Balanced Consideration of Urban Park Green Space to Provide Services and Disservices

Ecosystem services(ES),the benefits of ecosystem function and structure to human well⁃being,have been receiving continued attention from international community since the publication of the millennium ecosystem assessment(MA).While humans enjoy all kinds of services provided by the ecosystem,they are also adversely affected by the services provided by the ecosystem,which are called ecosystem disservices(EDS).Based on EDS related research,this paper expounds the EDS concept and connotation to urban park green space as the research object,defines the concept and classification of urban park green space ecosystem disservices(PEDS),and introduces the influencing factors of the listed examples of urban PEDSs.It also discusses equilibrium relationship of the urban park green space service and disservice,and summarizes the research on urban PEDS to improve the meaning of human well⁃being.Finally,it points out the factors that should be considered in the planning,design,management,and maintenance of future urban park green space.

Diversity Analysis on the Plant Communities of Urban Park Green Space in Wuhan

In order to systematically study the diversity of plant communities in park green space,78 plant communities of 10 representative parks in Wuhan City were investigated.The total 449 species belonging to 275 genera and 112 families were found in this investigation.The communities were divided into 35 dominant-species,13 life-forms and 6 vegetation-forms.The community structures and the composition of dominant species were also studied.The results showed that the shortages of the low diversity,high proportion of exotic species and simple community structures appeared in plant community of park green space in Wuhan City.It is proposed that species,especially native ones,should be abundant to keep a high level species diversity.At the same time,more simulated native communities should be utilized to build the natural,multi-layers,bright local vegetation characteristics landscape of urban parks.

Study on the Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Park Green Space in Wuhan City

The distribution characteristics of park green space in Wuhan City were studied by standard deviation ellipse(SDE)method,average nearest neighbor index,kernel density estimation(KDE)method and scale index method.At the same time,the influencing factors of its distribution were discussed from three aspects of nature,social economy and culture with a geographical detector.The results show that(1)the distribution of park green space in Wuhan was relatively concentrated,and the directionality was not strong.The distribution mode was clustered mode.There were four main aggregation centers,which were located in Jianghan District,Qingshan District,Dongxihu District and Wuchang District respectively.Among them,the scale index of Jianghan District was the highest,up to 0.5902,while that of Xinzhou district was the lowest,only 0.0047.(2)The order of interpretation intensity of park green space distribution in Wuhan was population density(0.382)>regional GDP(0.278)>location of historical relics(0.165)>urbanization rate(0.136)>watershed zoning(0.069)>altitude(0.012).(3)The interaction of population density and watershed zoning had the strongest explanation for the distribution of park green space in Wuhan.Except for the influence of population density,the interaction of urbanization rate and regional GDP had the strongest explanation for the distribution of park green space in Wuhan.

The Scale-Effects of Different Land Use Types on the Distribution Pattern of Park Green Space at Multiple Grid Scales-A Case Study on the Main Urban Area of Nanjing,China

Exploring the scale-effect of different land use types on the distribution pattern of urban park green space(PGS)at multiple grid scales would inform rational allocation and efficient collaborative construction of urban development land at different scales.Selecting 300-m,500-m,1,000-m,and 2,000-m grid scales,the research employed Create Fishnet tool in ArcGIS and Geodetector to construct a scale-effect analysis framework that revealed the scale-effects of different land use types on the distribution pattern of PGS at multiple grid scales in the main urban area of Nanjing,China in 2006,2012,and 2017.Main research results are:1)the overall distribution pattern of PGS showed the evolution characteristics from polarization to advancing quality and efficiency,while the trend gradually weakened with the increase of grid scale;2)the scale-effect of other land use types on PGS increasingly enhanced-the larger the grid scale,the more obvious the synergistic or compressive effect;3)the interactive scaleeffects of different land use types gradually enhanced-the larger the grid scale,the more significant the overall factor interaction;and 4)at the 300-m grid scale,the major interaction factors were residential,transportation,industrial/manufacturing,water area,and administration/public services,which gradually changed to residential,water area,and administration/public services up to the 2,000-m grid scale.The findings of this paper are expected to deepen the theory of the coupling between PGS and other land use types,as well as provide scientific support and a basis for efficient allocation,spatial layout optimization,and sustainable development of urban spaces.

