Modeling of the Relationship Between Pore Size Distribution and Thickness of Ceramic MF Membrane

The pore size distribution(PSD)measured by the gas bubble point(GBP)method ofceramic microfiltration(MF)membranes prepared by suspension technique was found to be signifi-cantly influenced by the membrane thickness.A culm-like model for pore structure was introduced tocharacterize the membrane pores instead of the conventional model which does not reflect the radiusvariation along the pore passages and is unable to explain the thickness effect on the membrane PSD.A laminate structure,taking the culm-like model for pore structure into consideration,was hypoth-esized for ceramic MF membranes.A mathematical model was then established to quantitativelydescribe the relationship between the membrane number PSD and the membrane thickness.Goodresults were obtained for the correlation of mean pore size and simulation of the PSD for ceramicMF membranes.

Insight into fouling behavior of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF)hollow fiber membranes caused by dextran with different pore size distributions

Membrane fouling is the key problem that occurs in membrane process for water treatment. However, how membrane microstructure influences the fouling behavior is still not clear. In this study, fouling behavior caused by dextran was deeply and systematically investigated by employing four poly（vinylidene fluoride） （PVDF） membranes with different pore sizes, ranging from 24 to 94 nm. The extent of fouling by dextran was accurately characterized by pore reduction, flux decline, and the change of critical flux. The result shows that membrane with the smallest pore size of 24 nm experienced the smallest fouling rate and the lowest fouling extent. As the membrane pore size increased, the critical flux ranges were 105-114, 63-73, 38-44 and 34- 43 L. m 2. h t, respectively. The critical flux and fouling resistances indicated that the fouling propensity in- creases with the increase of membrane pore size. Two pilot membrane modules with mean pore size of 25 nm and 60 nm were applied in membrane filtration of surface water treatment. The results showed that serious ir- reversible membrane fouling occurred on the membrane with pore size of 60 nm at the permeate flux of 40.5 L.m 2.h 1. On the other hand, membrane with pore size of 25 nm exhibited much better anti-fouling per- formance when permeate flux was set to 40.5, 48 and 60 L-m 2-h- 1.

Controlling Pore Size and its Distribution of γ-Al_2O_3 Nanofiltration Membranes

The preparation process of γ-A12O3 nanofiltration membranes were studied by N2 absorption and desorption test and retention rate vs thickness gradient curve method. It was found that template and thermal treatment were key factors for controlling pore size and its distribution. Under the optimized experimental conditions, the BJH (Barret-Joyner-Halenda) desorption average pore diameter, BJH desorption cumulative volume of pores and BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area of obtained membranes were about 3.9 nm, 0.33 cm3/g and 245 m2/g respectively, the pore size distribution was very narrow. Pore size decreased with the increasing of thickness and no evident change after the dense top layer was formed. The optimum thickness can be controlled by retention rate vs thickness gradient curve method.

Characteristics of phosphorus adsorption by sediment mineral matrices with different particle sizes

The particle size of sediment is one of the main factors that influence the phosphorus physical adsorption on sediment. In order to eliminate the effect of other components of sediment on the phosphorus physical adsorption, the sediment mineral matrices were obtained by removing inorganic matter, metal oxides, and organic matter from natural sediments, which were collected from the Nantong reach of the Yangtze River. The results show that an exponential relationship exists between the median particle size （Ds0） and specific surface area （Sg） of the sediment mineral matrices, and the fine sediment mineral matrix sample has a larger specific surface area and pore volume than the coarse sediment particles. The kinetic equations were used to describe the phosphorus adsorption process of the sediment mineral matrices, including the Elovich equation, quasi-first-order adsorption kinetic equation, and quasi-second-order adsorption kinetic equation. The results show that the quasi-second-order adsorption kinetic equation has the best fitting effect. Using the mass conservation and Langmuir adsorption kinetic equations, a formula was deduced to calculate the equilibrium adsorption capacity of the sediment mineral matrices. The results of this study show that the phosphorus adsorption capacity decreases with the increase of Ds0, indicating that the specific surface area and pore volume are the main factors in determining the phosphorus adsorption capacity of the sediment mineral matrices. This study will help understand the important role of sediment in the transformation of phosphorus in aquatic environments.

