Robotic transoral vestibular parathyroidectomy:Two case reports and review of literature

Advances in preoperative localization studies and de-mands for scarless surgery have promoted the inves-tigation for remote techniques in parathyroid surgery. Transoral vestibular approach seems to provide the most comfortable and safest access to the neck. In this paper, we report our initial experience with robotic transoral ves-tibular parathyroidectomy(RTVP) in four patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. The surgery was perfor-med with the Da Vinci system through three trocars intro-duced from the lower lip vestibule. The procedure was converted to open in two patients due to inappropriate preoperative localization. The mean operative time was 169 min. No postoperative complications were seen. Patients were discharged on postoperative day 1. RTVP is a feasible and safe technique, which allows better surgical exposure and manipulation of the instruments. The advantages of transoral vestibular approach can be enhanced by robotics. Further studies are needed to analyze complications and costs.

Effect of calcium supplementation on severe hypocalcemia in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism after total parathyroidectomy

BACKGROUND Severe hypocalcemia(SH)is a dreaded complication of total parathyroidectomy(TPTX)without auto-transplantation.AIM To compare conventional and preventive calcium supplementation(CS)regimens in terms of SH occurrence after TPTX.METHODS This retrospective study included patients who underwent TPTX between January 2015 and May 2018 at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital.From January 2015 to May 2016,conventional CS was performed in patients who underwent TPTX,with calcium amounts adjusted according to postoperative serum calcium levels.From October 2016 to May 2018,preventive CS was performed according to preoperative alkaline phosphatase(ALP)levels.The patients were defined as lowrisk(ALP<500 U/L)and high-risk(ALP>500 U/L)for SH.All preoperative blood samples were collected in the fasting state on the day before surgery.Postoperative blood samples were obtained at 6-7 AM from the first postoperative day.RESULTS A total of 271 patients were included.These patients were 47.7±11.1 years old,and 57.6%were male.Their mean body mass index(BMI)was 22.9±3.8 kg/m^(2).There were no significant differences in sex,age,BMI,preoperative ALP,serum calcium,serum phosphorus,calcium-phosphorus ratio,and intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH)between the two CS groups.Compared with conventional CS,preventive CS led to lower occurrence rates of hypocalcemia within 48 h(46.0%vs 74.5%,P<0.001)and SH(31.7%vs 64.1%,P<0.001).Multivariable analysis showed that preoperative iPTH levelsodds ratio(OR)=1.001,95%confidence interval(CI:1.000-1.001,P=0.009),preoperative ALP amounts(OR=1.002,95%CI:1.001-1.003,P=0.002),preoperative serum phosphorus levels(OR=8.729,95%CI:1.518-50.216,P=0.015)and preventive CS(OR=0.132,95%CI:0.067-0.261,P<0.001)were independently associated with SH.In patients with preoperative ALP≥500 U/L,only preventive CS(OR=0.147,95%CI:0.038-0.562.P=0.005)was independently associated with SH.CONCLUSION This study suggests that preventive CS could reduce the occurrence of SH,indicating its critical value for hypocalcemia after TPTX.

Bilateral superficial cervical plexus block for parathyroidectomy during pregnancy:A case report

BACKGROUND Primary hyperparathyroidism(PHPT)is the most common cause of pregnancyrelated hypercalcemia.PHPT can cause maternal and fetal complications in pregnant women.General anesthesia for non-obstetric surgery in pregnant women is associated with maternal hazards and concerns regarding long-term neonatal neurocognitive effects.Surgical removal of the lesion in mid-pregnancy is currently the primary treatment option for pregnant patients with PHPT.However,the blood calcium concentration at which surgery should be considered remains under discussion due to the risk of miscarriage.CASE SUMMARY A 31-year-old nulliparous woman at 11 wk of gestation was admitted to our hospital for parathyroidectomy.The patient had a history of intrauterine fetal death with unknown etiology at 16 wk of gestation 1 year prior.Her blood test results showed that the serum calcium level was elevated to 12.9 mg/dL,and the parathyroid hormone level was elevated to 157 pg/mL.In a neck ultrasound,it revealed a 0.8 cm×1.5 cm sized oval,hypoechoic mass in the upper posterior of the left thyroid gland,which was compatible with parathyroid adenoma.Superficial cervical plexus block(SCPB)for parathyroidectomy was performed.After surgery,the obstetrician checked the status of the fetus,and there were no abnormal signs.Since then her calcium level returned to normal values after one week of surgery and a healthy male neonate of 2910 g was delivered vaginally at 38 wk of gestation.CONCLUSION Our case suggests that SCPB can be an anesthetic option for parathyroidectomy during the first trimester of pregnancy.