Investigation of Ancient and Large Tree Resources in Green Spaces of Urban Parks: A Case Study of Yunqizhujing Park in Hangzhou, China

Conservation of ancient and large trees in domestic and overseas cities was compared, ancient and large trees were regarded as important cultural relics playing an important role in optimizing urban natural environment and enriching urban humanistic and natural landscapes, and they were also important contents of urban garden works symbolizing urban parks. A case study was carried out Yunqizhujing Park to study conservation of ancient and large trees in park green spaces of Hangzhou City, solutions to current problems were proposed, and constructive suggestions were given for the conservation of ancient and large trees in urban park green spaces.

Research on Micro Technology of Microclimate Environment in Urban Green Space Based on Humanization Concept

To create a comfortable microclimate environment,the design methods of green layout and green structure of four common forms of urban green space(park green space,road green space,waterfront open green space,and green space between houses)were discussed,and the modes"concentric three rings"and"three-layer sandwich cake",as well as the matching principles of three-dimensional green elements of trees and shrubs with lawn and hard matrix elements,were proposed.

Toughness Evaluation and Functional Enhancement of Disaster Prevention and Avoidance of Urban Park Green Space

Urban park green space effects a critical role in addressing adverse climate and uncertain disasterevents.Thus,it is exceedingly significant for evaluating and analyzing the disaster prevention and resilience abilityof urban parks and for enhancing their disaster prevention function.Using ArcGIS software,the study analyzed thekernel density pertaining to the spatial distribution of park green space in Haigang District,Qinhuangdao City.Theresults indicated that there is a spatial mismatch between park green space resources and population distribution inHaigang District.If Tanghe Park is considered as the research object,the Fuzzy Delphi method and analytic hierarchy process are utilized to construct an evaluation index system,and 13 indexes from three dimensions,namelysafety,accessibility,and infrastructure were evaluated to analyze the problems pertaining to the disaster-preventionresilience design of the park.Subsequently,the following corresponding strategies are proposed:optimizing thehuman-oriented spatial layout and building a nested disaster prevention network system;strengthening the park’smulti-disaster comprehensive defense capability and stabilizing the ecological security function;increasing the safeand effective escape area and enhancing the park’s functional space layout;and replenishing emergency infrastructure resources and establishing dynamic emergency management plans.

Disaster-prevention and Evacuation Functions of Urban Green Spaces in Dujiangyan City

In view of disaster-prevention and evacuation functions of urban green spaces, data collection, field investigation and questionnaire survey were integrated to analyze current situation and functions of green spaces in Dujiangyan City. Suggestions for enhancing disaster-prevention and evacuation functions of urban green spaces were proposed on the basis of analyzing and summarizing investigation results.

供需视角下的城市公园绿地空间评价及优化

以广东省广州市越秀区为例,利用层次分析法和专家咨询法建立供需测度指标体系,并采用两步移动搜索法、服务区分析法、OD成本矩阵法等展开公园绿地供给评价。采用区位熵方法对总人口密度及不同群体人口密度展开居民需求评价,借助协同度模型得出公园绿地空间供需协同度及供需关系评价。结果表明:越秀区公园绿地空间整体供给水平高,但不同街道供给差异大;整体需求水平高且呈横向带状分布;供需布局不平衡,空间分异明显;供需协同度较好,但仍有部分供需失调及供给不足区域亟需优化。

