Extended wet sieving method for determination of complete particle size distribution of general soils

The traditional standard wet sieving method uses steel sieves with aperture?0.063 mm and can only determine the particle size distribution(PSD)of gravel and sand in general soil.This paper extends the traditional method and presents an extended wet sieving method.The extended method uses both the steel sieves and the nylon filter cloth sieves.The apertures of the cloth sieves are smaller than 0.063 mm and equal 0.048 mm,0.038 mm,0.014 mm,0.012 mm,0.0063 mm,0.004 mm,0.003 mm,0.002 mm,and 0.001 mm,respectively.The extended method uses five steps to separate the general soil into many material sub-groups of gravel,sand,silt and clay with known particle size ranges.The complete PSD of the general soil is then calculated from the dry masses of the individual material sub-groups.The extended method is demonstrated with a general soil of completely decomposed granite(CDG)in Hong Kong,China.The silt and clay materials with different particle size ranges are further examined,checked and verified using stereomicroscopic observation,physical and chemical property tests.The results further confirm the correctness of the extended wet sieving method.

Size Distributions and Elemental Compositions of Particulate Matter on Clear,Hazy and Foggy days in Beijing,China

Total suspended particulates （TSP） samples were collected using low pressure impactors （Andersen Series 20-800, USA） on typical clear, hazy and foggy days in Beijing in order to investigate the characteristics of size distributions and elemental compositions of particulate matter （PM） in different weather conditions. The concentrations of sixteen elements, including Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Ba, T1 and Pb were detected using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）. The results showed that Ca, A1, Fe, Mg and Ba on foggy days were 2.0 2.6 times higher than on clear days, and 2.3-2.9 times higher than on hazy days. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, As, Se and Pb on foggy days were 163.5, 1186.7, 65.9, 32.0 and 708.2 ng m-3, respectively, in fine particles, and 68.1, 289.5, 19.8, 1.6 and 103.8 ng m-3, respectively, in coarse particles. This was 1.0~8.4 times higher and 1.4-7.4 times higher than on clear and hazy days, respectively. It is then shown that Mg, A1, Fe, Ca and Ba were mainly associated with coarse particles, peaking at 4.7~5.8 μm; that Cd, Se, Zn, As, T1 and Pb were most dominant in fine particles, peaking at 0.43-1.1 μm; and that Na, K, Ni, Cu and Mn had a multi-mode distribution, with peaks at 0.43-1.1 μm and 4.7-5.8 μm. The enrichment factors indicated that coal combustion along with vehicle and industry emissions may be the main sources of pollution elements.

The grain-size distribution of the suspended particulate matter in the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent sea area in winter

The grain-size of suspended particulate matter （SPM） in the Huanghe Estuary and its adjacent sea area was investigated with an in situ laser particle size analyzer （LISST-100） in November 2006.The spatial distribution of the grain-size parameters was very complicated.The results show that （1） the mean particle size of SPM ranged from 3.00Φ to 6.41Φ,with an average value of 4.66Φ;（2） the frequency distribution patterns of the SPM grain-size showed three different types,which were mono-mode,dual-mode and tri-mode,respectively;（3） C-M chart suggested that the transportation-processes of the SPM not only included suspended mode,but also the bed load transportation mode.The bed load transportation mode mainly occurred at the bottom layer.The characteristics and space distribution of SPM grain-size might be mainly controlled by sediment discharge of the Huanghe River,hydrodynamics condition,surface sediment types,and biological process within the study area.

