An Investigation of Purely Azimuthal Passive Localization and Position Adjustment in Attempted UAV Formation Flights

When a cluster of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is flying in formation, it is crucial to maintain the formation and not to be interfered by external electromagnetic wave signals. In order to maintain the formation, this paper proposes to use pure azimuth passive positioning to adjust the position of UAVs, i.e., certain UAVs in the formation transmit signals, the rest of the UAVs receive the signals passively, and extract the orientation information from them to adjust the position of the UAVs [1] [2] [3]. In this paper, the position adjustment problem of UAVs in “circular” formation flight under three models is investigated. To address the problem of “how to obtain the position of the receiving UAV when there are two UAVs with known numbers and evenly distributed on the circumference in addition to the UAV transmitting at the known center of the circle, and the rest of the UAVs with slight deviations in their positions are receiving the signals”, two purely mathematical geometric methods, namely, triangular localization method and polar co-ordinate method, are proposed respectively. We have determined the position of the receiving UAV;we have used the exhaustive method and the construction and disproof method to solve the problem of “how many UAVs are needed to transmit signals in order to realize the effective positioning of the UAVs when it is known that a certain UAV with a slight deviation in its position receives the signals emitted by two UAVs at the same time”, and the results show that: in addition to the known signals emitted by two UAVs, it is also necessary to transmit the signals emitted by two UAVs. The results show that in addition to the known two UAVs transmitting signals, two additional UAVs are required to transmit signals for precise po-sitioning. When the position of UAVs has deviation at the initial moment, the ideal approximation method and the target delimitation method are pro-posed, and the target of nine UAVs uniformly distributed on a circle of a spe-cific radius is achieved through several adjustments, after which the ad-vantages and disadvantages of each model are analyzed, and suggestions for improvement are put forward. The purely azimuthal passive localization method and the constructed model approach proposed in this paper can be extended to other fields, such as spacecraft formations in space and battle-ship formations at sea, as well as other formation flight position adjustment problems.

Synthetic Aperture Positioning: A Review

Obtaining precise position of interested emitters passively has wide applications in both civilian and military fields.Different from traditional parameter measurement and direct position determination(DPD)method,recently a new passive localization method based on synthetic aper-ture technique,named synthetic aperture positioning(SAP),has been proposed.The method com-pensates for the nonlinear phase produced by relative motion between the moving platform and the emitter,achieving coherent summation of intercepted signals.The SAP can obtain high-resolution and high-precision localization results at a low signal-to-noise ratio.This paper summarizes the research progress of SAP,including localization principles,spaceborne applications,and application scope analysis.Besides,the possible future outlook of SAP is considered.

PASSIVE LOCATION AND ACCURACY ANALYSIS USING TDOA INFORMATION OF MULTI-STATIONS

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Improved adaptive genetic algorithm based RFID positioning

The existing active tag-based radio frequency identi-fication(RFID)localization techniques show low accuracy in practical applications.To address such problems,we propose a chaotic adaptive genetic algorithm to align the passive tag ar-rays.We use chaotic sequences to generate the intersection points,the weakest single point intersection is used to ensure the convergence accuracy of the algorithm while avoiding the optimization jitter problem.Meanwhile,to avoid the problem of slow convergence and immature convergence of the algorithm caused by the weakening of individual competition at a later stage,we use adaptive rate of change to improve the optimiza-tion efficiency.In addition,to remove signal noise and outliers,we preprocess the data using Gaussian filtering.Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves high-er localization accuracy and improves the convergence speed.

A Fast and Accurate LEO Satellite-Based Direct Position Determination Assisted by TDOA Measurements

This paper focuses on the trusted vessel position acquisition using passive localization based on the booming low-earth-orbit(LEO) satellites. As the high signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) reception cannot always be guaranteed at LEO satellites, the recently developed direct position determination(DPD)is adopted. For LEO satellite-based passive localization systems, an efficient DPD is challenging due to the excessive exhaustive search range leading from broad satellite coverage. In order to reduce the computational complexity, we propose a time difference of arrival-assisted DPD(TA-DPD) which minimizes the searching area by the time difference of arrival measurements and their variances. In this way, the size of the searching area is determined by both geometrical constraints and qualities of received signals, and signals with higher SNRs can be positioned more efficiently as their searching areas are generally smaller.Both two-dimensional and three-dimensional passive localization simulations using the proposed TA-DPD are provided to demonstrate its efficiency and validity. The superior accuracy performance of the proposed method, especially at low SNRs conditions, is also verified through the comparison to conventional two-step methods. Providing a larger margin in link budget for satellite-based vessel location acquisition,the TA-DPD can be a competitive candidate for trusted marine location service.

