Mangshan pitviper, Protobothrops mangshanensis （formerly Zhaoermia mangshanensis） is endemic to China. Unfortunately, due to the decreasing size of its wild populations, this snake has been listed as critically enda...Mangshan pitviper, Protobothrops mangshanensis （formerly Zhaoermia mangshanensis） is endemic to China. Unfortunately, due to the decreasing size of its wild populations, this snake has been listed as critically endangered. Re- search carried out on the Mangshan pitviper＇s population ecology and captive reproduction has revealed that the unique head patch patterns of different individuals may potentially be used as a noninvasive recognition biometric character. We collected head patch pattern images of 40 individuals of P. mangshanensis between 1994 and 2011. By comparing each pitviper＇s head patch pattern, we found that the head patch pattern of individual snakes was different and unique. Additionally, we observed and recorded the head patch pattern characters of four adults and five juveniles before and af- ter ecdysis. Our findings confirmed that head patch patterns of Mangshan pitvipers are unique and stable, remaining un- changed after ecdysis. Thus, individuals can be quickly identified by examining the head patch pattern within a specific recognition area on the head. This method may be useful for noninvasive individual recognition in many other species that display color patch pattern variations, especially in studies of endangered species where the use of invasive marking techniques is undesirable.展开更多
Water is the most critical factor for controlling die vegetation pattern in arid and semiarid regions.Using a dye-tracing experiment,we analyzed the infiltration pattern beneath shrub canopy and interspace grass patch...Water is the most critical factor for controlling die vegetation pattern in arid and semiarid regions.Using a dye-tracing experiment,we analyzed the infiltration pattern beneath shrub canopy and interspace grass patches in typical steppe ecosystems.The dye coverage,uniform infiltration depth,maximum infiltration depth,total stained area and heterogeneous infiltration stained area were measured by two indices,the maximum infiltration depth index(MIDI)and heterogeneous infiltration index(HII),which were calculated by processing dye-stained photos.The MIDI and HII of soil under shrubs were 1.41±0.14 and 0.29±0.068,respectively,and larger than those of grass soil,1.26±0.14 and0.20±0.076.Using the MIDI,HII,field soil moisture and rainfall data,the infiltration depth and heterogeneous infiltration amount for 26 nature rainfall events were calculated.The results imply that water can infiltrate to a deeper layer beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches and that more water infiltration occurs beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches.These results are of prime importance for arid and semiarid ecosystems with a limited water supply due to high evaporation and low precipitation.展开更多
Ring patch antennas have the characteristics of electrically small size as decreasing the width of the conducting portion compared to those of conventional patch antennas.In the ring patch antenna,using capacitive fee...Ring patch antennas have the characteristics of electrically small size as decreasing the width of the conducting portion compared to those of conventional patch antennas.In the ring patch antenna,using capacitive feed method is suitable for impedance matching.The effect of the size of the feed patch on the input impedance of the square ring patch antennas are analyzed and radiation patterns of the square ring patch antennas are compared to that of a square conventional patch antenna by the simulated results.展开更多