Particulate Amines in the Background Atmosphere of the Yangtze River Delta,China:Concentration,Size Distribution,and Sources

Amines are important for new particle formation and subsequent growth in the atmosphere.Consequently,the processes involved are receiving more attention in recent years.Here,we conduct a field observation in order to investigate the atmospheric particulate amines at a background site in the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)during the summer of 2018.Four amines in PM_(2.5),i.e.,methylamine(MA),dimethylamine(DMA),diethylamine(DEA),and trimethylamine(TMA),were collected,twice daily and analyzed.During the campaign,our measurements found the concentrations of MA,DMA,DEA,and TMA of 15.0±15.0,6.3±6.9,20.4±30.1,and 4.0±5.9 ng m^-(3),respectively,and the four amines correlated well with each other.The concentration of amines appear to be independent of whether they were collected during the day or night.Both MA and DMA exhibited a bimodal size distribution that had peaks at 0.67 and 1.1μm,suggesting amines preferably distribute on submicron particles.Boundary layer height(BLH),relative humidity,and pH of aerosols were found have a negative relationship with amines,while aerosol liquid water content(ALWC)was found to have a positive relationship with amines.The PMF(positive matrix factorization)source apportionment results showed that the main source of amines in Chongming Island was of anthropogenic origin such as industrial and biomass emission,followed by marine sources including sea salt and marine biogenic sources.Given that the YRD region is still suffering from complex atmospheric pollution and that the knowledge on aerosol amines is still limited,more field studies are in urgent need for a better understanding of the pollution characteristics of amines.

Determination of full-scale pore size distribution of Gaomiaozi bentonite and its permeability prediction

Gaomiaozi(GMZ)bentonite is a potential buffer/backfill material for a deep geological disposal of highlevel radioactive waste.It has a wide pore size distribution(PSD)with sizes ranging from several nanometers to more than one hundred microns.Thus,properly characterizing the pore structures of GMZ bentonite is a challenging issue.In this study,pressure-controlled porosimetry(PCP),ratecontrolled porosimetry(RCP),and scanning electron microscopy(SEM)were used to investigate the PSD of GMZ bentonite,The results indicate that each method has its limitation,and a combined use of PCP and RCP is suitable to obtain the full-scale PSD of GMZ bentonite.Moreover,we also compared the full-scale PSD with nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)result.It is found that there is no significant difference in the range of PSD characterization between NMR and mercury intrusion method(PCP and RCP).However,in a ce rtain range,the detection accuracy of NMR is higher than that of mercury injection method.Finally,permeability prediction based on PCP and SEM data was conducted,and both of the two methods were found to be able to predict the permeability.The combined method is effective to obtain the full-scale PSD of GMZ bentonite,which is the key to estimation of the sealing ability of bentonite buffer.

Power law of particle size distributions in water treatment processes

In this paper,the power law of particle size distributions (PSDs) in conventional water treatment processes is developed. After measuring the particle size distributions of raw-water,settled water and filtered water,a mathematical model between particle diameter and the amount of particles was studied. The value of collision frequency factor β in the PSDs model can be used to represent the collision behavior of particles ,and can be used as foundation exponent to choose suitable coagulation to accelerate particles aggregation. At the same time,the relationship between the value of parameter K and the total particles volume V was deduced. K is defined as particle volume exponent,which can represent the total volume of particles. The degression degree of K shows the removal efficiency of potable water treatment units.

Size Distributions of Atmospheric Aerosol Compositions in Saitama, Japan

A survey of atmospheric aerosols in a suburban area near Tokyo, Japanwas conducted using an Andersen sampler. Significant amounts of Na+and Cl- collected were considered to be derived from sea salt. The difference between the Na+/Cl-ratio in the area and that in sea salt indicated a considerable loss of Cl-. This is assumed to be caused by the formation of NaNO3, which is one of the main nitrate species present. Most of the sulfate in the sample was found to be (NH4)2SO4 in the form of fine particles, which is different from the sulfate derived from sea salt and soil. The size distributions of K and Mg are also discussed in relation to particular sources.

