An important part of Ivorian cocoa production comes from infiltrated classified forests. The objective of this study is to investigate orchard maintenance and post-harvest cocoa treatment practices used by cocoa farme...An important part of Ivorian cocoa production comes from infiltrated classified forests. The objective of this study is to investigate orchard maintenance and post-harvest cocoa treatment practices used by cocoa farmers in infiltrated classified and unclassified areas of Méagui. To do this, 110 producers in two localities of the said zone were individually interviewed from February to April 2022, using a declarative questionnaire. It was found that cocoa orchards in the zone are aging. Nearly 68.55% of producers were heirs and 58.33% of those interviewed were under 46 years of age, with an average age of 43 years. Nearly 84.55% of the producers surveyed mainly use chemical insecticides to control the pests of greatest concern in these localities. Regarding the frequency of insecticide treatments, 11.82% of producers make 1 to 2 applications a year, 29.09% make 3 to 5 applications a year, and 43.64% make at least 6 applications a year. The active substances of the most used products belong to 99% of the Neonicotinoid and Pyrethroid families. Regarding cocoa harvesting and post-harvest operations, 93.64% of the producers carry out a single harvest/month;all do the shelling with mini machetes. Beans are fermented mainly in black plastic tarpaulins or in bags, for a period of 3 to 5 days (65.45%). Drying is done almost entirely (91.82%) on the black plastic tarp. This study shows that cocoa farmers in the areas surveyed do not respect the recommendations issued on phytosanitary practices and post-harvest treatment of cocoa. This non-compliance with the standards of good practices prescribed is particularly more accentuated in the locality located in infiltrated classified zone. It would, therefore, be judicious to revise or redefine the phytosanitary recommendations and carry out sensitization and training-follow-up programs for producers in this important cocoa production area of C?te d’Ivoire.展开更多
Cannabis has attracted a new wave of research attention as an herbal medicine. To deliver compliant, uniform, and safe cannabis medicine, growers should optimize growing environments on a site-specific basis. Consider...Cannabis has attracted a new wave of research attention as an herbal medicine. To deliver compliant, uniform, and safe cannabis medicine, growers should optimize growing environments on a site-specific basis. Considering that environmental factors are interconnected, changes in a factor prompts adjustment of other factors. This paper reviews existing work that considers indoor growing conditions (light, temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, growing media, and nutrient supply), management practices (irrigation, fertilization, pruning & training, and harvest timing), and post-harvest treatment (drying and storage) for cannabis indoor production.展开更多
An important part of Ivorian cocoa production comes from infiltrated classified forests. The objective of this study is to investigate orchard maintenance and post-harvest cocoa treatment practices used by cocoa farme...An important part of Ivorian cocoa production comes from infiltrated classified forests. The objective of this study is to investigate orchard maintenance and post-harvest cocoa treatment practices used by cocoa farmers in infiltrated classified and unclassified areas of Méagui. To do this, 110 producers in two localities of the said zone were individually interviewed from February to April 2022, using a declarative questionnaire. It was found that cocoa orchards in the zone are aging. Nearly 68.55% of producers were heirs and 58.33% of those interviewed were under 46 years of age, with an average age of 43 years. Nearly 84.55% of the producers surveyed mainly use chemical insecticides to control the pests of greatest concern in these localities. Regarding the frequency of insecticide treatments, 11.82% of producers make 1 to 2 applications a year, 29.09% make 3 to 5 applications a year, and 43.64% make at least 6 applications a year. The active substances of the most used products belong to 99% of the Neonicotinoid and Pyrethroid families. Regarding cocoa harvesting and post-harvest operations, 93.64% of the producers carry out a single harvest/month;all do the shelling with mini machetes. Beans are fermented mainly in black plastic tarpaulins or in bags, for a period of 3 to 5 days (65.45%). Drying is done almost entirely (91.82%) on the black plastic tarp. This study shows that cocoa farmers in the areas surveyed do not respect the recommendations issued on phytosanitary practices and post-harvest treatment of cocoa. This non-compliance with the standards of good practices prescribed is particularly more accentuated in the locality located in infiltrated classified zone. It would, therefore, be judicious to revise or redefine the phytosanitary recommendations and carry out sensitization and training-follow-up programs for producers in this important cocoa production area of C?te d’Ivoire.展开更多
