Pestalotiopsis sp. J63, producing a high activity of laccase, is a new marine-derived fungus isolated from the oceanic sediment of the East China Sea. Since the marine environment is oligotrophic nutrient, marine deri...Pestalotiopsis sp. J63, producing a high activity of laccase, is a new marine-derived fungus isolated from the oceanic sediment of the East China Sea. Since the marine environment is oligotrophic nutrient, marine derived fungi may use small amount of nutrients to grow and produce laccases. Agricultural residues that are mainly composed of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose are difficult to be degraded and few microbes can take them as substrates, so they are considered as oligotrophic nutrient and have the potential to be used to produce value added products. In this study, the ability of Pestalotiopsis sp. J63 to use agricultural residues to produce laccases was tested in the submerged fermentation. The combination of 3 g·L 1maltose and 20 g·L 1rice straw was the best carbon sources and 8 g·L 1ammonium sulfate was the best nitrogen source under the condition without inducers. The effects of five inducers, the feeding time and concentration of inducer on laccase production were investigated.Adding 0.09 mmol·L 1phenol after 24 h of incubation led to high laccase activity(5089 U·L 1), while with 0.09mmol·L 1phenol in the medium and wheat bran as the nitrogen source, the laccase activity could reach 5791.7U·L 1. Native-PAGE results showed that two laccase isozymes were present in the cultures. One existed in both induced and non-induced culture filtrates, while the other was only found in the fermentation with the addition of phenol, guaiacol and veratryl alcohol.展开更多
Three new drimane sesquiterpenoids(1–3)together with the known 2a-hydroxyisodrimeninol(4),and a new isochromone derivative(5),were obtained from the solid cultures of fungal strain Pestalotiopsis sp.M-23,an endophyti...Three new drimane sesquiterpenoids(1–3)together with the known 2a-hydroxyisodrimeninol(4),and a new isochromone derivative(5),were obtained from the solid cultures of fungal strain Pestalotiopsis sp.M-23,an endophytic fungus isolated from the leaves of Leucosceptrum canum(Labiatae).Their structures were determined by comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR,and MS analyses.The metabolites were evaluated for their antibacterial activities,and compound 3 showed weak inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis.展开更多
The pathogens of anthraenose sampled from leaves and fruits of Camellia oleifera in Cenxi City and C. vietnamensis in Ningming country, Guangxi Prov- ince, were isolated via tissue methods and four isolates were obtai...The pathogens of anthraenose sampled from leaves and fruits of Camellia oleifera in Cenxi City and C. vietnamensis in Ningming country, Guangxi Prov- ince, were isolated via tissue methods and four isolates were obtained. Morphological description and phylogenetic analysis were made based on rDNA ITS se- quences. The results showed that the strains 742, GW2 and CR1 isolated from leaves were clustered into one group, and the strain CRF1 isolated from fruits was clustered into another group. All the four strains belonged to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex.展开更多
Mycelia pellet formed spontaneously in the process of cultivation was exploited as a biological carrier for whole-cell immobilization due to its unique structural characteristic. An innovative two-species whole-cell i...Mycelia pellet formed spontaneously in the process of cultivation was exploited as a biological carrier for whole-cell immobilization due to its unique structural characteristic. An innovative two-species whole-cell im- mobilization system was achieved by inoculating the marine-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. J63 spores into cul- ture medium containing another fungus Penicillium janthinellum P1 pre-grown mycelia pellets for 2 days without any pretreatment. In order to evaluate the biological degradation capacity of this novel constructed immobilization system, the immobilized pellets were applied to treat paper mill effluent and decolorize dye Azure B. The use of the constructed immobilization system in the effluent resulted in successful and rapid biodegradation of numerous in- soluble fine fibers. The optimum conditions of immobilized procedure for maximum biodegradation capacity were determined using orthogonal design with biomass of P1 pellets 10 g （wet mass）, concentration of J63 spore 2x109 mlq, and immobilization time 2 d. The results demonstrate that immobilized pellets have more than 99% biodegradation capacity in a ten-hour treatment process. The kinetics of biodegradation fits the Michaelis-Menten equation well. Besides, the decolorization capability of immobilized pellets is more superior than that of P1 mycelia pellets. Overall, the present study offers a simple and reproducible way to construct a two-species whole-cell immobiliza- tion system for sewage treatment.展开更多
Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. cubense(Foc), is the most serious disease affecting banana production.To clarify the distribution of the Foc races in Fujian Province of China, 79 soil samples were co...Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. cubense(Foc), is the most serious disease affecting banana production.To clarify the distribution of the Foc races in Fujian Province of China, 79 soil samples were collected from four regions of Zhangzhou City, the primary banana production area in Fujian. We isolated and identified 12 Foc strains based on internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequence analysis, PCR amplification by using Foc-specific primers and pathogenicity assays.Our analysis indicated that 11 isolates belong to Foc race 1, and 1 isolate belongs to the Foc tropical species race 4(TR4).Although TR4 has previously been reported to occur in primary banana-producing provinces, such as Hainan, Guangxi,and Guangdong of China, this is the first report of TR4 isolated from the soil in Fujian Province. Monitoring the presence of Foc, in particular, the TR4 strains in the soil, is the basic strategy to prevent and control Fusarium wilt.展开更多
We isolated a novel strain of Alphaproteobacteria from a patient,who had medical history of chronic rhinitis for more than twenty years and recently experienced local skin abscess and ulcer. He eventually died of mult...We isolated a novel strain of Alphaproteobacteria from a patient,who had medical history of chronic rhinitis for more than twenty years and recently experienced local skin abscess and ulcer. He eventually died of multiple organ failure due to multi-antibiotics resistance.We identified the microorganism by 16SrRNA sequencing and found that it belonged to the genus Rhodoplanes. It was named as Rhodoplanes sp.strain ZLJ-0.It is resumed that Rhodoplanes sp.strain ZLJ-0 might be an emerging human pathogen involving in unknown febrile conditions and could cause local infection of any tissues or organs.Differential diagnosis of febrile patients should be conducted in clinical practice and research on emerging pathogens of Alphaproteobacteria should be performed to determine the epidemiology,clinical symptoms and pathogenic features of these pathogens.展开更多
Objective:To investigate the quality of indoor air of different wards and units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, to ascertain their contribution to infection rate in the hospital.Methods:The m...Objective:To investigate the quality of indoor air of different wards and units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, to ascertain their contribution to infection rate in the hospital.Methods:The microbial quality of indoor air of nine wards/units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria was conducted. Sedimentation technique using open Petri-dishes containing different culture media was employed and samplings were done twice daily, one in the morning shortly after cleaning and before influx of people/patients into the wards/units and the other in the evening when a lot of activities would have taken place in these wards. Isolates were identified according to standard methods.Results:Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference(氈2= 6.0167) in the bacteria population of the different sampling time whereas it was not so for fungi population(氈2= 0.2857). Male medical ward(MMW) and male surgical general(MSG) recorded the highest bacterial and fungal growth while the operating theatre(OT) was almost free of microbial burden. The bacteria isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellasp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes andSerratia marscenceswhile the fungi isolates includedAspergillus flavus, Penicilliumsp.,Fusariumsp.,Candida albicansandAlternariasp.Staphylococcus aureuswas the predominantly isolated bacterium whilePenicilliumsp. was the most isolated fungus.Conclusions:Though most of the microbial isolates were potential and or opportunistic pathogens, there was no correlation between the isolates in this study and the surveillance report of nosocomial infection during the period of study, hence the contribution of the indoor air cannot be established. From the reduction noticed in the morning samples, stringent measures such as proper disinfection and regular cleaning, restriction of patient relatives' movement in and out of the wards/units need to be enforced so as to improve the quality of indoor air of our hospital wards/units.展开更多
