Estimating Wheat Grain Protein Content Using Multi-Temporal Remote Sensing Data Based on Partial Least Squares Regression

Estimating wheat grain protein content by remote sensing is important for assessing wheat quality at maturity and making grains harvest and purchase policies. However, spatial variability of soil condition, temperature, and precipitation will affect grain protein contents and these factors usually cannot be monitored accurately by remote sensing data from single image. In this research, the relationships between wheat protein content at maturity and wheat agronomic parameters at different growing stages were analyzed and multi-temporal images of Landsat TM were used to estimate grain protein content by partial least squares regression. Experiment data were acquired in the suburb of Beijing during a 2-yr experiment in the period from 2003 to 2004. Determination coefficient, average deviation of self-modeling, and deviation of cross- validation were employed to assess the estimation accuracy of wheat grain protein content. Their values were 0.88, 1.30%, 3.81% and 0.72, 5.22%, 12.36% for 2003 and 2004, respectively. The research laid an agronomic foundation for GPC （grain protein content） estimation by multi-temporal remote sensing. The results showed that it is feasible to estimate GPC of wheat from multi-temporal remote sensing data in large area.

Comparison of dimension reduction-based logistic regression models for case-control genome-wide association study:principal components analysis vs.partial least squares

With recent advances in biotechnology, genome-wide association study （GWAS） has been widely used to identify genetic variants that underlie human complex diseases and traits. In case-control GWAS, typical statistical strategy is traditional logistical regression （LR） based on single-locus analysis. However, such a single-locus analysis leads to the well-known multiplicity problem, with a risk of inflating type I error and reducing power. Dimension reduction-based techniques, such as principal component-based logistic regression （PC-LR）, partial least squares-based logistic regression （PLS-LR）, have recently gained much attention in the analysis of high dimensional genomic data. However, the perfor- mance of these methods is still not clear, especially in GWAS. We conducted simulations and real data application to compare the type I error and power of PC-LR, PLS-LR and LR applicable to GWAS within a defined single nucleotide polymorphism （SNP） set region. We found that PC-LR and PLS can reasonably control type I error under null hypothesis. On contrast, LR, which is corrected by Bonferroni method, was more conserved in all simulation settings. In particular, we found that PC-LR and PLS-LR had comparable power and they both outperformed LR, especially when the causal SNP was in high linkage disequilibrium with genotyped ones and with a small effective size in simulation. Based on SNP set analysis, we applied all three methods to analyze non-small cell lung cancer GWAS data.

A partial least-squares regression approach to land use studies in the Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou region

In several LUCC studies, statistical methods are being used to analyze land use data. A problem using conventional statistical methods in land use analysis is that these methods assume the data to be statistically independent. But in fact, they have the tendency to be dependent, a phenomenon known as multicollinearity, especially in the cases of few observations. In this paper, a Partial Least-Squares （PLS） regression approach is developed to study relationships between land use and its influencing factors through a case study of the Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou region in China. Multicollinearity exists in the dataset and the number of variables is high compared to the number of observations. Four PLS factors are selected through a preliminary analysis. The correlation analyses between land use and influencing factors demonstrate the land use character of rural industrialization and urbanization in the Suzhou-Wuxi-Changzhou region, meanwhile illustrate that the first PLS factor has enough ability to best describe land use patterns quantitatively, and most of the statistical relations derived from it accord with the fact. By the decreasing capacity of the PLS factors, the reliability of model outcome decreases correspondingly.

Based on Partial Least-squares Regression to Build up and Analyze the Model of Rice Evapotranspiration

During the course of calculating the rice evapotranspiration using weather factors,we often find that some independent variables have multiple correlation.The phenomena can lead to the traditional multivariate regression model which based on least square method distortion.And the stability of the model will be lost.The model will be built based on partial least square regression in the paper,through applying the idea of main component analyze and typical correlation analyze,the writer picks up some component from original material.Thus,the writer builds up the model of rice evapotranspiration to solve the multiple correlation among the independent variables (some weather factors).At last,the writer analyses the model in some parts,and gains the satisfied result.

