Climate Shifts and the Role of Nano Structured Particles in the Atmosphere

A global net sum equilibrium in heat exchange is a fact and thus a global climate change doesn’t exist, but climate shifts in climate cells, especially in the northern temperate cell, do. The global climate has been ever since homeostatic, and has recuperated far huger climate impacts in the past. Current climate models need a drastically revision on the focus of carbon dioxide as main driver. Carbon dioxide and other carbon gasses do influence albedo patterns, but provide globally a homeostatic effect with a commonly accepted increase impact of 0.3 degrees Celsius. Carbon dioxide does not trigger the climate shifts, but is an indicator of exhaust of combustion processes that emit very small particles which drive these climate shifts. They are the fine dust and nano structured particles that cause the shifts of the climate in cells, as demonstrated in this article and results i.e. in more thunder and lightning, extreme weather, distinct droughts and precipitation patterns. The causes underlying these shifts are nano structured particles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, especially largely produced and remain in the temperate climate northern hemisphere cell and get dispersed by jet streams and low and high pressure areas. However, because of electrical charge, caused by friction or due to anthropogenic negatively charged nano structured particle, emissions will travel up to the lower stratosphere and become neutralized at the electro sphere level, and they do also have a tendency to move to the Arctic. The southern hemisphere climate faces limited anthropogenic emissions, because only 10 percent of the world population can contribute with less pollutant providing activities, and hasn’t changed, but that could well be because it is equally influenced and driven, like the northern hemisphere, by the variation of sun activity in diverse cycles. The present problem is that we produce huge amounts of air borne nano structured particles from combustion processes that never exist before. The only nano particles known in nature are those who are limited produced from volcano eruptions and natural forest fires. The natural feedback systems that moderate climate shifts and influence global climate are: convection by cumulonimbus clouds, sea currents and vegetation adaptation. A novel ultra-fine dust electric reduction device (UFDRS-System), created by the author, diminishs to a size of less than 10 nano particles in diameter and thus prevents major electrical drift of nano structured particulates in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere and contributes largely in purifying the air and thus reduces the effects of climate shifts. Like solving the acid rain problems with sulphuric acid reduction and ozone depletion with CFCs proscription in the past, the present climate shifts can be mitigated via a reduction of the anthropogenic nano structured particulates in the atmosphere. The UFDRS-System together with the given nature’s solutions can re-balance our atmosphere in a period of two years or a little bit longer due to extension of the lifespan of a particle in the stratosphere.

Probing the effects of lithium doping on structures, properties, and stabilities of magnesium cluster anions

Bimetallic clusters have aroused tremendous interest because the property changes like structure,size,and composition have occurred.Herein,a structural search of the global minimum for anionic LiMg_(n)^(-)(n=2-11) clusters is performed using an efficient crystal structure analysis by particle swarm optimization(CALYPSO) structural searching program with subsequent density functional theory(DFT) calculations.A great variety of low energetic isomers are converged,and the most stable ones are confirmed by comparing their total energy of each size.It is found that the LiMg_(n)^(-)clusters are structurally consistent with corresponding Mg clusters anions except for LiMg_(5)^(-)and LiMg_(7)^(-).In all the doped clusters,the Li atom prefers to occupy the convex position.Simulated photoelectron spectra(PES),Infrared(IR),and Raman spectra of LiMg_(n)^(-)could be used as an essential evidence for identifying cluster structures experimentally in the future.Stability study reveals that a tower-like structure of LiMg_(9)^(-)has prominent stability and can be identified as a magic number cluster.The reason might be that there are both closed-shell 1S^(2)1P^(6)1D^(10)2S^(2) electronic configurations and stronger Li-Mg bonds caused by sp hybridization in the LiMg_(9)^(-)cluster.

Element doping induced microstructural engineering enhancing the lithium storage performance of high-nickel layered cathodes

The high-nickel layered cathodes Li[Ni_(x)Co_(y)Mn_(1-x-y)]O_(2)(x≥0.8)with high specific capacity and long cycle life are considered as prospective cathodes for lithium-ion batteries.However,the microcrack formation and poor structural stability give rise to inferior rate performance and undesirable cycling life.Herein,we propose a dual modification strategy combining primary particle structure design and element doping to modify Li[Ni_(0.95)Co_(0.025)Mn_(0.025)]O_(2) cathode by tungsten and fluorine co-doped(W-F-NCM95).The doping of W can convert the microstructure of primary particles to the unique rod-like shape,which is beneficial to enhance the reversibility of phase transition and alleviate the generation of microcracks.F doping is conducive to alleviating the surface side reactions.Thus,due to the synergistic effect of W,F codoping,the obtained W-F-NCM95 cathodes deliver a high initial capacity of 236.1 mA h g^(-1) at 0.1 C and superior capacity retention of 88.7%over 100 cycles at 0.5 C.Moreover,the capacity still maintains73.8%after 500 cycles at 0.5 C and the texture of primary particle is intact.This work provides an available strategy by W and F co-doping to enhance the electrochemistry performance of high-nickel cathodes for practical application.

A particle shape-based segmentation method to characterize spray dried materials by X-Ray microtomography

For accurate description of particle structure,single particle properties are required so that the properties of interest can be expressed as distributed parameters.X-Ray microtomography of the powder bed with subsequent particle separation can be used for this purpose.In this paper,a new algorithm for X-Ray microtomography images of spray dried particles was introduced since standard methods tend to fail if the particle size distribution is broad.The algorithm is based on 2D shape classification and subsequent 3D reconstitution of the particle using only a shape classifier as free parameter.The proposed algorithm was validated successfully.Using the algorithm,single particle porosities were obtained,which ranged from 0 to 70%.Prerequisites for the application of the algorithm are that a shape classifier can be set and that the 3D shape is regular.