Effects of Particle Size and Content of Silicon Powder on Strength and Microstructure of Coked Al_2O_3-ZrO_2-C Refractories

Effects of particle size （A：d50 = 336. 9 μm, B：d50 =123.5μm, C： d50=19.5 μm, D： dso=2.21μm） and content （1 wt% , 3 wt% , 5 wt% , 7 wt% ） of silicon powder on cold crushing strength （CCS） , pore size distribution and microstructure of Al2O3 - ZrO2 - C refractories coked at high temperature had been investigated by means of mercury porosimeter, SEM, EDS, tic. The results indicated that particle size and content of silicon powder affected the cold crushing strength of coked specimens. It increased with the addition of silicon powder and its finer particle size. However, it decreased greatly when using too fine silicon powder. The particle size and content of silicon powder also impacted the phase evolution and microstructure of coked specimens, much more β-SiC whiskers constituted network structure and well distributed in specimens with reduction of their slenderness ratios when finer silicon powder was added, corresponding to that, the specimens＇ pore size distribution range became narrower with smaller pore diameter, but β-SiC whiskers were distributed sparsely and the specific pore volume of small pores increased when much finer powder was added. It was worthly mentioned that some nitride could form in specimens with addition of appropriate particle size and content of silicon powder.

Effect of SiC Particle Size on Properties of SiC Porous Ceramics

We used different SiC particle size as raw materials and via reaction bonding technique to prepare porous SiC membrane supports.The phase composition,microstructure,bending strength,open porosity,and pore size distribution were investigated as a function of SiC particle size and firing temperature.It is found that the reduction of SiC particle size not only dramatically enhances the bending strength of porous SiC membrane supports,but also slightly reduces the firing temperature duo to smaller SiC particle with higher specific surface area and higher reaction activity.Besides,the open porosity and pore size distribution are dependent on the firing temperature,but insensitive to the SiC particle size due to the pore related characters mainly controlled by the binder.The bending strength increases with the increasing of the firing temperature and with the decreasing of SiC particle size.When the firing temperature was 1500℃and SiC average particle size was 447.75μm,the optimal performance were achieved,the bending strength was 15.18 MPa,the open porosity was 36.02%,the pore size distributed at 3.09-112.47μm,and the mean pore size was 14.16μm.

Growing Intact Membrane by Tuning Carbon Down to Ultrasmall 0.37 nm Microporous Structure for Confining Dissolution of Polysulfides Toward High-Performance Sodium–Sulfur Batteries

Room temperature sodium–sulfur(Na–S)batteries are severely hampered by dissolution of polysulfides into electrolytes.Herein,a facile approach is used to tune a biomass-derived carbon down to an ultrasmall 0.37 nm microporous structure for the first time as a cathode in sodium–sulfur batteries.This produced an intact uniform Na2S membrane to greatly confine the dissolution of polysulfides while realizing a direct solid phase conversion for complete reduction of sulfur to Na2S,which delivers a sulfur loading of 1 mg cm−2(50 wt.%),an excellent rate capacity(933 mAh g^(−1)@0.1 A g^(−1)and 410 mAh g^(−1)@2Ag^(−1)),long cycle performance(0.036%per cycle decay at 1 A g^(−1)after 1500 cycles),and a high energy density for 373 Wh kg^(−1)(0.1 A g^(−1))based on whole electrode weight(active sulfur loading+carbon),ranking the best among all reported plain carbon cathode-based room temperature sodium–sulfur batteries in terms of the cycle life and rate capacity.It is proposed that the solid Na2S produced in the ultrasmall pores(0.37 nm)can be squeezed out to grow an intact membrane on the electrode surface covering the outlet of the pores and greatly depressing the dissolution effect of polysulfides for the long cycle life.This work provides a green chemistry to recycle wastes for sustainable energies and sheds light on design of a unique pore structure to effectively block the dissolution of polysulfides for high-performance sodium–sulfur batteries.