Solid particle size characterization by a high-frequency collision response in pneumatic particulate flow

A novel triaxial vibration method is developed for the real-time characterization of the solid particle size distribution(PsD)in pneumatic particulate flow,which is critical for chemical industry.In this work,the particle-wall collision and friction behaviours were analysed by the time-domain statistical and timefrequency joint methods to narrow the high-frequency response range by the initial experiment of free fall for a single particle,interparticle,and multiple particles.Subsequently,verification experiments of PSD characterization in pneumatic flow were performed.First,the quantitative triaxial energy response model that considers the particle size,shape,and mass factors were established.Second,a good agreement of the particle number identification was found between the triaxial vibration energy and mean particle size of 150-550μm.Moreover,the performance with the best accuracy was focused on a range of 42-43 kHz in the x-axis and z-axis and 36.8-38.8 kHz in the y-axis.Finally,the individual particle energy was inversely analysed by the triaxial vibration response within the optimized frequency bands,and the PSD was characterized in real-time by a low error rate,that is,5.2% from the XZ-axis direction of sand(42-43 kHz)and 5.6% from the XYZ-axis of glass(30.9-33.9 kHz,46.2-47.2 kHz,38.3-41.3 kHz for each axis response).Therefore,this research complements the existing approaches for PsD characterization in particulate multiphase flow.

Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Antimony in Atmospheric Particulates in a Northern City of China

Over the last several decades,scientists have established a wealth of evidence to demonstrate the risks posed to human health by toxic elements in atmospheric particulate matter(PM).Antimony(Sb),as one of ever ignored PM-bound heavy metals,attracts more and more attentions and has been regarded as one emerging air pollutant with the change of pollution sources of particulate matter.To study the distribution of Sb in PM with different particle sizes is of great practical significance for understanding its source and health risks.In this study,the size distributions of Sb in PM(PM_(2.5),PM_(10)and TSP)in different seasons were studied from July 2018 to May 2019.The high concentration of PM-bound Sb was found and the health risk was evaluated.Sb was enriched in fine particles and showed higher values in winter,which was probably caused by coal combustion and meteorological conditions.It was also found that traffic-related non-exhaust emissions might become another main contribution to fine particle Sb.Health risk assessment demonstrated that the hazard quotient(HQ)of Sb in PM_(2.5)and PM_(10)for children(PM_(2.5):1.54,PM_(10):1.32)exceeded the acceptable threshold and ingestion contributed the most to the HQ for both children and adults.

Size distribution and source of heavy metals in particulate matter on the lead and zinc smelting affected area

In order to understand the size distribution and the main kind of heavy metals in particulate matter on the lead and zinc smelting affected area, particulate matter （PM） and the source samples were collected in Zhuzhou, Hunan Province from December 2011 to January 2012 and the results were discussed and interpreted. Atmospheric particles were collected with different sizes by a cascade impactor. The concentrations of heavy metals in atmospheric particles of different sizes, collected from the air and from factories, were measured using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS）. The results indicated that the average concentration of PM, chromium （Cr）, arsenic （As）, cadmium （Cd） and lead （Pb） in PM was 177.3 ± 33.2 μg/m^3, 37.3 ± 8.8 ng/m^3, 17.3 ± 8.1 ng/m^3, 4.8 ± 3.1 ng/m^3 and 141.6 ± 49.1 ng/m^3, respectively. The size distribution of PM displayed a bimodal distribution; the maximum PM size distribution was at 1.1-2.1 μm, followed by 9-10 μm. The size distribution of As, cd and Pb in PM was similar to the distribution of the PM mass, with peaks observed at the range of 1.1-2.1 μm and 9-10 μm ranges while for Cr, only a single-mode at 4.7-5.8 μm was observed. PM （64.7%, As （72.5%）, cd （72.2%） and Pb （75.8%） were associated with the fine mode below 2.1 μm, respectively, while Cr （46.6%） was associated with the coarse mode. The size distribution characteristics, enrichment factor, correlation coefficient values, source information and the analysis of source samples showed that As, Cd and Pb in PM were the typical heavy metal in lead and zinc smelting affected areas, which originated mainly from lead and zinc smelting sources.

Distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic in different sized atmospheric particulate matters

The distribution and chemical speciation of arsenic(As)in different sized atmospheric particulate matters(PMs),including total suspended particles(TSP),PM_(10),and PM_(2.5),collected from Baoding,China were analyzed.The average total mass concentrations of As in TSP,PM_(10),and PM_(2.5)were 31.5,35.3,and 54.1μg/g,respectively,with an order of PM_(2.5)>PM_(10)>TSP,revealing that As is prone to accumulate on fine particles.Due to the divergent toxicities of different As species,speciation analysis of As in PMs is further conducted.Most of previous studies mainly focused on inorganic arsenite(iAs^(Ⅲ)),inorganic arsenate(iAs^(Ⅴ)),monomethylarsonate(MMA),and dimethylarsinate(DMA)in PMs,while the identification and sensitive quantification of trimethylarsine oxide(TMAO)were rarely reported.In this study,a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system was optimized for As speciation including TMAO in PMs.An anion exchange column was used to separate MMA,DMA and iAs^(Ⅴ),while a cation exchange column to separate TMAO and iAs^(Ⅲ).Results showed that iAs^(Ⅴ) was the dominate component in all the samples,corresponding to a portion of 79.2%±9.3%of the total extractable species,while iAs^(Ⅲ),TMAO and DMA made up the remaining 21%.Our study demonstrated that iAs^(Ⅲ) accounted for about 14.4%±11.4%of the total extracted species,with an average concentration of 1.7±1.6 ng/m^(3).It is worth noting that TMAO was widely present in the samples(84 out of 97 samples),which supported the assumption that TMAO was ubiquitous in atmospheric particles.

Effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters on regulated emissions and number-size distribution of particles emitted from a diesel engine

The effects of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter （CRDPF） systems on regulated gaseous emissions, and number-size distribution and mass of particles emanated from a diesel engine have been investigated in this study. Two CRDPF units （CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2） with different specifications were separately retrofitted to the engine running with European steady-state cycle （ESC）. An electrical low pressure impactor （ELPI） was used for particle number-size distribution measurement and mass estimation. The conversion/reduction rate （RcR） of hydrocarbons （HC） and carbon monoxide （CO） across CRDPF-1 was 83% and 96.3%, respectively. Similarly, the RCR of HC and CO and across CRDPF-2 was 91.8% and 99.1%, respectively. The number concentration of particles and their concentration peaks; nuclei mode, accumulation mode and total particles; and particle mass were highly reduced with the CRDPF units. The nuclei mode particles at downstream of CRDPF-1 and CRDPF-2 decreased by 99.9% to 100% and 97.8% to 99.8% respectively; and the particle mass reduced by 73% to 92.2% and 35.3% to 72.4%, respectively, depending on the engine conditions. In addition, nuclei mode particles increased with the increasing of engine speed due to the heterogeneous nucleation initiated by the higher exhaust temperature, while accumulation mode particles were higher at higher loads due to the decrease in the air-to-fuel ratio （A/F） at higher loads.

微粒尺寸分布(PSD)在污水处理研究中的应用

介绍了污水中微粒的分类、尺寸分布(PSD)和检测PSD的方法。PSD与污水化学成分相关,不同来源的污水PSD各不相同,且PSD会随着污水处理流程变化。PSD可对污水进行表征,对传统方法进行辅助和补充。在生物处理中,微粒尺寸与BOD降解速率呈反比例关系,PSD可提供COD组分迁移变化的必要信息,直接影响着生物处理的效果。无论是对传统活性污泥法还是对生物膜法中的PSD进行研究,均可评估生物处理中碳源是否足够,分析去除机理,优化处理效果。PSD对痕量物质的去除和迁移具有重要意义,在深度过滤中,污水中PSD呈幂函数关系,PSD可研究雌激素等痕量物质的去除机理。PSD作为一个新型的研究工具,可以进一步深入应用于污水处理领域,对该领域的研究和技术升级具有重要意义。