【目的】明晰北京市城区城市林木树冠覆盖(urban tree canopy,UTC)斑块总体形态特点,揭示城市化进程中UTC斑块形态特征变化的时、空演化特征,以期为今后城区的城市森林建设和现有城市林木保护提供借鉴。【方法】本研究以北京市六环内为...【目的】明晰北京市城区城市林木树冠覆盖(urban tree canopy,UTC)斑块总体形态特点,揭示城市化进程中UTC斑块形态特征变化的时、空演化特征,以期为今后城区的城市森林建设和现有城市林木保护提供借鉴。【方法】本研究以北京市六环内为研究区,基于2002、2013和2019年3期高分辨率遥感影像提取UTC斑块,采用形态学空间格局分析方法,分析近20年来北京城区UTC斑块形态特征组成状况,并结合转移矩阵与相对贡献度等方法指标,识别北京市城区UTC形态特征的主要转换类型及其空间分异特点。【结果】2002—2019年间,北京城区UTC从2002年的387.93 km^(2)增加到2019年的771.14 km^(2)。其中,2002—2013年间,北京市城区UTC增幅达282.92 km^(2),显著高于2013—2019年间的97.39 km^(2)。3期UTC斑块的形态特征组成却较为一致,孤岛、核心区与桥接区是UTC斑块主要的形态特征,三者总和均占各期UTC总面积的80%以上;而UTC的边缘、环道区、分支以及孔隙则是次要的形态特征。从时间变化来看,在2002—2013年和2013—2019年2个时段,UTC孤岛与其他地类之间的转换均为UTC变化的主要类型,其面积分别在UTC转换总面积中占30%和25%。但同时,两个时段内UTC形态特征转换仍存在一定差异。在2002—2013年间,与UTC核心区相关的转换类型面积占比较大,在同期UTC转换总面积中占比达23.12%;而在2013—2019年间,与UTC桥接区相关的转换类型面积占比则较大,在同期UTC转换总面积中占比达35.22%。相较于前一时段UTC核心区的动态变化较为明显,在后一时段北京市城区UTC形态特征转换则更多地表现为与桥接区相关的变化。从空间变化来看,北京市4环内区域主要以UTC孤岛变化为主要的转换类型,而四环外则以UTC核心区与桥接区变化为主。【结论】近20年来,北京市城区林木树冠覆盖大幅提升,城市绿化工程取得巨大成效,UTC孤岛、核心区和桥接区是北京市六环内UTC斑块的主要形态特征。随着城市发展,UTC斑块的形态特征主要转换类型逐渐从以核心区相关的转换变为与桥接区相关的转换。UTC斑块形态特征转换呈现城乡梯度分布特征,从市中心向外,UTC斑块形态特征的主要转换类型从与孤岛相关的转换变为与桥接区和核心区相关的转换。今后,城市森林建设需侧重于维持和提升城市森林斑块之间的连接度,并强化市中心残留林木斑块的保护。展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31071946)the Wild Animal Conservation Fund of the State Forestry Administration of China (2011)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Hunan, China (No. 09JJ3030)
文摘Mangshan pitviper, Protobothrops mangshanensis （formerly Zhaoermia mangshanensis） is endemic to China. Unfortunately, due to the decreasing size of its wild populations, this snake has been listed as critically endangered. Re- search carried out on the Mangshan pitviper＇s population ecology and captive reproduction has revealed that the unique head patch patterns of different individuals may potentially be used as a noninvasive recognition biometric character. We collected head patch pattern images of 40 individuals of P. mangshanensis between 1994 and 2011. By comparing each pitviper＇s head patch pattern, we found that the head patch pattern of individual snakes was different and unique. Additionally, we observed and recorded the head patch pattern characters of four adults and five juveniles before and af- ter ecdysis. Our findings confirmed that head patch patterns of Mangshan pitvipers are unique and stable, remaining un- changed after ecdysis. Thus, individuals can be quickly identified by examining the head patch pattern within a specific recognition area on the head. This method may be useful for noninvasive individual recognition in many other species that display color patch pattern variations, especially in studies of endangered species where the use of invasive marking techniques is undesirable.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China （41025001, 41130640 ）We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable and constructive comments. The authors also wish to thank the Shuai Guan-yuan and Sun Xiu-min for assistance in the field work.
文摘Water is the most critical factor for controlling die vegetation pattern in arid and semiarid regions.Using a dye-tracing experiment,we analyzed the infiltration pattern beneath shrub canopy and interspace grass patches in typical steppe ecosystems.The dye coverage,uniform infiltration depth,maximum infiltration depth,total stained area and heterogeneous infiltration stained area were measured by two indices,the maximum infiltration depth index(MIDI)and heterogeneous infiltration index(HII),which were calculated by processing dye-stained photos.The MIDI and HII of soil under shrubs were 1.41±0.14 and 0.29±0.068,respectively,and larger than those of grass soil,1.26±0.14 and0.20±0.076.Using the MIDI,HII,field soil moisture and rainfall data,the infiltration depth and heterogeneous infiltration amount for 26 nature rainfall events were calculated.The results imply that water can infiltrate to a deeper layer beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches and that more water infiltration occurs beneath shrub canopy than beneath grass patches.These results are of prime importance for arid and semiarid ecosystems with a limited water supply due to high evaporation and low precipitation.
文摘Ring patch antennas have the characteristics of electrically small size as decreasing the width of the conducting portion compared to those of conventional patch antennas.In the ring patch antenna,using capacitive feed method is suitable for impedance matching.The effect of the size of the feed patch on the input impedance of the square ring patch antennas are analyzed and radiation patterns of the square ring patch antennas are compared to that of a square conventional patch antenna by the simulated results.
