TWO-DIMENSIONAL PARTICLE IMAGE VELOCIMETRY(PIV) MEASUREMENTS IN A TRANSPARENT CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A special transparent centrifugal pump is designed. Detailed opticalmeasurements of the flow inside the rotating passages of a five-bladed shroud centrifugal pumpimpeller have been performed by using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV). The flow issurveyed at three load conditions q_V/q_(Vd) = 0.4, q_V/q_(Vd) = 1.0, q_V/q_(Vd) = 1.5,respectively. As a result, phase averaged PIV velocity vector maps on three planes between hub andshroud of the impeller are presented. At design load, the mean field of relative velocity ispredominantly vane congruent, showing well-behaved flow without separation. The distributions of therelative velocity on different plane along the pump shaft are very different and there is always alow velocity zone near the pressure-side of the blade at both low and design flow rate, but thelow-velocity-zone at the low flow rate is much larger than that at the design one. The studydemonstrates that the PIV technique is efficient in providing reliable and detailed velocity dataover a full impeller passage.

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements of tip vortex wake structure of wind turbine

Large-view flow field measurements using the particle image velocimetry （PIV） technique with high resolution CCD cameras on a rotating 1/8 scale blade model of the NREL UAE phase VI wind turbine are conducted in the engineering-oriented q53.2 m wind tunnel. The motivation is to establish the database of the initiation and development of the tip vortex to study the flow structure and mechanism of the wind turbine. The results show that the tip vortex first moves inward for a very short period and then moves outward with the wake expansion, while its vorticity decreases with time after being trailed from the trailing edge of the blade tip, and then increases continuously with the rapid rolling-up to form a strong tip vortex. The measurements also indicate that the downstream movement of the tip vortex is nearly linear in the very near wake under the test condition.

Measurement on soil deformation caused by expanded-base pile in transparent soil using particle image velocimetry (PIV)

A new small-scale geotechnical physical model in 1-g and unconfined condition, combining the transparent soil, close-range photogrammetry and particle image velocimetry(PIV), was employed, which provides a non-intrusively internal deformation measurement approach to monitor the internal deformation of soil caused by expanded-base pile jacking with casing. The transparent soil was made of fused quartz and its refractive index matched blended oil, adding reflective particles(glass beads). Closerange photogrammetry was employed to record the images of the process of casing jacking and extraction in transparent soil, allowing the use of Matlab-based Geo-PIV to figure out the displacement field converted from image space to object space. Analysis of test results indicates that the maximum displacement caused by casing jacking for expandedconical-base pile is decreased by 29% compared with that for expanded-flat-base pile. The main movement happens at the early stage of casing extraction. The maximum displacement caused by casing extraction for the conical base is about 43% of that for the flatbase, while the affected zone caused by casing extraction for the conical base accounts for about 1/3 of that for the flat base. The contraction for horizontal displacements tends to decrease with the depth increasing. By contrast, the contraction under pile base decreases with the increasing of displacement. The displacements generated by jacking a conventional pile having a diameter equal to the casing diameter of the expanded-base pile were comparable to the net displacement taking place due to expanded-base pile installation for the conical base pile.

Particle Image Velocimetry Measurement of the Flow Field in the Play of the Drilling Pump Valve

The failure of a drilling pump is always due to the break of the drilling pump valve, which is one of the most important but also the weakest parts of the drilling pump. Over the decades, the degradation of drilling pump valves has been investigated extensively and various failure mechanisms have been proposed. However, no experimental test on the fluid has been successfully performed to support some of these mechanisms. In this paper, tests of the flow within the valve play are carried out to investigate the factors resulting in the failure of the valve. In the tests, particle image velocimetry（PIV） technology is employed to measure the flow field distribution of the valve play in the model. From these tests, the distributions of velocity and vorticity of fluid in ＇various valves with different valve angles and different valve lifts are obtained, from which the features of flow fields are derived and generalized. Subsequently, a general rule of the influence of valve angles and valve lifts on the flow velocity is concluded according to chart analyses of maximal velocities and mean velocities. Finally, an analysis is made on the possibility of valve failure caused by erosion and abrasion in a working valve, with the application of the failure mechanisms of drilling pump valves. PIV measurement improves the study on the failure of the drilling pump valve, and the results show good agreement with previous computational fluid dynamics（CFD） simulations.