Experience with Post Transplant Parathyroidectomy in Gulf Region and Literature Review

Sustained elevation of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels is not uncommon post renal transplantation. Though in the majority of patients, it gradually normalizes, on average 5% of transplanted patients require parathyroidectomy (PTX). However, PTX itself has been associated with deterioration in allograft function and even completes graft loss seen with both total and subtotal PTX as well as an increased rate of acute rejection. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of post transplant partial PTX on allograft function in our patients as well as the incidence of acute rejection. Our results show that post transplantation, subtotal PTX, was successful in achieving metabolic control while preserving graft function without an increased incidence of acute rejection. Retention of sufficient residual parathyroid tissue with partial PTX might account for favorable outcome in our study. Despite this, surgery for advanced hyperparathyroidism should optimally take place in the pre-transplant period.

Parathyroidectomy in Chronic Haemodialysis in the Nephrology and Haemodialysis Department at the University Hospital Center of Point G in Bamako, Mali

Introduction: Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a common complication in chronic hemodialysis patients. It is characterized by hypersecretion of parathormone by the parathyroid glands to maintain phosphocalcium homeostasis in response to hypocalcemia, lowering of 1.25 dihydroxy vitamin D3 and hyperphosphatemia. Objective: To analyze the results of parathyroidectomy (PTX) in cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPTS), report the post-operative course and early and late complications. Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of ten (10) patients with chronic renal failure operated on at the CHU of Point G over a 32-month period, from January 1, 2016 to August 31, 2019. We analyzed the clinical, biological, radiological and histological parameters of the thyroid glands. Results: We have collected 33 cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Ten (10) patients met the inclusion criteria. They were 45 years old on average, seven (7) women and three (3) men, in dialysis for an average of 6.8 years before parathyroidectomy. Half of the initial kidney disease was of vascular origin (HTA). No cases of diabetic nephropathy were identified. Symptoms were in order of frequency: bone pain (60%), paresthesia (50%), functional impotence of the lower limbs (50%). Radiological signs included demineralisation (5 out of 6 cases) and brown tumour associated with a fracture (1 out of 6 cases). The most frequent indication for parathyroidectomy (100%) was persistence despite treatment of a serum PTH concentration above 1000 pg/ml. Subtotal PTX (7/8) was performed after cervical ultrasound in all patients. Histological analysis of the parathyroid glands showed adenoma (60%) and hyperplasia in 40% of cases. The evolution was marked by a progressive reduction of the parathormone level over twelve (12) months, without achieving normalization. This could be related to sub-dialysis (generator failure with reduction of dialysis time). There were no cases of complications or mortality. Conclusion: Parathyroidectomy is an effective treatment to curb hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone. Despite this satisfactory result, the management of phosphocalcic abnormalities in renal failure remains an ongoing concern.

Minimally Invasive Mediastinal Parathyroidectomy: An Effective and Safe Technique in Patients with Ectopic Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Introduction: Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disease commonly caused by a single parathyroid adenoma in 80% - 85% of cases, and is less frequently caused by parathyroid hyperplasia. In approximately 2% of cases, the ectopic parathyroid adenoma is located within the mediastinum. Safely targeted parathyroidectomy is the gold standard procedure for surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism. We reviewed our surgical experience using video-assisted thoracic surgery and a robotic technique for surgical resection of mediastinal parathyroid adenoma, caused by primary hyperparathyroidism. Materials and Methods: From July 2010 to September 2016, six consecutive patients with symptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism were evaluated with neck ultrasound computed tomography (CT), technetium-99 sestamibi scintigraphy, and selective venous sampling with a measurement of parathyroid hormone levels. Four patients underwent video-assisted thoracic parathyroidectomy and two patients had robotic-assisted parathyroidectomy. Results:? In six patients, there were four women and two men with a mean age of 47.5 years (ranging from 31 - 60 years). The mediastinal parathyroid adenomas were successfully localized by preoperative imaging studies in five patients. Only in one patient, we were unable to localize the parathyroid adenoma. All parathyroid adenomas were successfully resected without any complications. Conclusions: We found that minimally invasive mediastinal parathyroidectomy is promising, safe, and effective in a selected group of patients, as well as providing superior cosmetic results and a short hospital stay.