Controllable preparation of γ-alumina nanoparticles with bimodal pore size distribution in membrane dispersion microreactor

In this paper,we present a new method for preparing γ-alumina nanoparticles with a bimodal pore size distribution by using an efficiently mixing membrane dispersion microreactor.NH4HCO3and AI2(SO4)3.18H2Owere reacted under vigorous mixing to give an ammonium aluminum carbonate hydroxide (AACH)precursor.γ-Alumina was obtained by calcination of AACH at 550℃ for 6h.The effects of NH4HCO3concentration,pH during aging,and reaction temperature were investigated.The mechanism of bimodal pore formation was clarified.The results showed that large pores (10-100nm) were mainly formed in the reactor and during aging,and small pores (0-10nm)were mainly formed during calcination.When the concentration of NH4HCO3was 1.5mol/L,the aging pH was 9.2,and the reaction temperature was 80℃,γ-alumina with a specific surface area of 504.7m^2/g and pore volume of 1.76mL/g was obtained.The average size of the large pores was about 30nm,and the average size of the small pores was about 4nm.

Properties and Working Principle of Airstop Membranes

In this paper,the surface and cross-section,pore size and distribution,contact angle and hydrostatic pressure of the membrane were tested.Then the membrane's working principle was analyzed and the stopping height of membranes with different pore sizes was calculated.It was found that the surface tension and pore size of the membrane were key factors to determine its stopping height.

Characteristics of Membrane Fouling in an Anaerobic-(Anoxic/Oxic)~n-MBR Process

The characteristics of membrane fouling and cleaning, in a hybrid MBR process, was investigated. Under the condition of sub-critical flux operation, a characteristic three-stage trans-membrane pressure （TMP） profile is observed as time passes. The initially extended period of slow pressure rise, followed by a somewhat faster rise, is then sup- planted by a sudden transition to rapid pressure rise. Membrane cleaning experiments and SEM examination make it apparent that the rapid TMP rise is mainly caused by the accumulation of a surface cake layer, which is a reversible fouling that can be removed by tap water washing. Fouling caused by a gel layer, which is an irreversible fouling, can be removed efficiently by chemical cleaning. NaC10 can oxidize the gel layer, which is formed mainly of macromo-lecular organic substances. The HC1 can remove inorganic particles formed by Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋ ions etc. The sequence of chemicals used in membrane cleaning has an influence on the cleaning result. The effect of the NaC1O＋HC1 cleaning procedure is superior to that of the HCI＋NaC1O one. Particle size distribution measurements （PSD） reveal that fine particles are inclined to deposit or attach on the membrane surface, or in the membrane pores, and caused rapid fouling.

Processing micrometer-sized particles in crumpled graphene network for freestanding membrane enabled by freeze casting

Graphene oxide(GO)is widely used in the construction and application of various 2 D membrane-based materials due to its unique colloidal structure.Herein,we demonstrate that micrometer-sized particles can make up freestanding membranes enabled by the extraordinary amphiphilic and polymer-like properties of graphene oxide through freeze casting.The 2 D macromolecule,GO could well wrap the particles for better uniformity and stability in either dispersion or membrane.Importantly,freeze casting plays an important role in avoiding the severe aggregation of micrometer-sized particles in the solventremoving process.After reduction,the membrane exhibits good electrical conductivity while maintaining its integral structure,which can be directly used as a freestanding binder-free electrode.This work provides a universal approach to fabricate freestanding membranes with various micrometersized materials for energy storage.

CHARACTERIZATION OF REGENERATED CELLULOSE MEMBRANES HYDROLYZED FROM CELLULOSE ACETATE

A series of cellulose acetate membranes were prepared by using formamide as additive, and then were hydrolyzed in 4 wt% aqueous NaOH solution for 8 h to obtain regenerated cellulose membranes. The dependence of degree of substitution, structure, porous properties, solubility and thermal stability on hydrolysis time was studied by chemical titration, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The results indicated that the pore size of the regenerated cellulose membranes was slightly smaller than that of cellulose acetate membrane, while solvent-resistance, crystallinity and thermostability were significantly improved. This work provides a simple way to prepare the porous cellulose membranes, which not only kept the good pore characteristics of cellulose acetate membranes, but also possessed solvent-resistance, high crystallinity and thermostability. Therefore, the application range of cellulose acetate membranes can be expanded.