In-Fiber Structured Particles and Filament Arrays from the Perspective of Fluid Instabilities

In-fiber structured particles and filament array have been recently emerging,providing unique advantages of feasible fabrication,diverse structures and sophisticated functionalities.This review will focus on the progress of this topic mainly from the perspective of fluid instabilities.By suppressing the capillary instability,the uniform layered structures down to nanometers are attained with the suitable materials selection.On the other hand,by utilizing capillary instability via post-drawing thermal treatment,the unprecedent structured particles can be designed with multimaterials for multifunctional fiber devices.Moreover,an interesting filamentation instability of a stretching viscous sheet has been identified during thermal drawing,resulting in an array of filaments.This review may inspire more future work to produce versatile devices for fiber electronics,either at a single fiber level or in large-scale fabrics and textiles,simply by manipulating and controlling fluid instabilities.

Time analysis of regional structure of large-scale particle using an interactive visual system

N-body numerical simulation is an important tool in astronomy.Scientists used this method to simulate the formation of structure of the universe,which is key to understanding how the universe formed.As research on this subject further develops,astronomers require a more precise method that enables expansion of the simulation and an increase in the number of simulation particles.However,retaining all temporal information is infeasible due to a lack of computer storage.In the circumstances,astronomers reserve temporal data at intervals,merging rough and baffling animations of universal evolution.In this study,we propose a deep-learning-assisted interpolation application to analyze the structure formation of the universe.First,we evaluate the feasibility of applying interpolation to generate an animation of the universal evolution through an experiment.Then,we demonstrate the superiority of deep convolutional neural network(DCNN)method by comparing its quality and performance with the actual results together with the results generated by other popular interpolation algorithms.In addition,we present PRSVis,an interactive visual analytics system that supports global volume rendering,local area magnification,and temporal animation generation.PRSVis allows users to visualize a global volume rendering,interactively select one cubic region from the rendering and intelligently produce a time-series animation of the high-resolution region using the deep-learning-assisted method.In summary,we propose an interactive visual system,integrated with the DCNN interpolation method that is validated through experiments,to help scientists easily understand the evolution of the particle region structure.

Literature overview of basic characteristics and flotation laws of flocs

Flocculation flotation is the most efficient method for recovering fine-grained minerals,and its essence lies in flotation and recovery of flocs.Fundamental physical characteristics of flocs are mainly determined by their apparent particle size and structure(density and morphology).Substantial researches have been conducted regarding the effect of floc characteristics on particle settling and water treatment.However,the influence of floc characteristics on flotation has not been widely studied.Based on the floc formation and flocculation flotation,this study reviews the fundamental physical characteristics of flocs from the perspectives of floc particle size and structure,summarizing the interaction between floc particle size and structure.Moreover,it thoroughly discusses the effect of floc particle size and structure on floc floatability,further revealing the influence of floc characteristics on bubble collision and adhesion and elucidating the mechanisms of interaction between flocs and bubbles.Thus,it is observed that floc particle size is not the only factor influencing flocculation flotation.Within the appropriate apparent particle size range,flocs with a compact structure exhibit higher efficiency in bubble collision and adhesion during flotation,thereby resulting in enhanced flotation performance.This study aims to provide a reference for flocculation flotation,targeting the development of more efficient and refined flocculation flotation processes in the future.

Experimental Study on Product Characteristics of Typical Pulverized Coal Preheated by a Self-Preheating Burner

As the major primary energy source in China,coal has been proved to be capable to improve its physical and chemical characteristics by the pretreatment of the self-preheating burner.In this study,the effects of altering operating conditions including preheating temperature(T_(p))and primary air equivalence ratio(λ_(p))on preheating characteristics of three typical pulverized coal were investigated on a bench-scale test rig.The high-temperature coal gas compositions along the axis of the riser and at the outlet of the self-preheating burner were measured,and the coal char and coal tar produced in the preheating process were collected and analyzed separately.The results indicated that with the significant release of volatile and the occurrence of chemical reactions,cracks and micropores emerged on the surface of the particles,making the pore structure on the surface more developed,and T_(p)had the most significant effect on the structure of coal particles.Additionally,there were evident differences in the corresponding operating conditions when the preheating characteristics of the three typical coal reached optimally.And preheating had the strongest influence on the degree of anthracite modification.With respect to coal tar,the increase of T_(p)andλ_(p)further promoted its secondary cracking and oxidation,resulting in a decrease in production yield.In this study,for bituminous coal and lignite,a large amount of coal tar were produced during preheating and the highest production yields could reach 5.74%and 6.15%,respectively.While for anthracite,the production yield was intensely low due to its own coal properties,all below 1.02%.

Spatiotemporal distribution of size-fractioned phytoplankton in the Yalu River Estuary,China

The grain size structure of phytoplankton has great influence on shellfish culture.The present study aimed to assess the spatial and temporal variation in the phytoplankton community structure in the Yalu River Estuary and to explore the relationship between the phytoplankton community structure and various environmental parameters in 2020.High-throughput sequencing was used in this study.The results showed that nanophytoplankton,especially Karlodinium veneficum,dominated the estuary throughout the year.The biomass ratio of picophytoplankton,nanophytoplankton,and microphytoplankton were 20:63:17 in spring,30:44:26 in summer,1:38:61 in autumn,and 2:45:53 in winter,respectively.Meanwhile,Dinophyta had the greatest biomass throughout the year,followed by Bacillariophyta.On the spatial dimension(Station average),COD,T,SST had a positive impact on total phytoplankton communities,and Dep had a negative impact.In the time dimension(Monthly average),the environmental factor that significantly controlled the phytoplankton community structure were NO2 and SST.