Long-Term Efficacy of Parathyroidectomy onHyperparathyroid Bone Disease

This is a retrospective analysis of long-term efficacy of parathyroidectomy on hyperparathyroid bone disease. The clinical manifestations, bone structure, and bone mineral density in 16 patients averaged 5.1 (1. 0-10. 5) years after parathyroidectomy were assessed. The results showed that although the bone disease could be markedly relieved after surgery, yet at terminal point of follow-up, 10/16 cases (62. 5% ) got incomplete recovery of bone disease, the ratio of incomplete recovery in Y1 group with severe bone disease was higher than that of Y2 group with mild bone disease (P <0. 05). The concentrations of serum BGP and morning void urine pyridinoline were within the refer ence ranges of young and middle aged controls. These imply that the osteoblastic and osteoclastic activities had reached a balancing state. The results suggested that hyperparathyroid patients should be operated on as early as possible, and intensively followed up after operation. subsequent therapy should be given to patients with incomplete recovery of bone disease.

Surgical Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism Secondary to Chronic Renal Failure: Our Experience with the 7/8 Subtotal Parathyroidectomy Technique

Introduction: Surgical management takes place, after a certain period of evolution, on particularly severe forms of secondary hyperparathyroidism, resistant to medical treatment. Subtotal parathyroidectomy is an effective technique in the treatment of these disorders. Method: Our study is retrospective of 33 cases of hyperparathyroidism secondary to chronic renal failure in dialysis patients operated by the 7/8 technique. Identified over a period of 10 years (January 2010 to December 2019), in the ENT department of the Fann University Hospital. Results: Out of 33 cases of secondary hyperparathyroidism, the average age of our patients was 51.24 years with a sex ratio of 0.43. Causal nephropathy was dominated by nephro-angiosclerosis, which was found in 27.27% of cases. Bone pain found in 23 patients or 69.69% was the predominant clinical sign. The average calcemia was 92.7 mg/l. Parathormone was dosed in all our patients and the average was 1611.05 ng/l. The consequences were clinically marked by recurrent paresis in one patient. No case of hematoma or postoperative infection was found. On the biological level 10 patients or 30.30% had a transient hypocalcaemia. The results were marked by a drop in PTH in 23 patients or 78.78% of cases. Conclusion: Subtotal parathyroidectomy remains an effective and beneficial therapeutic method for kidney failure patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Total parathyroidectomy combined with partial autotransplantation for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Background Drug treatment for secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by chronic renal failure may be available at the early stage of the disease, but it is not as effective for serious patients. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of total parathyroidectomy combined with forearm autotransplantation in the uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism.Methods From September 1999 through September 2006, parathroidectomy and autotransplantaUon was performed in 20 patients. The coherence between the results of preoperative parathyroid ultrasonography and surgical exploration were compared. The serum calcium concentration and intact parathyroid hormone （iPTH） were monitored preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively.Results A total of 71 hyperplastic parathyroid glands were resected in the 20 patients. The accordance rate of parathyroid localization between B-ultrasonography and intraoperaUve exploration was 94.4%. The average iPTH value was （110.90±67.42） ng/L, （433.80±243.72） ng/L, （48.80±42.69） ng/L, （229.04±172.68） ng/L and （232.39±224.05） ng/L at day 1, 2, 3, 7, 30 after operation respectively. The clinical symptoms were ameliorated and the levels of serum calcium concentration were controlled within the normal range after operation. Recurrent secondary hyperparathyroidism had happened in 1 case, 4 years postoperatively because of the development of autograft hyperplasia, and in another case 2 years postoperatively due to remnant of neck parathyroid glands. The clinical symptoms were all alleviated after re-operation. No surgical complication had occurred in any of the patients.Conclusions The total parathyroidectomy with forearm autotransplantation is feasible, safe, and effective for patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism in the short term. The long-term effects should be further investigated.