Monitoring shear deformation of sliding zone via fiber Bragg grating and particle image velocimetry

Monitoring shear deformation of sliding zones is of great significance for understanding the landslide evolution mechanism,in which fiber optic strain sensing has shown great potential.However,the cor-relation between strain measurements of quasi-distributed fiber Bragg grating(FBG)sensing arrays and shear displacements of surrounding soil remains elusive.In this study,a direct shear model test was conducted to simulate the shear deformation of sliding zones,in which the soil internal deformation was captured using FBG strain sensors and the soil surface deformation was measured by particle image velocimetry(PIV).The test results show that there were two main slip surfaces and two secondary ones,developing a spindle-shaped shear band in the soil.The formation of the shear band was successfully captured by FBG sensors.A sinusoidal model was proposed to describe the fiber optic cable deformation behavior.On this basis,the shear displacements and shear band widths were calculated by using strain measurements.This work provides important insight into the deduction of soil shear deformation using soil-embedded FBG strain sensors.

Study of Diesel Spray Particle Velocity Field Using a Particle Image Velocimetry Setup

Aim To investigate the spray particle velocity and its distribution characteristics. Methods\ A set of PIV (particle image velocimetry) system was developed and used to observe and analyze the spray particle velocity field. Results and Conclusion\ Double exposure image of the spray particle within the region of 10-50 mm from the nozzle tip was recorded and analyzed by the IBAS2000 analysis system. Some characteristics of the spray particle velocity and its distribution were obtained.

Particle image velocimetry and numerical simulations of the hydrodynamic characteristics of an artificial reef

This article reports a particle image velocimetry study and the comparative results of a numerical simulation into the hydrodynamic characteristics around an artificial reef.We reveal the process of flow separation and vortex evolution,and compare the force terms generated by our artificial reef model.The numerical simulation agrees well with experimental results,showing the applicability of computational fluid dynamics to the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef.Furthermore,we numerically simulate the hydrodynamics of the reef model for seven velocities.The results show that the drag coefficient is approximately 1.21 in a self-modeling region for Reynolds numbers between 2.123×104and 9×104.Therefore,the upwelling height and current width of the flow field do not change significantly when the inflow velocity increases.Our study indicates that computational fluid dynamics can be applied to study the hydrodynamics of an artificial reef and offer clues to its construction.

3D Particle Image Velocimetry Test of Inner Flow in a Double Blade Pump Impeller

The double blade pump is widely used in sewage treatment industry,however,the research on the internal flow characteristics of the double blade pump with particle image velocimetry（PIV） technology is very little at present.To reveal inner flow characteristics in double blade pump impeller under off-design and design conditions,inner flows in a double blade pump impeller,whose specific speed is 111,are measured under the five off-design conditions and design condition by using 3D PIV test technology.In order to ensure the accuracy of the 3D PIV test,the external trigger synchronization system which makes use of fiber optic and equivalent calibration method are applied.The 3D PIV relative velocity synthesis procedure is compiled by using Visual C＋＋ 2005.Then absolute velocity distribution and relative velocity distribution in the double blade pump impeller are obtained.Test results show that vortex exists in each condition,but the location,size and velocity of vortex core are different.Average absolute velocity value of impeller outlet increases at first,then decreases,and then increases again with increase of flow rate.Again average relative velocity values under 0.4,0.8,and 1.2 design condition are higher than that under 1.0 design condition,while under 0.6 and 1.4 design condition it is lower.Under low flow rate conditions,radial vectors of absolute velocities at impeller outlet and blade inlet near the pump shaft decrease with increase of flow rate,while that of relative velocities at the suction side near the pump shaft decreases.Radial vectors of absolute velocities and relative velocities change slightly under the two large flow rate conditions.The research results can be applied to instruct the hydraulic optimization design of double blade pumps.

Investigation of Unsteady Flow Fields for Flow Control Research by Means of Particle Image Velocimetry

Unsteady three-dimensional flow phenomena must be investigated and well understood to be able to design devices to control such complex flow phenomena in order to achieve the desired behavior of the flow and to assess their performance, even in harsh industrial environments. Experimental investigations for flow control research require measurement techniques capable to resolve the flow field with high spatial and temporal resolution to be able to perceive the relevant phenomena. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV), providing access to the unsteady flow velocity field, is a measurement technique which is readily available commercially today. This explains why PIV is widely used for flow control research. A number of standard configurations exist, which, with increasing complexity, allow capturing flow velocity data instantaneously in geometrical arrangements extending from planes to volumes and in temporal arrangements extending from snapshots to temporarily well resolved data. With increasing complexity these PIV systems require advancing expertise of the user and growing investment costs. Using typical problems of flow control research, three different standard PIV systems will be characterized briefly. It is possible to upgrade a PIV system from a simple planar to a “high end” tomographic PIV system over a period of time, if sufficient PIV expertise can be built up and budget for additional investments becomes available.

A Review of Particle Image Velocimetry for Fish Migration

Understanding the flow characteristic in fishways is crucial for efficient fish migration. Flow characteristic measurements can generally provide quantitative information of velocity distributions in such passages;Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) has become one of the most versatile techniques to disclose flow fields in general and in fishways, in particular. This paper firstly gives an overview of fish migration along with fish ladders and then the application of PIV measurements on the fish migration process. The overview shows that the quantitative and detailed turbulent flow information in fish ladders obtained by PIV is critical for analyzing turbulent properties and validating numerical results.