Discrimination of Transgenic Rice Based on Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Regression Discriminant Analysis

Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy （NIRS）, a non-destructive measurement technique, was combined with partial least squares regression discrimiant analysis （PLS-DA） to discriminate the transgenic （TCTP and mi166） and wild type （Zhonghua 11） rice. Furthermore, rice lines transformed with protein gene （OsTCTP） and regulation gene （Osmi166） were also discriminated by the NIRS method. The performances of PLS-DA in spectral ranges of 4 000-8 000 cm-1 and 4 000-10 000 cm-1 were compared to obtain the optimal spectral range. As a result, the transgenic and wild type rice were distinguished from each other in the range of 4 000-10 000 cm-1, and the correct classification rate was 100.0% in the validation test. The transgenic rice TCTP and mi166 were also distinguished from each other in the range of 4 000-10 000 cm-1, and the correct classification rate was also 100.0%. In conclusion, NIRS combined with PLS-DA can be used for the discrimination of transgenic rice.

Characterizing and estimating rice brown spot disease severity using stepwise regression,principal component regression and partial least-square regression

Detecting plant health conditions plays a key role in farm pest management and crop protection. In this study, measurement of hyperspectral leaf reflectance in rice crop (Oryzasativa L.) was conducted on groups of healthy and infected leaves by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae (Helminthosporium oryzae Breda. de Hann) through the wavelength range from 350 to 2 500 nm. The percentage of leaf surface lesions was estimated and defined as the disease severity. Statistical methods like multiple stepwise regression, principal component analysis and partial least-square regression were utilized to calculate and estimate the disease severity of rice brown spot at the leaf level. Our results revealed that multiple stepwise linear regressions could efficiently estimate disease severity with three wavebands in seven steps. The root mean square errors (RMSEs) for training (n=210) and testing (n=53) dataset were 6.5% and 5.8%, respectively. Principal component analysis showed that the first principal component could explain approximately 80% of the variance of the original hyperspectral reflectance. The regression model with the first two principal components predicted a disease severity with RMSEs of 16.3% and 13.9% for the training and testing dataset, respec-tively. Partial least-square regression with seven extracted factors could most effectively predict disease severity compared with other statistical methods with RMSEs of 4.1% and 2.0% for the training and testing dataset, respectively. Our research demon-strates that it is feasible to estimate the disease severity of rice brown spot using hyperspectral reflectance data at the leaf level.

Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Three Components Including Deoxyschizandrin by Partial Least Squares Regression

The computer auxiliary partial least squares is introduced to simultaneously determine the contents of Deoxyschizandin, Schisandrin, r-Schisandrin in the extracted solution of wuweizi. Regression analysis of the experimental results shows that the average recovery of each component is all in the range from 98.9% to 110.3% , which means the partial least squares regression spectrophotometry can circumvent the overlappirtg of absorption spectrums of mlulti-components, so that sctisfactory results can be obtained without any scrapple pre-separation.

Partial Least Squares Regression Model to Predict Water Quality in Urban Water Distribution Systems

The water distribution system of one residential district in Tianjin is taken as an example to analyze the changes of water quality.Partial least squares(PLS) regression model,in which the turbidity and Fe are regarded as control objectives,is used to establish the statistical model.The experimental results indicate that the PLS regression model has good predicted results of water quality compared with the monitored data.The percentages of absolute relative error(below 15%,20%,30%) are 44.4%,66.7%,100%(turbidity) and 33.3%,44.4%,77.8%(Fe) on the 4th sampling point;77.8%,88.9%,88.9%(turbidity) and 44.4%,55.6%,66.7%(Fe) on the 5th sampling point.

Quantum partial least squares regression algorithm for multiple correlation problem

Partial least squares(PLS) regression is an important linear regression method that efficiently addresses the multiple correlation problem by combining principal component analysis and multiple regression. In this paper, we present a quantum partial least squares(QPLS) regression algorithm. To solve the high time complexity of the PLS regression, we design a quantum eigenvector search method to speed up principal components and regression parameters construction. Meanwhile, we give a density matrix product method to avoid multiple access to quantum random access memory(QRAM)during building residual matrices. The time and space complexities of the QPLS regression are logarithmic in the independent variable dimension n, the dependent variable dimension w, and the number of variables m. This algorithm achieves exponential speed-ups over the PLS regression on n, m, and w. In addition, the QPLS regression inspires us to explore more potential quantum machine learning applications in future works.