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important oilseed and a multipurpose perennial plantation crop. It is mostly grown in humid and coastal areas of Ghana. In June 2019, leaf spot disease was observed on coconut seedlin...Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important oilseed and a multipurpose perennial plantation crop. It is mostly grown in humid and coastal areas of Ghana. In June 2019, leaf spot disease was observed on coconut seedlings in 10 coconut growing Districts in Ghana. The Initial symptoms appeared as elliptical, brown-dark-red lesions, 4 - 6 mm on affected leaves. Lesions reached 2.0 cm and gradually developed into spindly, dark brown spots with a light tan centre. A study including survey and laboratory work was carried out to assess disease prevalence and to identify the causal agent of the disease on coconut seedlings, in order to formulate effective management strategies against it. A total of 250 symptomatic leaves were picked from ten selected Districts for laboratory analysis. Additionally, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of the isolated pathogen were amplified using ITS1 and ITS4, gpd1 and gpd2 primers respectively. The disease incidence peaked at 95%. Fungal colonies on PDA grew to 50 - 70 mm in diameter in one week at a temperature of 28°C ± 1°C with an even to undulating, immersed striated, mycelium;aerial mycelium being dark velvety green and sometime woolly-cottony. Acervuli formed on the aerial mycelium and contained black powderish conidial masses. Hyphae characteristics were similar to that of Curvularia pseudobrachyspora. Pathogenicity tests were done following Koch’s postulate. For molecular confirmation, the combined ITS (MT075719) and GAPDH (MT075720) sequences were compared with published sequences of 52 Curvularia isolates and eight Bipolaris isolates using phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of C. pseudobrachyspora as a causal agent of leaf spot on coconut seedlings in Ghana and possibly Africa but the pathogen has been reported on other crops in China, Florida and India.展开更多
Milk is a food of great value, it provides more essential nutrient than any other natural food. The presence of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic residues in milk can cause a real danger to consumers. Effectively, th...Milk is a food of great value, it provides more essential nutrient than any other natural food. The presence of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic residues in milk can cause a real danger to consumers. Effectively, the milk consumption contaminated by bacteria can have an immediate impact which means a toxi-infection. Therefore, the presence of antibiotics residues in milk can constitute an important risk at the allergic and antibiotic resistance cases on the consumer. The present study concerning the pathogens germs identification and Antibiotic residues seeking in milk and their impact on the human health, has been realized on a total number of 80 samples of raw milk resulted from direct sale channel （dairies） throughout Blida different regions localities. The Microbiological analysis has shown only three conform samples to JORA Standards. Really, milk non-conformity results to the microbiological standards consisting on total aerobic mesophilic flora total count, total coliforms, Thermotolerant coliforms E. coli, Faecal streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus have shown the following contamination rate： 61.25%, 93.75%, 86.25%, 55%, 93.75% and 50%. Salmonella is characterized by a total absence in all analyzed milk samples. Moreover, the antibiotics residues research by Delvotest SP make plainly visible 33 positive samples. Further, two samples of the three which were judged conform to the bacteriology standards has been found contaminated by the antibiotic residues. The analyzed milk quality can be considered as a real danger to the consumption.展开更多
Twenty isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris were isolated from wilted chickpea plants obtained from different districts of north part of Iraq to assess variability in pathogenicity of the populations. Each is...Twenty isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris were isolated from wilted chickpea plants obtained from different districts of north part of Iraq to assess variability in pathogenicity of the populations. Each isolate was tested on 12 differential chickpea varieties. Isolates showed highly significant variation in wilt severity on the differential varieties. Based on the reaction types that induced on differential varieties, isolates were grouped into four groups, First group included isolates FocSl, FocQ7, FocQ 10, FocFI3, FocH 17 and FocHl8; the second group included isolates FocS2, FocS3, FocS4, FocQ5, FocQ8, FocQ9, FocF11, FocF12, FocFl4 and FocH19; the third group included isolates FocF15, FocHl6, FocH20; where the isolate FocQ6 was placed in the fourth group. Results showed that the percentage of genetic similarity was ranged 42% to 100% and was 42% between the first group and other groups and 72% between the three groups the rest and thus this indicate the presence of four races of the fungus which are O, 4, 5 and 1B/C, this represent the first record of these races in lraq.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （21036005） and Scientific and Technology Plan of Zhejiang Province （2011C33016）.