Performance of slotted pores in particle manufacture using rotating membrane emulsification

This paper addresses the use of different slotted pores in rotating membrane emulsification technology. Pores of square and rectangular shapes were studied to understand the effect of aspect ratio （1-3.5） and their orientation on oil droplet formation. Increasing the membrane rotation speed decreased the droplet size, and the oil droplets produced were more uniform using slotted pores as compared to circular geometry. At a given rotation speed, the droplet size was mainly determined by the pore size and the fluid velocity of oil through the pore （pore fluid velocity）. The ratio of droplet diameter to the equivalent diameter of the slotted pore increased with the pore fluid velocity. At a given pore fluid velocity and rotation speed, pore orientation significantly influences the droplet formation rate： horizontally disposed pores （with their longer side perpendicular to the membrane axis） generate droplets at double the rate of vertically disposed pores. This work indicates practical benefits in the use of slotted membranes over conventional methods.

Cu-ZnO-ZrO_(2)催化剂孔结构调控CO_(2)加氢制甲醇性能研究

采用胶质晶体模板法制备了不同孔径Cu-ZnO-ZrO_(2)(CZZ)催化剂,并对其CO_(2)加氢制甲醇性能进行了研究。结果表明,通过改变催化剂孔径可以实现ZnO粒径大小的调控,较小的粒径表现出更卓越的催化性能。其中,在孔径为55 nm的(CZZ-55)样品上,ZnO粒径为14.5 nm,CO_(2)转化率为14.83%,甲醇选择性为78.8%,甲醇产率可达345.8 g/(kg·h)。原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱结果表明,在CZZ催化剂上CO_(2)加氢制甲醇遵循甲酸盐路径,ZnO-ZrO_(2)界面是CO_(2)吸附和活化的活性位点,而三维有序大孔结构有助于形成更分散的ZnO-ZrO_(2)活性位,提高了CO_(2)转化率。并且孔径大小对中间体的转化具有一定影响,孔径越小,甲酸盐更容易转化为甲醇。此外,三维有序的大孔结构为产物(水汽和甲醇)快速扩散提供了“高速通道”,有效抑制CO_(2)加氢的副产物水汽对活性位的毒化作用,较大程度提高了催化剂的稳定性,在600 h内无明显失活。

重力流膜生物反应器处理农村污水效能与机制

重力流膜生物反应器(GDMBR)具有低能耗、低维护和出水稳定的工艺特点,然而,目前关于利用GDMBR直接处理农村污水的相关研究较少,为此,探究GDMBR处理生活污水的通量变化规律、污染物去除效能以及不同膜孔径对其的影响。结果表明,GDMBR处理生活污水时可在无反冲洗条件下长期稳定运行,稳定通量为1.3~1.5 L/(m~2·h)。这是由于膜表面生物滤饼层内形成了疏松多孔结构,且膜孔内污染物含量极低。GDMBR工艺可在较低污泥质量浓度的前提下实现对COD和UV_(254)的高效去除,去除率分别为78%和85%,并有效保留污水中的氮源和磷源。此外,不同膜孔径对GDMBR工艺除污染效能的影响甚微,但微滤膜构成的GDMBR系统的稳定通量略高于超滤膜系统。

芳烃官能化有机硅膜的制备及丙烯/丙烷分离性能

利用具有单苯和联苯桥联结构的有机硅前体1,4-二(三乙氧基硅基)苯(BTESB)和4,4'-二(三乙氧基硅基)联苯(BTESBPh),通过溶胶-凝胶法制备成有机硅膜并应用于丙烯/丙烷分离。在25℃时,BTESB膜的C_(3)H_(6)渗透速率为3.4×10^(-9)mol/(m^(2)·s·Pa),C_(3)H_(6)/C_(3)H_(8)选择性为9.6;BTESBPh膜的C_(3)H_(6)渗透速率为1.7×10^(-8)mol/(m^(2)·s·Pa),C_(3)H_(6)/C_(3)H_(8)选择性为10.5。具有联苯桥联结构的BTESBPh膜网络结构更为疏松,可获得更高的气体渗透速率。苯环中大π键与待分离组分C_(3)H_(6)中的碳碳双键产生π-π相互作用,有利于C_(3)H_(6)组分的优先吸附和渗透。而BTESBPh中联苯结构增强了这一过程,表现为低温测试条件下,BTESBPh膜的C_(3)H_(6)/C_(3)H_(8)选择性略高于BTESB膜。本研究可为高性能丙烯/丙烷气体分离膜的开发提供参考。