In this study, peaches of cv. ＇Sui Yuan＇ with different maturities were treated with 0.05 mM sodium nitroprusside （SNP）, a nitric oxide donor, for 5 min, at 28℃, and then stored at 0-1.5℃ for 30 days. Untreated ...In this study, peaches of cv. ＇Sui Yuan＇ with different maturities were treated with 0.05 mM sodium nitroprusside （SNP）, a nitric oxide donor, for 5 min, at 28℃, and then stored at 0-1.5℃ for 30 days. Untreated fruits stored under the same conditions were used as control fruits in the experiment. The browning level, activities of polyphenol oxidase （PPO）, peroxydase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and quality parameters （firmness, titratable acid, total soluble solids and total sugar） were analyzed. The results showed that the firmness of SNP-treated fruit at different stage of maturity were higher than that of the control fruit after storage for 30 days. However, no significant effect was found on total soluble solid content. The titratable acid content of low maturity fruit was higher in SNP-treated one than that of the control, but the titratable acid content of high maturity fruit treated by SNP was lower than that of the control on 10th and 30th day. In addition, the combination of SNP treatment and high maturity resulted in higher activities of SOD, lower activity of PPO and POD, lower browning level. Therefore, the combination of high maturity and SNP treatment might be a useful method to well maintain honey peach fruit quality during cold storage.展开更多
Whether different field treatments such as straight cut, swathing, or pre-harvest aid application can influence the canola storage is the critical information for growers. The effect of these different field treatment...Whether different field treatments such as straight cut, swathing, or pre-harvest aid application can influence the canola storage is the critical information for growers. The effect of these different field treatments on the infection and development of microflora on canola seeds with 9%, 11%, and 14% moisture content at 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C was determined. To evaluate the microfloral infection and development, concentration of CO2 and O2 in 150 g canola bulks were measured every 3 d. At the beginning and end of the study (66 d), the seed moisture content, germination, visible mold, invisible fungal infection, and yellow seed count were measured. The swathed and nature ripened canola had a slightly higher respiration rate at ≥30°C and ≥ 2 wk than the seeds with other field treatments. The swathed canola had a marginally lower initial germination and higher germination at 66 d. The Glyphosate treated and nature ripened canola seeds had a slightly higher chance of visible model development. However, all these differences were not significant at α = 0.05 level and different field treatments and storage conditions did not influence the yellow seed count.展开更多
文摘An important part of Ivorian cocoa production comes from infiltrated classified forests. The objective of this study is to investigate orchard maintenance and post-harvest cocoa treatment practices used by cocoa farmers in infiltrated classified and unclassified areas of Méagui. To do this, 110 producers in two localities of the said zone were individually interviewed from February to April 2022, using a declarative questionnaire. It was found that cocoa orchards in the zone are aging. Nearly 68.55% of producers were heirs and 58.33% of those interviewed were under 46 years of age, with an average age of 43 years. Nearly 84.55% of the producers surveyed mainly use chemical insecticides to control the pests of greatest concern in these localities. Regarding the frequency of insecticide treatments, 11.82% of producers make 1 to 2 applications a year, 29.09% make 3 to 5 applications a year, and 43.64% make at least 6 applications a year. The active substances of the most used products belong to 99% of the Neonicotinoid and Pyrethroid families. Regarding cocoa harvesting and post-harvest operations, 93.64% of the producers carry out a single harvest/month;all do the shelling with mini machetes. Beans are fermented mainly in black plastic tarpaulins or in bags, for a period of 3 to 5 days (65.45%). Drying is done almost entirely (91.82%) on the black plastic tarp. This study shows that cocoa farmers in the areas surveyed do not respect the recommendations issued on phytosanitary practices and post-harvest treatment of cocoa. This non-compliance with the standards of good practices prescribed is particularly more accentuated in the locality located in infiltrated classified zone. It would, therefore, be judicious to revise or redefine the phytosanitary recommendations and carry out sensitization and training-follow-up programs for producers in this important cocoa production area of C?te d’Ivoire.