Preoperative serum alkaline phosphatase： a predictive factor for early hypocalcaemia following parathyroidectomy of primary hyperparathyroidism

Background Postoperative hypocalcemia is one of the most common complications following parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism （PHPT）. The aim of this study was to analyze the predictive value of biochemical parameters as indicators for episodes of hypocalcemia in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for PHPT. Methods The patients with PHPT who underwent parathyroidectomy between February 2004 and February 2014 were studied retrospectively at a single medical center. The patients were divided into biochemical, clinical, and no postoperative hypocalcemia groups, based on different clinical manifestations, Potential risk factors for postoperative hypocalcemia were identified and investigated by univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis. Results Of the 139 cases, 25 patients （18.0%） were diagnosed with postoperative hypocalcemia according to the traditional criterion. Univariate analysis revealed only alkaline phosphatase （ALP） and the small area under the curve （AUG） of receiver operating characteristics （ROC） curve for ALP demonstrates low accuracy in predicting the occurrence of postoperative hypocalcemia. Based on new criteria, 22 patients were added to the postoperative hypocalcemia group and similar biochemical parameters were compared. The serum ALP was a significant independent risk factor for postoperative hypocalcemia （P=0.000） and its AUC of ROC curve was 0.783. The optimal cutoff point was 269 U/L and the sensitivity and specificity for prediction were 89.2% and 64.3%, respectively. Conclusions The risk of postoperative hypocalcemia after parathyroidectomy should be emphasized for patients with typical symptoms of hypocalcemia despite their serum calcium level is in normal or a little higher range. Serum ALP is a predictive factor for the occurrence of postoperative hypocalcemia.

Thyrotoxicosis Occurring in Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Patients Undergoing Dialysis after Total Parathyroidectomy with Autotransplantation

Secondary hyperparathyroidism （SHPT） is a common complication in chronic kidney disease （CKD） that is characterized by excessive synthesis of parathyroid hormone （PTH） and parathyroid hyperplasia.The prevalence of CKD is estimated to be 5-10%, and the burden of CKD-associated diseases is alarmingly high.Despite advances in medical therapy for SHPT, surgical parathyroidectomy remains the definitive therapy for refractory SHPT, which drastically decreases PTH levels and ameliorates symptoms related to severe SHPT.

Imaging and choosing the right patients for transoral endoscopic parathyroidectomy vestibular approach

Advances in imaging for preoperative localization have propelled the widespread adoption of minimally invasive/focused parathyroidectomy in primary hyperparathyroidism.Though it is performed through a relatively small incision,studies have shown that the presence of a neck scar increases attentional bias towards the neck resulting in compromised quality of life.Transoral endoscopic parathyroidectomy vestibular approach(TOEPVA)eliminates a neck scar.While indications for TOEPVA are the same as that of minimally invasive open parathyroidectomy,confident preoperative localization of the parathyroid with a surgeon performed ultrasound along with concordant localization with SPECT CT is an essential prerequisite before offering patients this approach for parathyroidectomy.Early data has demonstrated the feasibility and safety of this approach.