A Two-Station Passive Locating Solution Independent of the Baseline Length

The two-station positioning system based on time difference and azimuth measurement has measurement redundancy. Therefore, not only can a positioning solution which is completely independent of the baseline length between two stations be derived, but also the baseline length can be solved as an unknown quantity. These findings not only enhance the performance of the two-station positioning system, but also provide a design basis for the construction of a self-organizing dynamic intelligent positioning system.

Research on Estimation of Time Delay Difference in Passive Locating for Impulse Signal

Analyzed the relation between time delay difference and time delay estimation errors, based on the principles of three-point locating, a reformed threshold method for time delay difference estimation of impulse signals, called as amendment estimation for short, is developed by introducing channel equalization technique to its conventional version, named as direct estimation in this paper, to improve the estimation stability. After inherent relationship between time delay and phase shift of signals is analyzed, an integer period error compensation method utilized the diversities of both contribution share and contribution mode of concerned estimates is proposed under the condition of high precision phase lag estimation. Finally, a cooperative multi-threshold estimation method composed of amendment and direct estimations to process impulse signals with three thresholds is established. In sea trials data tests of passive locating, this method improves the estimation precision of time delay difference efficiently. The experiments verify the theoretical predictions.

一种LOS环境下基于目标运动形式的TDOA定位方法

时差定位(Time Difference of Arrival,TDOA)是一种广泛应用的被动定位技术,具有定位精度高、组网能力强、系统鲁棒性强等特点。针对运动目标定位计算复杂、精度收敛较慢等问题,在给出视距(Line of Sight,LOS)环境下定位模型的基础上,提出了定位适用于多站时差定位系统的定位方法,该方法将组群时差定位关系方程合理地线性化为统计估计问题,利用在线迭代实时求解目标位置。给出了针对目标不同运动特性条件下的多平台协同定位算法及其仿真结果,仿真结果表明所述方法可以实现对目标的精确定位,并且分析了运动形式对于定位精度的影响,仿真结果对于系统的工程设计具有指导作用。

基于LoRa的室内无源被动定位方法研究

针对传统主动定位方式需要目标时刻携带定位设备的问题,提出了一种基于LoRa信号的室内无源被动定位方案,使用差值限幅滤波算法和高斯朴素贝叶斯算法对室内定位方案进行验证。实验结果表明,在3m范围内方案的平均预测准确率为95.6%,在保证定位精度的前提下,能以较高的准确率对目标位置进行预测。

时差定位系统对雷达猝发的定位性能分析

针对雷达暴露时间长,容易被无源定位系统截获和定位的问题,研究了雷达猝发对降低到达时间差(Time Difference of Arrival, TDOA)无源定位系统定位精度的影响。首先,介绍了雷达猝发和TDOA无源定位系统定位原理。然后,建立了雷达猝发对TDOA无源定位系统的影响模型,推导了雷达猝发下的克拉美-罗下界(Cramer-Rao Lower Bound, CRLB)。仿真实验表明,雷达的猝发模式可以有效降低TDOA无源定位系统的定位精度,延长定位时间。当雷达辐射时间为0.5 s,雷达辐射间隔为1 s时,与连续辐射方式相比,定位精度降低了0.26%·R(R为探测距离),定位时间延长了2.5 s。