文摘Cannabis has attracted a new wave of research attention as an herbal medicine. To deliver compliant, uniform, and safe cannabis medicine, growers should optimize growing environments on a site-specific basis. Considering that environmental factors are interconnected, changes in a factor prompts adjustment of other factors. This paper reviews existing work that considers indoor growing conditions (light, temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, growing media, and nutrient supply), management practices (irrigation, fertilization, pruning & training, and harvest timing), and post-harvest treatment (drying and storage) for cannabis indoor production.
文摘An important part of Ivorian cocoa production comes from infiltrated classified forests. The objective of this study is to investigate orchard maintenance and post-harvest cocoa treatment practices used by cocoa farmers in infiltrated classified and unclassified areas of Méagui. To do this, 110 producers in two localities of the said zone were individually interviewed from February to April 2022, using a declarative questionnaire. It was found that cocoa orchards in the zone are aging. Nearly 68.55% of producers were heirs and 58.33% of those interviewed were under 46 years of age, with an average age of 43 years. Nearly 84.55% of the producers surveyed mainly use chemical insecticides to control the pests of greatest concern in these localities. Regarding the frequency of insecticide treatments, 11.82% of producers make 1 to 2 applications a year, 29.09% make 3 to 5 applications a year, and 43.64% make at least 6 applications a year. The active substances of the most used products belong to 99% of the Neonicotinoid and Pyrethroid families. Regarding cocoa harvesting and post-harvest operations, 93.64% of the producers carry out a single harvest/month;all do the shelling with mini machetes. Beans are fermented mainly in black plastic tarpaulins or in bags, for a period of 3 to 5 days (65.45%). Drying is done almost entirely (91.82%) on the black plastic tarp. This study shows that cocoa farmers in the areas surveyed do not respect the recommendations issued on phytosanitary practices and post-harvest treatment of cocoa. This non-compliance with the standards of good practices prescribed is particularly more accentuated in the locality located in infiltrated classified zone. It would, therefore, be judicious to revise or redefine the phytosanitary recommendations and carry out sensitization and training-follow-up programs for producers in this important cocoa production area of C?te d’Ivoire.
基金supported by National Key Technology R&D Program in the 11~(th) Five year Plan of China (2006BAD22B04)
文摘In this study, peaches of cv. ＇Sui Yuan＇ with different maturities were treated with 0.05 mM sodium nitroprusside （SNP）, a nitric oxide donor, for 5 min, at 28℃, and then stored at 0-1.5℃ for 30 days. Untreated fruits stored under the same conditions were used as control fruits in the experiment. The browning level, activities of polyphenol oxidase （PPO）, peroxydase （POD） and superoxide dismutase （SOD）, and quality parameters （firmness, titratable acid, total soluble solids and total sugar） were analyzed. The results showed that the firmness of SNP-treated fruit at different stage of maturity were higher than that of the control fruit after storage for 30 days. However, no significant effect was found on total soluble solid content. The titratable acid content of low maturity fruit was higher in SNP-treated one than that of the control, but the titratable acid content of high maturity fruit treated by SNP was lower than that of the control on 10th and 30th day. In addition, the combination of SNP treatment and high maturity resulted in higher activities of SOD, lower activity of PPO and POD, lower browning level. Therefore, the combination of high maturity and SNP treatment might be a useful method to well maintain honey peach fruit quality during cold storage.
文摘Whether different field treatments such as straight cut, swathing, or pre-harvest aid application can influence the canola storage is the critical information for growers. The effect of these different field treatments on the infection and development of microflora on canola seeds with 9%, 11%, and 14% moisture content at 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 35°C was determined. To evaluate the microfloral infection and development, concentration of CO2 and O2 in 150 g canola bulks were measured every 3 d. At the beginning and end of the study (66 d), the seed moisture content, germination, visible mold, invisible fungal infection, and yellow seed count were measured. The swathed and nature ripened canola had a slightly higher respiration rate at ≥30°C and ≥ 2 wk than the seeds with other field treatments. The swathed canola had a marginally lower initial germination and higher germination at 66 d. The Glyphosate treated and nature ripened canola seeds had a slightly higher chance of visible model development. However, all these differences were not significant at α = 0.05 level and different field treatments and storage conditions did not influence the yellow seed count.