城市公园绿地碳汇能力影响因素的网状荟萃(Meta)分析

[目的]城市公园绿地为人类提供与健康福祉密切相关的多种生态系统服务,具备生态、社会、经济多重效益,其碳汇能力受多个影响因素控制。综合评估多个因素对城市公园绿地碳汇能力的影响,以此探讨低碳城市公园设计策略的最优解。[方法]以“碳汇”“公园”等为关键词进行文献检索,使用网状荟萃(Meta)分析对城市公园绿地碳汇能力的不同影响因素进行系统性定量评估,并根据其影响大小进行分类统计。通过基于网络证据图的影响因素重要性评估、基于联赛表的相对影响能力分析、基于累积排序概率曲线下面积(surface under the cumulative ranking curves,SUCRA)图的综合影响能力分析,综合评估不同影响因素对城市公园绿地碳汇能力的实际作用,并结合亚组分析和漏斗图评估研究样本的异质性、误差及偏倚。[结果]共检索952篇文献,纳入50篇有效文献,提取34个城市公园绿地碳汇能力的关键影响因素,划分为设计形态、生境组成、种植方式、管护形式、外部环境五大聚类。其中,设计形态和管护形式对于提升城市公园绿地碳汇能力效果稳定,适用性较强,是提升碳汇能力的基础因素;生境组成和种植方式在特定场景下提升碳汇能力效果显著,但受场地特征限制;外部环境对城市公园绿地碳汇能力的直接影响较弱。[结论]城市公园绿地碳汇能力受多种因素共同作用,在以碳汇为导向的设计方案中,应优先考虑优化设计形态和管护形式,根据场地实际条件灵活调配不同的生境组成和种植方式,并适当考虑外部环境的影响。

Designing Urban Roadside Green Area

The main functions and features of roadside green area are outlined in this paper, and some points about the correlative design are summarized.

城市绿色空间对青少年心理健康的影响:性别和手机娱乐时间的调节作用

本研究探讨了城市绿色公共空间,尤其是公园广场对青少年心理健康的影响,并着重分析了性别差异以及手机娱乐时间的调节作用。研究基于对广州市472名中学生问卷收集的数据,包括居住地、学校周边、工作日和休息日活动路径空间4种不同地理背景,建立回归模型。研究结果显示,绿色空间对青少年心理健康具有显著正向影响,居住地周围影响最大,其次是工作日活动路径、再次是休息日活动路径,学校周围影响最小。绿色空间对男生和女生的心理健康效应在不同的地理背景下表现出明显的差异,对男生在居住地周围和工作日活动路径的心理健康效应高于女生,而对女生在休息日活动空间路径的效应高于男生。手机娱乐时间的增加会抑制绿色空间的心理健康效应,对女生在居住地周围的抑制效应高于男生,对男生在休息日活动路径的抑制效应高于女生。建议可以从增加绿色空间、限制手机娱乐时间以及考虑性别敏感的干预措施3个维度促进青少年心理健康。

Study on Ecological Development of Urban Parks

Research background,significance,characteristics and planning methods of the ecological development of urban parks were elaborated.This paper took green space planning of Xishan Park in Qianxi City for example,explored the application of ecological development theories in green space planning of urban park.

基于改进潜能模型的城市公园绿地可达性评价与优化布局研究——以重庆市江津区为例

城市公园绿地空间布局因城市的自然条件和社会经济条件不同而具有差异性.当前国内外研究多聚焦发达地区和大城市,而小城市和典型城市的公园绿地可达性研究鲜见,且在案例代表性和数据精度方面还有一定的局限性.选择西南山地类型的重庆市江津区中心城区为案例,以居民小区出入口与公园绿地出入口为研究主体,构建改进潜能模型和网络分析方法,揭示其空间特征和存在问题,参考位置分配模型与调研结果,得出优化布局方案并检验.结果表明,江津区中心城区城市公园绿地布局与服务水平空间差异明显.提出拟新建7个游园与5个社区公园,并将部分公园绿地进行合并扩建或新增出入口.

干旱半干旱地区城市公园绿地空气负离子浓度特征及影响因素

为研究干旱半干旱地区城市公园绿地空气负离子浓度(NAIC)特征及影响因素,以呼和浩特市敕勒川公园为对象,于2020—2021年,每个季节选取晴天、晴间多云为主的天气各10 d,同步监测07:00—19:00时段,5种不同结构绿地(乔草型、乔灌型、乔木型、灌草型、乔灌草型)及对照区(CK)空气负离子浓度及PM10、PM2.5、温度、湿度、风速、大气压强、噪声等环境指标。结果表明:不同结构绿地空气负离子浓度季节日变化有所差异;同一季节,复杂结构绿地空气负离子浓度均值较高,不同结构绿地之间空气负离子浓度均值差异不显著;同一结构绿地,夏、秋季空气负离子浓度均值显著高于春、冬季;不同结构绿地空气清洁度夏、秋季较高,空气清洁度评价指数均值分别为0.58~0.78、0.52~0.80。绿地结构、季节对空气负离子浓度影响为主效应,绿地结构×季节对空气负离子浓度交互作用不显著;除此之外,相对湿度、PM10、PM2.5是影响空气负离子浓度的主要因素。