A Novel Extension of Kernel Partial Least Squares Regression

Based on continuum power regression(CPR) method, a novel derivation of kernel partial least squares(named CPR-KPLS) regression is proposed for approximating arbitrary nonlinear functions.Kernel function is used to map the input variables(input space) into a Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Space(so called feature space),where a linear CPR-PLS is constructed based on the projection of explanatory variables to latent variables(components). The linear CPR-PLS in the high-dimensional feature space corresponds to a nonlinear CPR-KPLS in the original input space. This method offers a novel extension for kernel partial least squares regression(KPLS),and some numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method.

Boosting the partial least square algorithm for regression modelling

Boosting algorithms are a class of general methods used to improve the general periormance of regression analysis. The main idea is to maintain a distribution over the train set. In order to use the given distribution directly, a modified PLS algorithm is proposed and used as the base learner to deal with the nonlinear multivariate regression problems. Experiments on gasoline octane number prediction demonstrate that boosting the modified PLS algorithm has better general performance over the PLS algorithm.

Estimating canopy closure density and above-ground tree biomass using partial least square methods in Chinese boreal forests

Boreal forests play an important role in global environment systems. Understanding boreal forest ecosystem structure and function requires accurate monitoring and estimating of forest canopy and biomass. We used partial least square regression （PLSR） models to relate forest parameters, i.e. canopy closure density and above ground tree biomass, to Landsat ETM＋ data. The established models were optimized according to the variable importance for projection （VIP） criterion and the bootstrap method, and their performance was compared using several statistical indices. All variables selected by the VIP criterion passed the bootstrap test （p〈0.05）. The simplified models without insignificant variables （VIP 〈1） performed as well as the full model but with less computation time. The relative root mean square error （RMSE%） was 29% for canopy closure density, and 58% for above ground tree biomass. We conclude that PLSR can be an effective method for estimating canopy closure density and above ground biomass.

基于亲和超滤-液质联用结合相关性分析方法筛选青钱柳提取物中α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂

目的:为快速筛选青钱柳提取物中的α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,采用亲和超滤-液质联用技术结合相关性分析探究其有效成分与酶抑制活性间的关系。方法:运用大孔吸附树脂,建立青钱柳不同浓度乙醇洗脱液中相同化学成分量变化矩阵(X矩阵);分析各乙醇洗脱部位体外α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制作用,构建效应矩阵(Y矩阵);通过偏最小二乘回归法(Partialleastsquaresregression,PLS)预测潜在的活性成分与亲和超滤法(Affinity ultrafiltration,AUF)所筛选的化合物进行比对并通过分子对接进行验证。结果:青钱柳50%乙醇总提取物IC50值为14.8μg/mL,经大孔树脂吸附后的10%~80%浓度乙醇洗脱液IC50为5.4~204.1μg/mL。通过AUF法与相关性分析在正、负离子模式下共鉴定出10种青钱柳潜在的活性成分,其中鉴定出8种三萜类化合物、2种黄酮类化合物。进一步的分子对接结果表明,上述10种活性成分与α-葡萄糖苷酶对接的结合能小于-7.0 kcal·mol^(-1),其中熊果酸内酯的结合能最低(-10.0 kcal·mol^(-1))。结论:AUF与相关性分析相结合能快速筛选出青钱柳提取物中潜在的α-葡萄苷酶抑制剂,本研究结果可为进一步明确青钱柳活性成分奠定基础,为其活性成分质量控制研究、功能性食品开发的深入研究提供依据。