文摘Pestalotiopsis sp. J63, producing a high activity of laccase, is a new marine-derived fungus isolated from the oceanic sediment of the East China Sea. Since the marine environment is oligotrophic nutrient, marine derived fungi may use small amount of nutrients to grow and produce laccases. Agricultural residues that are mainly composed of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose are difficult to be degraded and few microbes can take them as substrates, so they are considered as oligotrophic nutrient and have the potential to be used to produce value added products. In this study, the ability of Pestalotiopsis sp. J63 to use agricultural residues to produce laccases was tested in the submerged fermentation. The combination of 3 g·L 1maltose and 20 g·L 1rice straw was the best carbon sources and 8 g·L 1ammonium sulfate was the best nitrogen source under the condition without inducers. The effects of five inducers, the feeding time and concentration of inducer on laccase production were investigated.Adding 0.09 mmol·L 1phenol after 24 h of incubation led to high laccase activity(5089 U·L 1), while with 0.09mmol·L 1phenol in the medium and wheat bran as the nitrogen source, the laccase activity could reach 5791.7U·L 1. Native-PAGE results showed that two laccase isozymes were present in the cultures. One existed in both induced and non-induced culture filtrates, while the other was only found in the fermentation with the addition of phenol, guaiacol and veratryl alcohol.
基金This work was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31525005,U1202263,31570362)the Youth Innovation Promotion association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(awarded to Shi-Hong Luo)+1 种基金the“Western Light”Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(awarded to Shi-Hong Luo)the“Hundred Talents Program”of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(awarded to Sheng-Hong Li).
文摘Three new drimane sesquiterpenoids(1–3)together with the known 2a-hydroxyisodrimeninol(4),and a new isochromone derivative(5),were obtained from the solid cultures of fungal strain Pestalotiopsis sp.M-23,an endophytic fungus isolated from the leaves of Leucosceptrum canum(Labiatae).Their structures were determined by comprehensive 1D and 2D NMR,and MS analyses.The metabolites were evaluated for their antibacterial activities,and compound 3 showed weak inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis.
基金Supported by Scientific Research and Technological Development Projects of Guangxi Province(GKG 1123004-2A,GKN 1298022-3-2)Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province(2011GXNSFB018037)
文摘The pathogens of anthraenose sampled from leaves and fruits of Camellia oleifera in Cenxi City and C. vietnamensis in Ningming country, Guangxi Prov- ince, were isolated via tissue methods and four isolates were obtained. Morphological description and phylogenetic analysis were made based on rDNA ITS se- quences. The results showed that the strains 742, GW2 and CR1 isolated from leaves were clustered into one group, and the strain CRF1 isolated from fruits was clustered into another group. All the four strains belonged to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides complex.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21036005)Scientific Technology Program of Zhejiang Province(2011C33016)
文摘Mycelia pellet formed spontaneously in the process of cultivation was exploited as a biological carrier for whole-cell immobilization due to its unique structural characteristic. An innovative two-species whole-cell im- mobilization system was achieved by inoculating the marine-derived fungus Pestalotiopsis sp. J63 spores into cul- ture medium containing another fungus Penicillium janthinellum P1 pre-grown mycelia pellets for 2 days without any pretreatment. In order to evaluate the biological degradation capacity of this novel constructed immobilization system, the immobilized pellets were applied to treat paper mill effluent and decolorize dye Azure B. The use of the constructed immobilization system in the effluent resulted in successful and rapid biodegradation of numerous in- soluble fine fibers. The optimum conditions of immobilized procedure for maximum biodegradation capacity were determined using orthogonal design with biomass of P1 pellets 10 g （wet mass）, concentration of J63 spore 2x109 mlq, and immobilization time 2 d. The results demonstrate that immobilized pellets have more than 99% biodegradation capacity in a ten-hour treatment process. The kinetics of biodegradation fits the Michaelis-Menten equation well. Besides, the decolorization capability of immobilized pellets is more superior than that of P1 mycelia pellets. Overall, the present study offers a simple and reproducible way to construct a two-species whole-cell immobiliza- tion system for sewage treatment.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31601583)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province, China (2016J01113)+1 种基金the Young Teacher Education Research Project of Fujian Province, China (JAT160178)the Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Outstanding Youth Scientific Research Project, China (xjq201625)