非合作线谱声源分布式定位方法

非合作目标定位是水声定位领域的研究热点。为充分挖掘并利用各类可观测参数,提高非合作目标定位能力,提出一种基于目标频率变化信息的非合作目标定位方法。该方法针对匀速直线运动目标的定位问题,首先根据多普勒频移原理,建立观测频率与目标辐射频率、目标运动速度、位置之间的函数映射关系,利用最小均方准则建立目标函数,通过优化算法估计分布式定位系统中各个测量单元与目标运动轨迹的致近点距离,最后综合各观测节点的测距结果,构建几何定位模型,求得目标运动轨迹的解析解。通过仿真分析,证明了该方法的有效性,并指出了该方法需要目标通过与各测量单元的致近点才能获得较好的距离估计能力。文中分析了不同频率估计精度对定位精度的影响,结果表明,提出的定位方法对测频精度具有一定的容限,是一种高精度的非合作线谱声源定位方法。

无源定位技术发展及其展望

随着智能信息社会的不断演进以及智慧城市建设的推进,电子设备的定位准确性和可靠性需求日益突显,特别是在万物互联的背景下,对定位精度和定位质量的要求变得更加迫切。无源定位技术因隐蔽性强、功耗低、不易被感知与干扰等诸多优点被广泛应用于各个领域,尤其近年来,通感一体化(Integrated Sensing and Communication, ISAC)、机器学习、环境反向散射以及智能反射面的引入与发展,为无源定位在6G中的应用提供了新的契机。基于此,阐述了无源定位技术特点及分类;按照参数化的分类方式总结梳理无源定位方法及误差影响因素;讨论了多参数融合无源定位方案与优势;展望了无源定位技术在6G新愿景下典型的应用场景、潜在技术、挑战及未来研究方向。

机载光电平台主被动并联复合减振技术

针对制导跟踪系统中的机载光电平台在工作时受载机振动和气流扰动引起的宽频随机振动干扰,导致稳定精度下降、图像模糊、跟踪脱靶等问题,提出主被动并联复合减振控制技术。分别采用三环伺服控制和自抗扰位置控制策略,搭建基于音圈电机的单自由度机载光电平台主被动并联复合减振系统。仿真结果表明,主被动复合减振系统可有效降低振动信号对光电平台的影响,并且加入主动减振控制后的系统可以拓宽减振频宽,抑制低频振动信号且信号幅值可在被动减振基础上再次被有效衰减2个量级以上。

无源多动子永磁同步直线电机定位方法研究

为实现永磁同步直线电机系统中对多个无源动子的绝对定位,设计了基于双磁道的短磁栅、长传感器定位方案。双磁道包括增量式磁道和绝对式磁道,每个磁道中的短磁栅为永磁体阵列,长传感器内霍尔阵列由线性霍尔芯片组成,且长传感器包含多个线性霍尔阵列。其中,增量式磁道采用区间查表方式计算位移增量,绝对式磁道采用连续位移编码方式识别绝对偏移量。定子传感器数字信号输出的霍尔芯片阵列与主控MCU之间通过总线方式连接,且信号处理和传输均在MCU中进行,简化了硬件电路。结果表明,无源多动子绝对位置传感器具有不同应用场景便于移植的特点,使无源动子的定位更灵活。

基于角速度信息先验的固定无源单站直接定位方法

针对传统两步定位法在固定无源单站定位精度不高的问题,提出一种基于角速度先验的固定无源单站直接定位方法 .首先,给出定位场景及辐射源运动模型,根据雷达辐射源脉内、脉间以及空间采样特点,按照快时间、慢时间、快拍构建三维观测信号模型.将快时间变换至频域并提取一组最强信号,利用本文提出的空时对称自相关函数(Space Time Symmetric Autocorrelation Function,STSAF),消除影响定位精度的多余相位项;然后,将经上述处理的2次观测信号进行混频,构建定位模型并给出直接定位代价函数;同时,针对性提出一种基于位置选择的MUSIC(MUltiple SIgnal Classification)算法,根据慢时间域包含的距离信息及空间域包含的方位信息,对辐射源横、纵坐标进行搜索,实现对辐射源的直接定位.本文对算法计算复杂度和克拉美罗下界(Cramer-Rao Lower Bound,CRLB)进行了理论推导,分析了影响定位精度的因素,对比所提直接定位方法与传统两步定位法的均方根误差,绘制本文方法的GDOP(Geometric Dilution Of Precision)曲线.