不同粒径UiO-66混掺改性TFN-FO膜的构建及性能评价

以锆基金属-有机骨架材料(MOFs)UiO-66作为研究对象,制备了三种不同粒径的UiO-66纳米颗粒,并将其混掺到薄层复合膜(TFC)的聚酰胺(PA)层内,研究了UiO-66纳米颗粒的粒径对薄层复合纳米正渗透(TFN-FO)膜性能的影响。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、水接触角(WCA)测量仪、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等表征手段,探究了TFN-FO膜的性质变化。结果表明,减小UiO-66的粒径不会影响TFN-FO膜的高亲水性,并且随着UiO-66粒径的减小,TFN-FO膜的粗糙度降低、交联度升高。通过以去离子水和2 mol/L氯化钠溶液作为进料液和汲取液的实验室自制的正渗透系统对膜性能进行评价,发现混掺小粒径(50 nm)UiO-66的TFNFO膜可以在保持较低反向盐通量的同时实现35%的水通量提升。有机污染实验表明,TFN-FO膜具有良好的抗污染性能。

多羟基单体调控分离层结构制备高性能净水用纳滤膜

为了制备高效净化水中微污染物的纳滤膜,在哌嗪(PIP)水相溶液中混入小分子的多羟基第二单体双(2-羟乙基)氨基(三羟甲基)甲烷(BIS-TRIS),两者同时与均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)发生聚合反应,利用BIS-TRIS的羟基与PIP的氨基产生竞争作用来调控纳滤膜的分离层结构,制备净水用纳滤膜.采用傅里叶红外光谱与Zeta电位研究了膜的化学结构及表面荷电性,并对膜的分离性能与抗污染性能进行了表征.结果表明,与纯PIP和TMC制备的聚酰胺膜相比,BIS-TRIS的加入将膜孔径分布从0.3~0.9 nm提升至0.4~1.0 nm,成膜截留分子量从223提高到267,分离层厚度由135 nm减小到115 nm,渗透通量从93.6 L/(m^(2)·h·MPa)增加为220 L/(m^(2)·h·MPa),Na_(2)SO_(4)截留率由最初的95.6%提升至98%,盐酸四环素截留率由94%提升至98.4%,并且膜的抗污染性能进一步得到改善.本研究提出利用水相溶液中羟基、氨基与TMC的竞争交联作用来调控分离层结构,为高效去除水中微污染物的纳滤膜制备提供了简便的策略.

铸膜液中水的含量对聚醚砜微滤膜结构和性能的影响

通过蒸汽诱导相分离(VIPS)耦合非溶剂诱导相分离(NIPS)制备窄孔径分布聚醚砜(PES)微滤膜。本研究以PES为成膜材料,聚乙二醇为致孔剂,以水作为添加剂制备微滤膜,探究了铸膜液中水的质量分数对VIPS阶段蒸汽暴露时间及微滤膜结构与性能的影响.结果表明,铸膜液中水的质量分数从0%增加到3%,相似孔结构的形成所需的蒸汽暴露时间从90 s降低到30 s.膜的表面由致密皮层转变为大孔结构,孔径从0.087μm增加到0.193μm,孔径分布显著变窄,水接触角从83.6°增加到113.2°,拉伸强度从1.86 MPa增加到3.85 MPa,断裂伸长率从7%增加到16%,膜的力学性能显著增强,同时膜的纯水渗透率从5840 L/(m^(2)·h·MPa)增加到42300 L/(m^(2)·h·MPa).这表明,少量水的添加显著缩短了VIPS蒸汽暴露时间,同时改善了微滤膜的结构和性能.

注水开发中悬浮物粒径与储层孔隙结构匹配关系

为了完善注水开发中悬浮物粒径中值指标制定方法,以南海西部涠洲油田群为例,在统计大量数据的基础上,分析主力生产层位岩石孔隙结构参数与渗透率之间的关系(R_(c)-K);通过室内岩心驱替实验对油田群原有注水指标进行优化,得出渗透率与粒径中值的关系(K-d);关联R_(c)-K方程以及K-d关系后,得到不同岩心级别下注入水悬浮物粒径中值与喉道直径的匹配关系(d/2Rc)。结果表明:以渗透率保留率80%为标准,K=(10~50)×10^(-3)μm^(2)时颗粒粒径中值与喉道直径比d/2R_(c)=1/6;K=(50~100)×10^(-3)μm^(2)时d/2R_(c)=1/5;K=(100~300)×10^(-3)μm^(2)时d/2R_(c)=1/5。