文摘Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxyporum f. sp. cubense(Foc), is the most serious disease affecting banana production.To clarify the distribution of the Foc races in Fujian Province of China, 79 soil samples were collected from four regions of Zhangzhou City, the primary banana production area in Fujian. We isolated and identified 12 Foc strains based on internal transcribed spacer(ITS) sequence analysis, PCR amplification by using Foc-specific primers and pathogenicity assays.Our analysis indicated that 11 isolates belong to Foc race 1, and 1 isolate belongs to the Foc tropical species race 4(TR4).Although TR4 has previously been reported to occur in primary banana-producing provinces, such as Hainan, Guangxi,and Guangdong of China, this is the first report of TR4 isolated from the soil in Fujian Province. Monitoring the presence of Foc, in particular, the TR4 strains in the soil, is the basic strategy to prevent and control Fusarium wilt.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30771854)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program) 2010CB530200 (2010CB530206)
文摘We isolated a novel strain of Alphaproteobacteria from a patient,who had medical history of chronic rhinitis for more than twenty years and recently experienced local skin abscess and ulcer. He eventually died of multiple organ failure due to multi-antibiotics resistance.We identified the microorganism by 16SrRNA sequencing and found that it belonged to the genus Rhodoplanes. It was named as Rhodoplanes sp.strain ZLJ-0.It is resumed that Rhodoplanes sp.strain ZLJ-0 might be an emerging human pathogen involving in unknown febrile conditions and could cause local infection of any tissues or organs.Differential diagnosis of febrile patients should be conducted in clinical practice and research on emerging pathogens of Alphaproteobacteria should be performed to determine the epidemiology,clinical symptoms and pathogenic features of these pathogens.
文摘Objective:To investigate the quality of indoor air of different wards and units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, to ascertain their contribution to infection rate in the hospital.Methods:The microbial quality of indoor air of nine wards/units of Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital, Sagamu, Nigeria was conducted. Sedimentation technique using open Petri-dishes containing different culture media was employed and samplings were done twice daily, one in the morning shortly after cleaning and before influx of people/patients into the wards/units and the other in the evening when a lot of activities would have taken place in these wards. Isolates were identified according to standard methods.Results:Results showed that there was a statistically significant difference(氈2= 6.0167) in the bacteria population of the different sampling time whereas it was not so for fungi population(氈2= 0.2857). Male medical ward(MMW) and male surgical general(MSG) recorded the highest bacterial and fungal growth while the operating theatre(OT) was almost free of microbial burden. The bacteria isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiellasp., Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus pyogenes andSerratia marscenceswhile the fungi isolates includedAspergillus flavus, Penicilliumsp.,Fusariumsp.,Candida albicansandAlternariasp.Staphylococcus aureuswas the predominantly isolated bacterium whilePenicilliumsp. was the most isolated fungus.Conclusions:Though most of the microbial isolates were potential and or opportunistic pathogens, there was no correlation between the isolates in this study and the surveillance report of nosocomial infection during the period of study, hence the contribution of the indoor air cannot be established. From the reduction noticed in the morning samples, stringent measures such as proper disinfection and regular cleaning, restriction of patient relatives' movement in and out of the wards/units need to be enforced so as to improve the quality of indoor air of our hospital wards/units.