传感器位置误差下TDOA-DOA水下目标被动定位算法

针对水下目标被动定位中传感器位置误差带来的定位精度不高的问题,提出了一种基于两步最小二乘的到达时间差波达方向(time difference of arrival-direction of arrival,TDOA-DOA)目标定位算法。首先,构建TDOA-DOA理想化无误差模型,并利用最小二乘算法对目标位置进行粗估计。其次,考虑测量误差和传感器位置误差,构建目标定位误差和传感器位置的联合方程,并利用加权最小二乘求解。最后,利用目标定位误差对目标位置粗估计值进行修正,得到更精确的定位结果。仿真实验表明,所提算法可对目标位置和传感器位置进行联合估计,相较于已有算法具有更高的定位精度,更适用于传感器位置存在误差情况下的水下目标定位。

基于被动波束成像的高强度聚焦超声焦点定位

针对高强度聚焦超声治疗中实际焦点偏离引导治疗的几何焦点这一问题,基于被动波束成像原理,将治疗探头与影像探头联合,探讨一种新的焦点定位策略。首先,基于k-Wave声学软件创建了具有多层组织结构的超声传播模型,通过理论仿真探究了不同脂肪、肌肉厚度条件下被动波束成像方法定位焦点的准确性;除此之外,还通过仿体在实验环境下对该方法的有效性进行了初步验证。结果表明,在不同脂肪厚度的仿真模型中,被动波束合成所定位的焦点和几何焦点在轴向距离上分别与实际焦点相差(0.54±0.15)mm和(4.76±0.95)mm。在不同肌肉厚度的仿真模型中,由合成算法定位的焦点和几何焦点在轴向距离上分别与实际焦点相差(0.51±0.26)mm、(4.95±0.47)mm。仿体实验也验证了被动波束成像定位的焦点比几何焦点更接近实际损伤位置。该文从理论仿真和实验两个角度验证了被动波束成像方法在高强度聚焦超声焦点定位中的优越性,可为该方法进一步走向临床应用提供支撑,对提升高强度聚焦超声手术治疗的安全性有推动作用。

基于直升机载雷达告警设备的无源定位技术

直升机载雷达告警设备只具备粗略测向功能,无目标定位能力,实现机载单站无源高精度快速定位是提高电磁态势感知的必要手段。因此,提出一种相关曲线拟合插值方法提高相差/时差测量精度,通过适用不同场景的旋转多普勒定位方法和基于相位差变化率的定位方法的设计,对现有的四通道数字化雷达告警设备的天线组件、微波处理单元和信号处理单元进行软硬件适应性升级改造,实现机载雷达告警设备对辐射源高精度快速无源定位功能。

机械臂力/位跟踪的无源自抗扰控制器设计

为了提高全方位移动机械臂的力/位跟踪控制精度,设计了无源自抗扰控制器。介绍了全方位移动机械臂工作原理,基于拉格朗日方程建立了移动机械臂系统的动力学方程。根据严格无源系统定义,证明了全方位移动机械臂系统的无源特性。以自抗扰控制为基础,通过定义新变量对扩展状态观测器进行改进;针对机械臂系统的无源特性,设计了无源自抗扰控制器。在扰动工况下进行仿真验证,改进扩展状态观测器的扰动估计误差远小于传统扩展状态观测器,且估计速度快于传统扩展状态观测器;无源自抗扰控制器的跟踪累计绝对误差远小于传统自抗扰控制,说明无源自抗扰控制的控制精度高于传统自抗扰控制。仿真结果证明了无源自抗扰控制在全方位移动机械臂控制中的高精度和优越性。

基于三站无源定位的无人机站队模型研究

对2022年高教社杯全国大学生数学建模竞赛B题前两问进行研究。无人机集群在遂行编队飞行时,为保持编队队形,采用纯方位无源定位的方法调整无人机的位置。针对第一问,基于枚举思想,为接受信号无人机与发射信号无人机的几何关系建立定位模型。针对第二问,借助交叉三角形定位,通过发射点的定位线,构建定位三角形,建立三站无源定位模型,推得多站无源定位,根据枚举该站组,每三站组合求解,获得各组均值及方差,比较分析数据的待测点坐标,进而实现对无人机的有效定位。