基于PCA-HCA联合PLS回归模型的蚯蚓粪肥品质等级划分

蚯蚓粪肥理化特性涉及指标多,如何从众多易检测的指标中筛选出能够反映蚯蚓粪肥特点的关键指标,进而用于构建评价模型,高效、快速地评价蚯蚓粪肥的品质等级,是蚯蚓粪肥应用前亟需解决的重要问题与难点。研究针对不同原料类型、不同蚯蚓堆肥时间获得的蚯蚓粪肥,采用统计学与化学计量学对蚯蚓粪肥23个主要指标开展描述统计与相关分析,筛选出了13个蚯蚓粪肥特异性指标。以13个关键指标为基础,首先,结合主成分分析(PCA)与分层聚类分析(HCA)对不同蚯蚓粪肥样品开展品质初级划分;其次,采用偏最小二乘回归(PLS)-判别分析(DA)对分级结果进行效果判定;最后,整体构建基于PLS模型的蚯蚓粪肥等级评价方法并开展验证分析。结果表明:PCA与HCA分析法可将蚯蚓粪肥划分为3个品质等级,通过PLS-DA判别该划分结果合理有效,形成了基于PLS蚯蚓粪肥等级评价模型:蚯蚓粪肥品质等级(Y)=3.0796+0.0026×TOC-0.1381×HS-0.1446×HA-0.1378×TN-0.1355×TP-0.1494×AK-0.1324×AN-0.1402×AP+0.0004×EOC+0.03985×ROC+0.07685×C/N-0.0049×Kos-0.1481×HI(TOC、HS、HA、TN、TP、AK、AN、AP、EOC、ROC、C/N、Kos、HI分别代表总有机碳、腐殖质碳、胡敏酸、总氮、总磷、速效钾、碱解氮、有效磷、易氧化有机碳、难氧化有机碳、碳氮比、氧化稳定系数、腐殖化指数),分级标准为:若Y在0.45~1.56之间,品质等级为一等品;Y在1.63~2.20之间,为二等品;Y在2.28~3.72之间,为三等品。变量权重值表明影响蚯蚓粪肥品质前5的关键指标顺序为HI>TN>HS>HA>AN。研究成功建立了一套“PCA+HCA+PLS”的蚯蚓粪肥品质评价方法,对蚯蚓粪肥分级应用与规范蚯蚓产业市场具有重要意义。

Incorporating empirical knowledge into data-driven variable selection for quantitative analysis of coal ash content by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy(LIBS)has become a widely used atomic spectroscopic technique for rapid coal analysis.However,the vast amount of spectral information in LIBS contains signal uncertainty,which can affect its quantification performance.In this work,we propose a hybrid variable selection method to improve the performance of LIBS quantification.Important variables are first identified using Pearson's correlation coefficient,mutual information,least absolute shrinkage and selection operator(LASSO)and random forest,and then filtered and combined with empirical variables related to fingerprint elements of coal ash content.Subsequently,these variables are fed into a partial least squares regression(PLSR).Additionally,in some models,certain variables unrelated to ash content are removed manually to study the impact of variable deselection on model performance.The proposed hybrid strategy was tested on three LIBS datasets for quantitative analysis of coal ash content and compared with the corresponding data-driven baseline method.It is significantly better than the variable selection only method based on empirical knowledge and in most cases outperforms the baseline method.The results showed that on all three datasets the hybrid strategy for variable selection combining empirical knowledge and data-driven algorithms achieved the lowest root mean square error of prediction(RMSEP)values of 1.605,3.478 and 1.647,respectively,which were significantly lower than those obtained from multiple linear regression using only 12 empirical variables,which are 1.959,3.718 and 2.181,respectively.The LASSO-PLSR model with empirical support and 20 selected variables exhibited a significantly improved performance after variable deselection,with RMSEP values dropping from 1.635,3.962 and 1.647 to 1.483,3.086 and 1.567,respectively.Such results demonstrate that using empirical knowledge as a support for datadriven variable selection can be a viable approach to improve the accuracy and reliability of LIBS quantification.

