶权函数计算粘聚力断裂韧度K_(I)^(C)的计算公式,并考虑到位移加载时裂缝扩展过程中的峰值荷载对应于外荷载的极大值这一特性,进而建立了只需代入峰值荷载P_(max)后便可求得混凝土双K断裂参数的解析计算模型。然后,利用本模型计算与文献中报道的试验值进行比较,结果表明,利用本模型计算的理论值与试验值吻合良好,最大误差不超过8%。

国产P92钢的蠕变裂纹扩展行为研究

对国产P92钢开展了600℃蠕变试验,得到了蠕变变形曲线、蠕变指数和蠕变延性等,再在600℃进行蠕变裂纹扩展行为试验研究,得到了蠕变裂纹萌生时间和蠕变裂纹扩展速率与蠕变断裂力学参量C^(*)的关系,将国产P92钢的性能与BS 7910数据进行比较,评估NSW模型的预测效果,计算得到材料的蠕变断裂韧性。结果表明,蠕变裂纹萌生时间和蠕变裂纹扩展速率与蠕变断裂力学参量C^(*)之间有较好的双对数线性相关性。国产P92钢的蠕变裂纹扩展性能优于BS 7910中9%Cr钢的平均性能,NSW模型的平面应力预测结果与试验数据接近,材料的蠕变断裂韧性随着服役时间的增大逐渐降低。该研究结果可以用于评估长期服役高温结构的安全性。

玄武岩纤维混凝土三点弯曲梁的断裂性能

为探讨玄武岩纤维混凝土(BFRC)的断裂性能,采用《水工混凝土断裂试验规程》的三点弯曲梁法,制作缝高比为0.4的不同纤维长度及掺量的混凝土试件,利用MTS试验机对试件进行加载试验,得到玄武岩纤维混凝土三点弯曲梁的试验结果,并对P-CMOD曲线、起裂韧度、失稳韧度及断裂能等断裂参数进行分析,结果表明:掺入玄武岩纤维后,试件的断裂性能得到了提升,纤维掺量越多,纤维长度越长,P-CMOD曲线的下降段越饱满;纤维长度为18 mm、掺量为1.5%的试件起裂韧度及失稳断裂韧度的提升最为明显;纤维长度为12 mm、掺量为1.5%的试件断裂能最大。

分级淬火对7N65铝合金微观组织和断裂韧性的影响

通过分级淬火实验研究了7N65合金在不同保温温度与不同保温时间下的硬度(HV)和单位裂纹形核功(UIE)变化,绘制了合金的TTP-HV曲线及TTP-UIE曲线。结合扫描电镜、透射电镜等表征方法,对不同温度下的第二相析出行为进行了研究。结果表明,高温(390~450℃)保温时,晶界析出相以S(Al_(2)CuMg)相为主,随着保温时间延长,其尺寸与数量增大,合金断裂韧性下降,断裂方式为沿扁平晶粒断开的脆性断裂;低温(250~390℃)保温时,晶界析出相以η(MgZn_(2))相为主,随着保温时间延长,晶界特征变化不大,晶内η相数量增加、尺寸增大,导致晶内强度降低,晶内-晶界强度差减小,合金断裂韧性上升,断裂方式为穿晶断裂。

多组合混杂纤维增强UHPC断裂特性试验研究

为研究混杂纤维增强超高性能混凝土(ultra-high performance concrete,UHPC)的断裂性能,对带预制裂缝UHPC梁进行了三点弯曲断裂测试,以研究钢纤维分别与6种非金属纤维混掺对断裂性能的影响.钢纤维体积分数为1.3%,混掺合成/无机纤维体积分数均为0.5%.通过测得荷载-裂缝嘴张开位移(P-D)曲线,分析了起裂韧度、失稳韧度、断裂能等断裂参数,研究了切口梁弯曲强度、残余强度等.试验表明:混掺纤维UHPC的P-D曲线具有明显的二次强化特性,钢纤维与其他非金属纤维混掺具有一定的协调阻裂、控裂能力.混掺合成/无机纤维提高了切口梁裂后的变形能力;混掺直径为0.15 mm的聚烯烃纤维有利于提高断裂能;混掺直径为0.04 mm的聚乙烯醇纤维可明显提高UHPC断裂参数;混掺玻璃纤维有利于提高UHPC抗断裂能力,其长度不宜大于12 mm;聚酯纤维的直径不宜大于0.75 mm;混掺弹性模量较高的非金属纤维更有利于改善UHPC抵抗断裂的能力,混掺纤维后显著提升了UHPC的断裂能.

基于解析方法的FRP增强混凝土梁失稳前断裂过程分析

为研究FRP增强混凝土梁失稳前断裂过程,该文基于混凝土断裂力学理论和非线性FRP-混凝土界面粘结滑移规律,建立了一个跨中裂缝导致界面脱粘的粘聚区模型,采用解析方法推导了FRP增强混凝土梁界面剪切应力、FRP拉应力以及失稳前断裂韧度的公式,为分析FRP-混凝土界面脱粘提供了一种有效的方法,并开展了动态荷载下4种不同初始缝高比(0.2、0.3、0.4和0.5)的FRP增强混凝土梁三点弯曲试验。结果表明,FRP增强混凝土梁的起裂荷载和阻裂荷载随着初始缝高比的增大而逐渐减小,但初始缝高比为0.4时,试件起裂最晚;起裂韧度和阻裂韧度不随初始缝高比的变化而变化,表现出与其他文献类似的规律,验证了断裂韧度解析解的正确性。

穿越河流管道环焊缝裂纹缺陷安全性研究

穿越河流管道容易发生裸露悬空,管道的环焊缝是薄弱环节,极易发生断裂失效。为了保障穿越河流天然气长输管道环焊缝安全性,以某穿越河流输气管道悬跨段为研究对象,分析悬跨段管道所受复杂应力情况,建立管道局部悬跨段及管土相互作用的简化力学模型;基于非线性有限元法,创新性地使用连接器建立管土非线性耦合单元,建立穿越河流含裂纹缺陷管道环焊缝模型,得到悬跨管道的应力、应变等分布情况和以J积分为表征的裂纹驱动力,并结合BS 7910-2019《金属结构中缺陷可接受性评估方法指南》验证其准确性;在此基础上,考虑管道屈服强度、焊缝匹配系数、内压及土壤承载力参数,采用单因素敏感性分析法,识别各参数条件对管道J积分的影响规律,得到影响管道环焊缝裂纹起裂的关键因素。研究结果可为复杂应力作用下穿越河流管道环焊缝安全运行提供参考。