与公园绿地融合的文化综合体建筑复合界面设计浅析

在越来越多文化综合体建筑与公园绿地毗邻建设的背景下,如何有效衔接建筑与城市空间,实现文化与生态的最大效益,是提升文化综合体使用效率的关键问题。文章以文化综合体的复合界面为切入点,分析了复合界面与公园绿地的发展现状与研究价值,并结合案例从空间、功能、地域生态三个层面,探讨了文化综合体复合界面与公园绿地融合的设计策略。

城市更新背景下的口袋公园设计实践——以张家港市“樟小园”城市微更新项目为例

口袋公园是城市更新的重要组成部分,是城市活力和文化展示的重要公共空间。当前的口袋公园强调更加多维度和多元化,注重公众参与性,从而展现城市的环境友好和活力可持续。张家港中心城区口袋公园设计是友好绿意环境改善的积极探索。对口袋公园的定位思考及改造创新,使得张家港中心城区的绿地空间得到了有效的提升和利用,不仅改善城市功能,增加城市色彩及活力,同时也为居民带来了更加便捷、舒适的休闲场所,助力张家港城市宜居品质的提升。

重大公共卫生事件驱动下国外城市公园绿地需求变化启示

根据多个国家和地区调查研究结果,在以全球性新冠疫情大流行为标志的突发公共卫生事件冲击下,国内外学者普遍认识到城市公园绿地的使用需求向“生活必需品”方向转化的客观事实;同时还发现,具有出色服务模式、社区凝聚力以及健康作用和公平可达等优势的城市公园绿地在新冠疫情期间呈现出城市“重要生命线”的独特属性。在此基础上,总结出以上新价值的认识对未来城市公园绿地规划设计产生的影响:1)服务向下游覆盖,关注点从使用权向邻近性转移,公园绿地供给和分配的公平性要求凸显;2)注重人均面积向关注可获得性转变,尤其是作为健康服务功能和生活必备资源的可获得性及可达性受到重视;3)重视公园绿地的社会性作用,其社会韧性和协同作用在重大突发公共卫生事件中受到广泛关注。最后,针对我国未来城市公园绿地建设提出几点启示,即以社区为单位完善城市公园绿地体系、注重增强独立社区内部公园绿地空间的开放与融合性、注重发掘并弘扬我国人居空间环境的社会协同性作用。

基于POE的城市公园绿地满意度评价及提升策略:以丽水市为例

以国家生态“双示范区”丽水市主城区8个公园为研究对象,应用使用后评价(post occupancy evaluation,POE)的原理,采用问卷调查、实地调研和满意度计算的方法,就丽水市民的公园绿地满意度进行深入调研与分析。研究结果显示:1)丽水市民对城市公园的总体满意度一般,分别有18%和43%的受访者表示满意和比较满意。2)丽水市民对城市公园的不同特征的满意度存在差异。其中,公园绿地景观环境满意度最高,为65%;公园绿地卫生条件满意度最低,为42%。3)丽水市民的个人特征对城市公园满意度存在影响。其中,男性、60岁以上人群、企业职工的满意度在同一分类标准的人群中最高。4)丽水市民期望新建的公园类型依次为综合公园>社区公园>儿童公园>动物园>街旁小游园>郊野公园>其他公园>植物园。

基于GIS的天水市公园绿地可达性分析

本研究以天水市中心城区公园绿地作为研究对象,结合天水市遥感影像图、道路网交通图、人口数量分布图、主要公园绿地分布图等,利用ArcGIS网络分析功能,对步行、骑行、机动车三种出行方式下,公园绿地的服务面积及服务人口以及不同城区公园可达性进行对比分析。其步行方式下5 min内的公园绿地服务面积比平均为4.16%,15 min内的服务人口比为平均为39%;在骑行方式下10 min内仍然有15%居民无法到达公园及机动车方式下5 min内依然有40%公园绿地无法到达。