Finite Element Numerical Simulation and PIV Measurement of Flow Field inside Metering-in Spool Valve

The finite element method （FEM） and particle image velocimetry （PIV） technique are utilized to get the flow field along the inlet passage, the chamber, the metering port and the outlet passage of spool valve at three different valve openings. For FEM numerical simulation, the stream function ψ-vorticity ω forms of continuity and Navier-Stokes equations are employed and FEM is applied to discrete the equations. Homemade simulation codes are executed to compute the values of stream function and vorticity at each node in the flow domain, then according to the correlation between stream function and velocity components, the velocity vectors of the whole field are calculated. For PIV experiment, pulse Nd： YAG laser is exploited to generate laser beam, cylindrical and spherical lenses are combined each other to produce 1.0 mm thickness laser sheet to illuminate the object plane, Polystyrene spherical particle with diameter of 30-50 μm is seeded in the fluid as a tracing particles, Kodak ES 1.0 CCD camera is employed to capture the images of interested, the images are processed with fast Fourier transform （FFT） cross-correlation algorithm and the processing results is displayed. Both results of numerical simulation and PIV experimental show that there are three main areas in the spool valve where vortex is formed. Numerical results also indicate that the valve opening have some effects on the flow structure of the valve. The investigation is helpful for qualitatively analyzing the energy loss, noise generating, steady state flow forces and even designing the geometry structure and flow passage.

Recent Developments of Image Based Measurement Methods for Application to Transonic Flows in Industrial Wind Tunnels

The experimental investigation of unsteady complex flow fields in wind tunnels requires advanced measurement techniques. The most important of such image based measurement techniques are those for the measurement of planar flow velocity fields, planar pressure distribution, model location and deformation, model temperature and quantitative high speed flow visualization. The applications as carried out by DLR range from low speed flows to transonic flows, from high lift configurations to propellers and rotors, from wake vortex investigations in catapult facilities and water towing tanks to investigations of vortex break down phenomena on delta wings. The capability to use image based measurement techniques in transonic flows requires dedicated technical developments and experienced scientists due to the special environment of a transonic wind tunnel. In this paper an overview of the state-of-the art of the application of image based measurement techniques in transonic flows as performed by DLR＇s Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology will be given.

Laser Measurement and Intensity Evaluation of Intake Swirl in Engine Using a Water Analog

The intake swirl in the cylinder was induced by a swirler which was fixed in one of two intake ports. In order to understand the characteristics of the intake swirl, a transparent water analog was designed which simulated 150 type single cylinder engine. At the same time, the particle image velocimetry was used to measure the flow fields induced by various swirlers in the analog. After measurement, a new method was presented to evaluate the intensity of the intake swirl. Then, when the measured sections, the lifts of valve and the swirlers were different, the calculated results of the flow field were compared.

水流作用下的群桩流场特性PIV试验研究

基于粒子图像测速技术(PIV)开展物理模型试验,对雷诺数Re分别为2400、6000、12000条件下,流向桩心距比为5、横向桩心距比为4时,3×3矩形排列圆桩群桩的局部流场特性开展研究。结果表明,中下游桩间与上中游桩间的流场特性存在显著差异,雷诺数对桩间流场变化影响明显。当Re为2400和6000时,上游中间桩后的尾流涡漩生成长度及回流区长度明显大于两侧边桩,Re为6000时现象更明显,而当Re增大至12000时此现象消失。受上游桩遮蔽作用,中游桩桩后的尾涡强度明显弱于前排桩,回流区面积随之减小。随着雷诺数增大,上游桩桩后尾涡生成长度、回流区尺度逐渐减小。此外,还分析了紊动强度与雷诺切应力在群桩内部平面上的分布变化。本研究以高桩码头桩基础为原型,分析群桩内部流场特性变化,研究结论有助于推进高桩码头泥沙冲淤变化机理的研究,提高高桩码头的安全评估能力。

SIMULTANEOUS PIV/PTV MEASUREMENTS OF BUBBLE AND PARTICLE PHASES IN GAS-LIQUID TWO-PHASE FLOW BASED ON IMAGE SEPARATION AND RECONSTRUCTION

A Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method based on the image separation andreconstruction with the median filter and triangular Bezier patch was proposed to measure multiplevelocity fields from single-camera images in the present study. The method was examined on syntheticPIV images with the Green-Taylor two-phase vortex flows and the test results showed high accuracyand highly correct tracking percent compared with the exact solution. An experiment of the bubblyjet flow was also conducted as a practical demonstration of the present method. As a result, it isconfirmed from the simulation image examination and the experimental measurement that the proposedmethod shows a good performance in the measurement of bubble and particle phases.