Effect of catalyst diesel particulate filter aging and catalyst loadings on particulate emission characteristics from a diesel vehicle

In this study,the effect of new and used catalyzed diesel particulate filter(CDPF)with different catalyst loadings on the particulate emissions including the particle mass(PM),particle number(PN),particle size distribution(PSD)and geometric mean diameter(GMD)from a diesel vehicle were investigated based on a heavy chassis dynamometer.Results showed that more than 97.9%of the PN and 95.4%of the PM were reduced by the CDPF,and the reduction efficiency was enhanced by the catalyst loading.After using the CDPF,the PSD transformed from bimodal to trimodal with the peak shifting towards smaller particle size,more nucleation mode particles were reduced compared with accumulation mode ones,but the reduction effect on the accumulation mode particles was more significantly influenced by the catalyst loading.Notably,the CDPF increased the accumulation mode particles proportion,producing a larger GMD.For the used CDPF,its reduction effect on the particulate emissions enhanced,especially for the PM in accumulation mode.The PSD returned to bimodal,but the peak at accumulation mode began to be higher than that at nucleation mode,illustrating that more nucleation mode particles was removed.The aging of the CDPF resulted in greater effect on the PN-based PSD than that of PM-based PSD,but the effect of catalyst loading on the PN and PM emission factors was weakened.The used CDPF further increased the GMD,and the effect of catalyst loading on the GMD was strengthened,a higher catalyst loading led to a reduction in the GMD.

重量法测定闽粤藏地区的香品燃烧产生颗粒物的粒径分布特征

燃烧产生粒径小于10μm的颗粒物对人体健康存在威胁,因此对不同地区香品燃烧产生颗粒物的粒径分布研究具有重要性。通过对滤膜、样品质量和采样时间的优化选择,采用重量法建立了香品燃烧后产生颗粒物9个粒径段的采集方法。方法检出限为0.0276mg/m^(3),测定下限为0.1105mg/m^(3),相对标准偏差在2.46%~12.26%之间。通过对闽粤藏三个地区9种香品燃烧产生的颗粒物分析,结果表明:(1)9种香品燃烧产生的颗粒物粒径分布特征较为一致,均呈单峰分布,主要集中在0.65~1.1μm和0.43~0.65μm的范围内;(2)PM_(1.1)/PM_(2.1)>70%,PM_(2.1)/PM_(10)>90%;(3)PM_(1.1)、PM_(2.1)、PM_(10)的排放因子分别为10.597~29.251mg/g、11.741~39.568mg/g、12.439~43.467mg/g。

基于粒径分布的机动车尾气颗粒物排放检测方法

常规的机动车尾气颗粒物排放检测方法使用NDIR红外气体传感器采集颗粒物排放信息,易受动态变化尾气浓度影响,导致检测的尾气颗粒物排放浓度与实际排放浓度偏差较高,因此需要基于粒径分布设计一种全新的机动车尾气颗粒物排放检测方法。即计算各微粒的质量浓度,基于粒径分布提取了尾气颗粒物排放特征,再根据经典PID控制算法,构建了Lug Down尾气颗粒物排放检测模型,从而完成了尾气颗粒物排放检测。实验结果表明,设计的尾气颗粒物排放粒径分布检测方法检测的尾气颗粒物排放浓度与实际排放浓度较拟合,证明设计的检测方法的检测效果较好,有一定的应用价值,为提高大气空气质量作出了一定的贡献。

机动车制动颗粒物测试技术研究综述

非尾气颗粒物排放已超过车辆尾气颗粒物排放,但限制非尾气排放的法规仍不完善。本文综述了机动车制动颗粒物排放的试验方法和粒径分布特征。制动磨损颗粒物的测试方法主要包括销盘法、惯性制动台架法、底盘测功机法和实际道路法。研究发现,受制动摩擦片材质、制动运行特征、制动力、温度、路况和测试工况等多种因素影响,制动颗粒物的粒径分布没有典型的统一特征,具有单峰、双峰和多峰等多种粒径分布形态。