Postsurgical Evaluation of Secondary Nephrogenic Hyperparathyroidism

Parathyroidectomy is useful for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism(SHPT)caused by chronic renal failure.The following three types of parathyroidectomy can be performed:subtotal parathyroidectomy,total parathyroidectomy and total parathyroidectomy plus autologous transplantation(tPTX+AT).Each of the three types of surgery has advantages and disadvantages.The present study retrospectively analyzed the efficacy of tPTX+AT for the treatment of SHPT over 1 year.Thirty-seven patients who were diagnosed with secondary nephrogenic hyperparathyroidism and treated with tPTX+AT were selected between September 2014 and October 2016 and followed up for 1 year.Their average age was 66.5±46.0 years,and the average time of dialysis was 48.1±8.2 months.The patients1 conditions,including the levels of intact parathyroid hormone(iPTH)and bone metabolism,were compared preoperatively and 1 and 7 days and 1,3,6 and 12 months after surgery.In addition,the postoperative complications,pathological data,SHPT recurrence and prognosis were examined.The results showed that the postoperative level of ostalgia and cutaneous pruritus significantly decreased in the patients.An inspection of the parathyroid tissues during the operation confimied the presence of parathyroid gland hyperplasia with no carcinoma detected?Three patients with hoarseness recovered within 1 month,and 1 patient with unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve injury improved after 6 months of voice training.Conipared to the preoperative condition,the postoperative serum iPTH,serum calcium and serum phosphate levels were significantly decreased(P<0.001),and these differences remained significant 12 months after surgery.Compared to the preoperative condition,the alkaline phosphatase(ALP)concentration was decreased on postoperative day 1(P<0.05),but no differences were observed on day 7 or at 1 month(P>0.05).The ALP levels continuously decreased at 3,6 and 12 months(P<0.01).In conclusion,tPTX+AT significantly improves the quality of life and serum biomarker levels of these patients.The convenient surgical removal of the hyperplastic parathyroid gland for postoperative recurrence supports tPTX+AT as the recommended treatment for relevant patients.

New options for the management of hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation

The persistence and severity of hyperparathyroidism(HPT) post-renal transplantation is relatively frequent and primarily associated with the timing and its magnitude in the pre-transplant period and with the presence of parathyroid adenomas. HPT after renal transplantation is clinically manifested with hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, bone pain, fractures, and in more serious cases with cardiovascular calcifications that affect the survival. The primary clinical objective for patients with secondary HPT after renal transplantation is to obtain a level of parathyroid hormone(PTH) adequate to the renal transplanted function and to normalize levels of calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D. In many cases during this period, the development of hypercalcemiaand/or hypophosphatemia makes it necessary to take different therapeutic measures. The use of vitamin D or its analogues has been extrapolated from the management of pre-transplant HPT obtaining variable outcomes, although its use is limited by its capacity to produce hypercalcemia. Calcimimetics are drugs that have proven be effective in reducing PTH levels in patients with HPT on dialysis and has been effective in reducing up to 50% PTH levels in moderate to severe HPT in post-renal transplantation.When HPT persists after renal transplantation and does not respond to medical treatment, invasive management by percutaneous ethanol injection therapy of parathyroid glands or parathyroidectomy should be considered. The emergence of new methods for the management of HPT expands the availability of therapeutic tools for transplant patients.

Lithium Associated Hyperparathyroidism: An Evidence Based Surgical Approach

Background: Long-term lithium use in psychiatric patients may lead to lithium associated hyperparathyroidism (LAH). Although anecdotal case reports have appeared, an evidence based algorithm for management of LAH is lacking. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed (1973-2010) using PubMed with keywords;“lithium” “hypercalcemia” “hyperparathyroidism” “sestamibi” “intra-operative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring” “parathyroidectomy” and “medical management”. All English language publications addressing etiology and clinical management issues concerning LAH were critically analyzed. Results: Lithium associated hyperparathyroidism occurs in 4.3% - 6.3% of chronic lithium users compared to the general population which has an incidence of 0.5% - 1%. 194 cases of LAH have been reported which includes 10 patients (5%) treated medically and 170 patients (88%) who underwent parathyroidectomy. No details were available for 14 patients (7%). Among parathyroidectomy patients, 104 (59%) had adenomatous disease and 66 (39%) had multiglandular hyperplasia. Preoperative localization studies were utilized in only 22 patients (13%) and IOPTH monitoring was reported in only 3 studies (32 patients, 19%). Among surgical patients, bilateral neck exploration (BNE) was the most common approach performed in 162 patients (95%);focused neck exploration was utilized in only 8 patients (5%). Parathyroidectomy normalized LAH biochemical changes in nearly all patients (90% - 97%) in the early post-operative period, but recurrent hyperparathyroidism occurred in 8% - 42% of patients. Conclusion: LAH is an under appreciated and poorly understood endocrine disorder. LAH has a higher incidence of multiglandular disease and bilateral neck exploration is mandatory in majority for disease control. Nonsurgical approaches may be useful in select patients on short-term lithium therapy.