Particle image velocimetry measurements of vortex structures in stilling basin of multi-horizontal submerged jets

Measurements of turbulent flow fields in a stilling basin of multi-horizontal submerged jets were made with the single- camera Particle Image Velocimetry （PIV）. The particle images were captured, processed, and subsequently used to characterize the flow in terms of the 2-D velocity and vorticity distributions. This study shows that the maximum close-to-bed velocity in the stilling basin is approximately reduced by 60%, comparing to the jet velocity at the outlet of orifices. The jet velocity is distributed evenly at the latter half of the stilling basin and the time-averaged velocity of the cross section is reduced by 77%-85%, comparing to the jet velocity at the outlet of orifices. These results show that the vortices with horizontal axes are continuously repeated during the form-merge-split-disappear process. The vertical vortices are continuously formed and disappeared, they appear randomly near the slab and intermittently reach the slab of the stilling basin. The range of these vortices is small. Vortices with horizontal axes and ver- tical vortices do not coincide in space and the vortices with horizontal axes only affect the position of the tail of the vertical vortices attached to the slab of the stilling basin.

Comparisons between numerical calculations and measurements in vaned diffuser of SHF impeller

The paper presents analysis of the performance and the internal flow behaviour in the vaned diffuser of a radial flow pump using PIV(particle image velocimetry)and pressure probe traverses.PIV measurements have already been performed at middle height inside one diffuser channel passage for a given speed of rotation and various mass flow rates.These results have been already presented in several previous communications.New experiments have been performed using a three-hole pressure probe traverses from hub to shroud diffuser width at different radial locations between the two diffuser geometrical throats.Numerical simulations are also realized with the commercial codes Star CCM+7.02.011 and CFX.Frozen rotor and fully unsteady calculations of the whole pump have been performed.Comparisons between numerical results,previous experimental PIV results and new probe traverses one's are presented and discussed for one mass flow rate.In this respect,a first attempt to take into account fluid leakages between the rotating and fixed part of the pump has been checked since it may affects the real flow structure inside the diffuser.

Experimental study on movement of particles in centrifugal impeller

The slurry pump is the key component of a dredger. Solid particles have strong influence on the performance of a slurry pump. The movement of solid particles in a centrifugal impeller was studied using particle image velocimetry(PIV) measurement. The experiments were conducted in a dredging pump model at Hohai University. Some transparent glass spheres with diameter of 0. 2-0. 4 mm were used as solid particles. The concentration and relative velocities of the particles were analyzed to investigate the particle trajectory. The results show that the concentration of the particles on the pressure surfaces of the blades is higher than on the suction surfaces,and the particles tend to move towards the suction surfaces. Moreover,the particles have faster relative velocities than the liquid phase through the flow channels of the impeller.

Real-time adaptive particle image velocimetry for accurate unsteady flow field measurements

Almost all conventional open-loop particle image velocimetry(PIV) methods employ fixed-interval-time optical imaging technology and the time-consuming cross-correlation-based PIV measurement algorithm to calculate the velocity field.In this study,a novel real-time adaptive particle image velocity(RTA-PIV) method is proposed to accurately measure the instantaneous velocity field of an unsteady flow field.In the proposed closed-loop RTA-PIV method,a new correlation-filter-based PIV measurement algorithm is introduced to calculate the velocity field in real time.Then,a Kalman predictor model is established to predict the velocity of the next time instant and a suitable interval time can be determined.To adaptively adjust the interval time for capturing two particle images,a new high-speed frame-straddling vision system is developed for the proposed RTA-PIV method.To fully analyze the performance of the RTA-PIV method,we conducted a series of numerical experiments on ground-truth image pairs and on real-world image sequences.

Particle image velocimetry measurement of velocity distribution at inlet duct of waterjet self-propelled ship model

A vehicle-mounted three-dimensional underwater particle image velocimetry（PIV） device is used in a towing tank to measure the velocity distribution of the inlet duct of a waterjet ship model in a self-propulsion test. The following points are shown through a comparison of the influences of the stationary and free states of the ship model on the measured results：（1） during the test, the ship attitude will change, specifically, the ship model will heave and trim,（2） the degree of freedom disturbs the processing of the pixel images enough to distort the subsequent image processing,（3） the stationary state of the ship model is the optimal mode for measuring the velocity distribution using the PIV device, and（4） if the changes must be considered, the man-made heaving and trimming may be pre-applied, and be made a corrected stationary mode. In addition, the momentum effect coefficient and the energy effect coefficient are calculated in a non-uniform inflowing state, and the related factors affecting the two coefficients are analyzed. The test results show that the pumping action of the waterjet creates a transverse vector in the cross-sectional speed, which increases the non-uniformity of the inflow. These results could help to establish the design requirements for a waterjet-propelled ship type.