林场不同树种选育对PM_(2.5)大气颗粒物的调控研究

为了降低PM_(2.5)大气颗粒物含量,研究林场不同树种选育对PM_(2.5)大气颗粒物的调控效果。文章采集某区域6种园林植物叶表面空气微粒、叶中元素的组成、含量以及再悬浮速率,并对植物叶片滞尘能力测定方法进行优化,构建空气质量浓度与气象要素关系调控模型。通过检测不同样本叶片蜡质层对颗粒物的截留能力、滞尘粒度分布曲线的变化趋势、以及叶片滞留尘埃的平均颗粒大小,通过拟合计算获取不同树种选育对PM_(2.5)大气颗粒物的调控效果。单叶面积小且叶表粗糙的林场植物可以更好地对PM_(2.5)大气颗粒物进行调控。

Investigation on microstructure evolution of clayey soils: A review focusing on wetting/drying process

Variability in moisture content is a common condition in natural soils.It influences soil properties significantly.A comprehensive understanding of the evolution of soil microstructure in wetting/drying process is of great significance for interpretation of soil macro hydro-mechanical behavior.In this review paper,methods that are commonly used to study soil microstructure are summarized.Among them are scanning electron microscope(SEM),environmental SEM(ESEM),mercury intrusion porosimetry(MIP)and computed tomography(CT)technology.Moreover,progress in research on the soil microstructure evolution during drying,wetting and wetting/drying cycles is summarized based on reviews of a large body of research papers published in the past several decades.Soils compacted on the wet side of op-timum water content generally have a matrix-type structure with a monomodal pore size distribution(PSD),whereas soils compacted on the dry side of optimum water content display an aggregate structure that exhibits bimodal PSD.During drying,decrease in soil volume is mainly caused by the shrinkage of inter-aggregate pores.During wetting,both the intra-and inter-aggregate pores increase gradually in number and sizes.Changes in the characteristics of the soil pore structure significantly depend on stress state as the soil is subjected to wetting.During wetting/drying cycles,soil structural change is not completely reversible,and the generated cumulative swelling/shrinkage deformation mainly derives from macro-pores.Furthermore,based on this analysis and identified research needs,some important areas of research focus are proposed for future work.These areas include innovative methods of sample preparation,new observation techniques,fast quantitative analysis of soil structure,integration of microstructural parameters into macro-mechanical models,and soil microstructure evolution charac-teristics under multi-field coupled conditions.

Effect of catalyzed diesel particulate filter and its catalyst loading on emission characteristics of a non-road diesel engine

In this study, the effects of a diesel oxidation catalyst(DOC) coupled with a catalyzed diesel particulate filter(CDPF) with different catalyst loadings on the power, fuel consumption,gaseous and particulate emissions from a non-road diesel engine were investigated. Results showed that the after-treatment had a negligible effect on the power and fuel consumption.The reduction effect of the DOC on the CO and hydrocarbon(HC) increased with the engine load. Further reductions occurred coupling with the CDPF. Increasing the catalyst loading resulted in a more significant reduction in the HC emissions than CO emissions. The DOC could increase the NO_(2)proportion to 37.9%, and more NO_(2)was produced when coupled with the CDPF below 250℃;above 250℃, more NO_(2)was consumed. The after-treatment could reduce more than 99% of the particle number(PN) and 98% of the particle mass(PM).Further reductions in the PN and PM occurred with a higher CDPF catalyst loading. The DOC had a better reduction effect on the nucleation particles than the accumulation ones, but the trend reversed with the CDPF. The DOC shifted the particle size distribution(PSD) to larger particles with an accumulation particle proportion increasing from 13% to 20%, and the geometric mean diameter(GMD) increased from 18.2 to 26.0 nm. The trend reversed with the CDPF and the accumulation particle proportion declined to less than 10%. A lower catalyst loading on the CDPF led to a higher proportion of nucleation particles and a smaller GMD.