Assessment of COVID-19 aerosol transmission in a university campus food environment using a numerical method

With the prevalence of COVID-19,the phenomenon of viruses spreading through aerosols has become a focus of attention.Diners in university dining halls have a high risk of exposure to respiratory droplets from others without the protection of face masks,which greatly increases the risk of COVID-19 transmission.Therefore,the transmission mechanism of respiratory droplets in extremely crowded dining environments should be investigated.In this study,a numerical simulation of coughing at dining tables under two conditions was performed,namely the presence and absence of protective partitions,and the evaporation and condensation of aerosol droplets in the air were examined.By using the numerical method,we analyzed and verified the isolation effect of dining table partitions in the propagation of aerosol droplets.The effect of changes in room temperature on the diffusion of coughed aerosols when partitions were present was analyzed.We demonstrated how respiratory droplets spread through coughing and how these droplets affect others.Finally,we proposed a design for a dining table partition that minimizes the transmission of COVID-19.

Partition pruning for range query on distributed log-structured merge-tree

Log-structured merge tree(LSM-tree)is adopted by many distributed storage systems.It contains a Memtable and a number of SSTables.The Memtable is an in-memory structure and the SSTable is a disk-based structure.Data records are horizontally partitioned over the primary key and stored in different SSTables.Data writes on records are first served by the Memtable and then compacted to SSTables periodically.Although this design optimizes data writes by avoiding random disk writes,it is unfriendly to read request since the results should be retrieved and merged from both Memtable and SSTables.In particular,when the Memtable and SSTables are distributed on different nodes,it incurs expensive costs to serve range queries.A range query on nonprimary key columns has to scan all partitions,which generates many network and I/O expenses.In this paper,we propose a partition pruning strategy to save cost for range queries.A statistics cache is designed to determine whether a partition contains the desired data or not,which enables read requests to avoid scanning useless partitions.As records can be updated in Memtable freely,to prevent incorrect filtering,a version-based cache synchronization strategy is proposed to ensure the queries to obtain the latest data state.We implement the proposed method in an open source distributed database and conduct comprehensive experiments.Experimental results reveal that the performance of range queries increased 30%~40%with our partition pruning technique.