可见-近红外与中红外光谱预测土壤养分的比较研究

对土壤养分的快速和准确测定有助于适时指导施肥。为进一步研究可见-近红外(350~2500 nm)与中红外光谱(4000~650 cm^(–1))对土壤养分的预测能力,以贵州省500个土样为例,对光谱进行Savitzky-Golay(SG)平滑去噪处理,再用标准正态化(SNV)方法进行基线校正,然后分别应用偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)和支持向量机(SVM)两种方法进行建模,探讨了可见-近红外和中红外光谱对土壤全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、全钾(TK)和碱解氮(AN)、有效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)共六种土壤养分的预测效果。结果表明:(1)无论基于可见-近红外光谱还是中红外光谱,PLSR模型的预测精度整体均优于SVM模型。(2)中红外光谱对TN、TK和AN的预测精度均显著高于可见-近红外光谱,可见-近红外和中红外光谱均可以可靠地预测TN和TK(性能与四分位间隔距离的比率(RPIQ)大于2.10),中红外光谱可相对较可靠地预测AN(RPIQ=1.87);但两类光谱对TP、AP和AK的预测效果均较差(RPIQ<1.34)。(3)当变量投影重要性得分(VIP)大于1.5时,PLSR模型在中红外光谱区域预测TN和TK的重要波段多于可见-近红外光谱区域,TN的重要波段主要集中于可见-近红外光谱区域的1910和2207 nm附近,中红外光谱区域的1120、1000、960、910、770和668 cm^(–1)附近;TK的重要波段主要集中于可见-近红外光谱区域的540、2176、2225和2268 nm附近,中红外光谱区域的1040、960、910、776、720和668 cm^(–1)附近。因此,中红外光谱技术结合PLSR模型对土壤养分预测效果较好,可快速准确预测土壤TN和TK,可为指导适时施肥提供技术支撑。

基于CARS-SPA特征提取的黄水淀粉近红外光谱定量模型优化

为提高白酒固态发酵的副产物黄水中淀粉含量预测模型精度和建模效率。采用傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪采集黄水光谱信息,利用一阶导数对光谱进行预处理,并结合偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)建立黄水淀粉定量预测模型。使用决定系数(R^(2))和预测均方误差(root mean square error of prediction,RMSEP)评价模型性能。光谱中含有大量冗余信息,为有效提升黄水淀粉含量检测精度和优化模型效率,将不同特征提取方法的优点结合,发现使用竞争性自适应重加权算法(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)结合连续投影算法(successive projections algorithm,SPA)提取的光谱特征所建立的PLSR模型,相较于未使用特征提取或仅使用单一特征提取所建立的模型均有明显提升。在单一使用CARS时,模型的R^(2)为0.9654,RMSEP为0.2012%,而结合SPA后,R2为0.9738,RMSEP为0.1748%。此外,光谱维度从2203个减少到了126个,不仅提高了预测精度,也提升了建模效率。本研究提出的方法可作为黄水近红外定量模型优化的有效途径。

The Consistency of LSE Estimators in Partial Linear Regression Models under Mixing Random Errors

In this paper,we consider the partial linear regression model y_(i)=x_(i)β^(*)+g(ti)+ε_(i),i=1,2,...,n,where(x_(i),ti)are known fixed design points,g(·)is an unknown function,andβ^(*)is an unknown parameter to be estimated,random errorsε_(i)are(α,β)-mix_(i)ng random variables.The p-th(p>1)mean consistency,strong consistency and complete consistency for least squares estimators ofβ^(*)and g(·)are investigated under some mild conditions.In addition,a numerical simulation is carried out to study the finite sample performance of the theoretical results.Finally,a real data analysis is provided to further verify the effect of the model.

GC-MS结合GC-O、电子鼻评价不同预处理方式对沙枣风味的影响

采用顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)、气相色谱-嗅闻(gas chromatography-olfactometry,GC-O)及电子鼻方法,探究原果、烘焙、干燥及蒸、煮共5种不同预处理方式对新疆大果沙枣挥发性风味的影响。结果表明:通过GC-MS从5组不同处理后的沙枣中检测出69种化合物,通过GC-O分析结合香气活力值进一步分析,确定沙枣的特征香气成分有14种挥发性物质,发现(E,E)-2,4-癸二烯醛、壬醛、(E,E)-2,4-壬二烯醛、β-紫罗兰酮等是对沙枣具有关键香气贡献最大的物质。经过不同预处理后,样品的多个感官属性的香气强度存在显著差异,电子鼻可以有效区分各样品组之间的香气强度,通过偏最小二乘回归法进一步验证、解释不同处理下的沙枣中的特征香气强度与感官属性之间的相关性。综合分析可知,烘焙处理后的沙枣感官品质相对较好。