文摘Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is an important oilseed and a multipurpose perennial plantation crop. It is mostly grown in humid and coastal areas of Ghana. In June 2019, leaf spot disease was observed on coconut seedlings in 10 coconut growing Districts in Ghana. The Initial symptoms appeared as elliptical, brown-dark-red lesions, 4 - 6 mm on affected leaves. Lesions reached 2.0 cm and gradually developed into spindly, dark brown spots with a light tan centre. A study including survey and laboratory work was carried out to assess disease prevalence and to identify the causal agent of the disease on coconut seedlings, in order to formulate effective management strategies against it. A total of 250 symptomatic leaves were picked from ten selected Districts for laboratory analysis. Additionally, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) of the isolated pathogen were amplified using ITS1 and ITS4, gpd1 and gpd2 primers respectively. The disease incidence peaked at 95%. Fungal colonies on PDA grew to 50 - 70 mm in diameter in one week at a temperature of 28°C ± 1°C with an even to undulating, immersed striated, mycelium;aerial mycelium being dark velvety green and sometime woolly-cottony. Acervuli formed on the aerial mycelium and contained black powderish conidial masses. Hyphae characteristics were similar to that of Curvularia pseudobrachyspora. Pathogenicity tests were done following Koch’s postulate. For molecular confirmation, the combined ITS (MT075719) and GAPDH (MT075720) sequences were compared with published sequences of 52 Curvularia isolates and eight Bipolaris isolates using phylogenetic analysis. This is the first report of C. pseudobrachyspora as a causal agent of leaf spot on coconut seedlings in Ghana and possibly Africa but the pathogen has been reported on other crops in China, Florida and India.
文摘Milk is a food of great value, it provides more essential nutrient than any other natural food. The presence of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic residues in milk can cause a real danger to consumers. Effectively, the milk consumption contaminated by bacteria can have an immediate impact which means a toxi-infection. Therefore, the presence of antibiotics residues in milk can constitute an important risk at the allergic and antibiotic resistance cases on the consumer. The present study concerning the pathogens germs identification and Antibiotic residues seeking in milk and their impact on the human health, has been realized on a total number of 80 samples of raw milk resulted from direct sale channel （dairies） throughout Blida different regions localities. The Microbiological analysis has shown only three conform samples to JORA Standards. Really, milk non-conformity results to the microbiological standards consisting on total aerobic mesophilic flora total count, total coliforms, Thermotolerant coliforms E. coli, Faecal streptococcus, Staphylococcus aureus have shown the following contamination rate： 61.25%, 93.75%, 86.25%, 55%, 93.75% and 50%. Salmonella is characterized by a total absence in all analyzed milk samples. Moreover, the antibiotics residues research by Delvotest SP make plainly visible 33 positive samples. Further, two samples of the three which were judged conform to the bacteriology standards has been found contaminated by the antibiotic residues. The analyzed milk quality can be considered as a real danger to the consumption.
文摘Twenty isolates of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris were isolated from wilted chickpea plants obtained from different districts of north part of Iraq to assess variability in pathogenicity of the populations. Each isolate was tested on 12 differential chickpea varieties. Isolates showed highly significant variation in wilt severity on the differential varieties. Based on the reaction types that induced on differential varieties, isolates were grouped into four groups, First group included isolates FocSl, FocQ7, FocQ 10, FocFI3, FocH 17 and FocHl8; the second group included isolates FocS2, FocS3, FocS4, FocQ5, FocQ8, FocQ9, FocF11, FocF12, FocFl4 and FocH19; the third group included isolates FocF15, FocHl6, FocH20; where the isolate FocQ6 was placed in the fourth group. Results showed that the percentage of genetic similarity was ranged 42% to 100% and was 42% between the first group and other groups and 72% between the three groups the rest and thus this indicate the presence of four races of the fungus which are O, 4, 5 and 1B/C, this represent the first record of these races in lraq.