Before the Jury Is out on Cinacalcet’s Cardiovascular Effects in Hemodialysis Patients: Is Troponin a Missing Link?

Raised levels of the cardiac biomarker, Troponin I, are frequently encountered in hemodialysis patients and appear to be prognostic indicators for cardiovascular risk. Though evidence suggests that control of secondary hyperparathyroidism may reduce cardiac endpoints, the effect of the calcimimetic agent, cinacalcet, remains controversial. This retrospective study aimed at evaluating troponin levels in hemodialysis patients with severe secondary hyper parathyroidism (SHPT) who are on cinacalcet vs controls on conventional treatment. In addition, clinical outcomes including all-cause, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality were compared among both groups. A decline in Troponin I levels was observed in the cinacalcet group, this however was not translated clinically into improved survival. In fact, all-cause and cardiac mortality was similar in the two groups. Conversely, comparison of the incidence of cardiovascular events revealed lower rates in the cinacalcet group including cardiac, cerebral and peripheral vascular complications. Given some of our study limitations, further long-term, placebo-controlled trials are necessary to definitively establish the effect of cinacalet on cardiac biomarkers and ultimately its impact on clinical outcomes.

Review of intraoperative parathormone monitoring with the miami criterion: A 25-year experience

With the development of imaging and localization studies,focused parathyroidectomy with use of intraope-rative parathormone monitoring(IPM)is the mainstay of treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism at many health care centers both nationally and internationally.Focused parathyroidectomy guided by IPM allows for surgical excision of the offending parathyroid gland through smaller incisions.The Miami criterion is a protocol that uses a">50%parathormone(PTH)drop"from either the greatest pre-incision or pre-excision measurement of PTH in a blood sample taken 10 min following resection of hyperfunctioning glands.Following removal of the hyperfunctioning parathyroid gland,a>50%PTH drop at 10 min indicates completion of parathyroidectomy,and predicts operative success at6 mo.IPM using the Miami criterion has demonstrated equal curative rates of>97%,which is comparable to the traditional bilateral neck exploration.The focused approach,however,is associated with shorter recovery times,improved cosmesis,and lower risk of postoperative hypocalcemia.

The Role of Preoperative Ultrasound and Sestamibi Scintigraphy in the Surgical Management of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Review of Literature

Background: Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) is one of the most common endocrine diseases and the most common cause of hypercalcemia. Since routine laboratory testing, the prevalence of the disease has increased from 0.1% to 0.4% worldwide. The only curative treatment is parathyroidectomy. Nowadays, preoperative localization studies have become standard before surgical treatment, and the first stage imaging methods are cervical ultrasonography (US) and/or Sestamibi scintigraphy. Objectives: To describe the accuracy of US and Sestamibi for detection of hyperfunctioning parathyroid adenomas preoperatively in patients with confirmed pHPT from our medical institution. Results: This is a retrospective study from a prospectively kept database that included thirty-one patients with the confirmed diagnosis of pHPT clinically and biochemically. The average age was 57.8 years old. Preoperative US and surgery findings were compared with a sensitivity of 51%. Preoperative Sestamibi and surgery findings were compared resulting in a sensitivity of 71%. Both imaging methods combined, resulted in a sensitivity of 80%. Conclusion: In patients with pHPT, Sestamibi is an effective method for localizing parathyroid pathology preoperatively, but the false negative rate can be high. US tends to have a wider range explained by the operator-dependent factor. The combination of US and Sestamibi reduces the rate of false negatives, as reported in international literature. It is important to mention that these studies cannot be used as a confirmatory test for this disease. It should only be used as an adjunct to help plan the operation.

甲状旁腺常用定位方法的优劣分析

良性甲状旁腺功能亢进是一种可经手术治愈的疾病。由于甲状旁腺体积小、位置隐秘而且变异多，要手术切除非常困难，因此准确定位是手术成败的关键。甲状旁腺手术的常用术前定位包括超声、CT、MR、甲状旁腺显像等。联合应用多种定位技术具有更高敏感性与特异性。99mTc-MIBI引导的外科手术更具有定位方便、缩短手术时间、减少创伤等优点。