Systemic acquired resistance, NPR1, and pathogenesis-related genes in wheat and barley

In Arabidopsis, systemic acquired resistance （SAR） is established beyond the initial infection by a pathogen or is directly induced by treatment with salicylic acid （SA） or its functional analogs, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid （INA） and benzothiadiazole （BTH）. NPR1 protein is considered the master regulator of SAR in both SA signal sensing and transduction. In wheat （Triticum aesfivum） and barley （Hordeum vulgare）, both pathogen infection and BTH treatment can induce broad-spectrum resistance to various diseases, including powdery mildew, leaf rust, Fusarium head blight, etc. However, three different types of SAR-like responses including acquired resistance （AR）, systemic immunity （SI）, and BTH-induced resistance （BIR） seem to be achieved by activating different gene pathways. Recent research on wheat and barley NPR1 homologs in AR and SI has provided the initial clue for understanding the mechanism of SAR in these two plant species. In this review, the specific features ofAR, Si, and BIR in wheat and barley were summarized and compared with that of SAR in model plants of Arabidopsis and rice. Research updates on downstream genes of SAR, including pathogenesis-related （PR） and BTH-induced genes, were highlighted.

Cloning and Characterization of a Pathogenesis-Related Protein Gene TaPR10 from Wheat Induced by Stripe Rust Pathogen

Pathogenesis-related proteins （PRs） play many important roles in plant defense response against pathogen attack. To better understand the molecular mechanism of PR genes involved in wheat adult plant resistance （APR） to stripe rust, based on a differentially expressed transcribed derived fragment （TDF）, a novel PR gene from wheat cv. Xingzi 9104 infected by the Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici Erikss. pathotype CY32, which was highly similar to the maize ZmPRIO gene and designated as TaPRIO, was identified using in silico cloning and RT-PCR method. This novel TaPRIO gene was predicted to encode a 160-amino acid protein with a deduced molecular weight of 17.06 kDa and an isoelectronic point （pI） of 5.19. An amino acid sequence analysis of TaPR10 demonstrated the presence of a typical conserved domain of pathogenesis related protein Bet v I family. Multiple alignment analysis based on the amino acids encoded by 10 different PRIO genes from maize （Zea mays）, rice （Oryza sativa）, broomcorn （Sorghum bicolor）, and wheat （Triticum aestivum） indicated that PR proteins of class 10 was conserved among the 4 plant species with about 80% similarity. DNA sequence of TaPRIO suggested the presence of one 84-bp intron with the splicing sites of GT-AT bi-nucleotide sequence between 188 and 271 bp. Using a real-time quantitative RT-PCR （qRT-PCR）, expression profiles of TaPRIO revealed that at the adult-plant stage, TaPRIO transcript was up-regulated as early as 12 h post-inoculation （hpi）, with the occurrence of maximum induction at 24 hpi. At the seedling stage, TaPRIO was also slightly induced 18 hpi. However, the transcript amount was relatively lower than that of the adult-plant stage. Taken together, these results suggest that TaPRIO may participate in wheat defense response of APR to stripe rust.

Expression Comparisons of Pathogenesis-Related(PR) Genes in Wheat in Response to Infection/Infestation by Fusarium, Yellow dwarf virus(YDV) Aphid-Transmitted and Hessian Fly

Expression profiles of ten pathogenesis-related （PR） genes during plant defense against Fusarium, Yellow dwarf virus （YDV） aphid-transmitted and Hessian fly （Hf） were compared temporally in both resistant and susceptible genotypes following pathogen infection or insect infestation. Quantitative real-time PCR （qRT-PCR） revealed that PR1, PR2, PR3, PR5, PR6, PR8, PR9, and PR15 appeared to be induced or suppressed independently in response to Fusarium, YDV aphid-transmitted or Hf during the interactions. The PR gene（s） essential to defense against one organism may play little or no role in defense against another pathogen or pest, suggesting the alternative mechanisms may be involved in different interactions of wheat- Fusarium, wheat-YDV aphid-transmitted and wheat-Hf. However, strong up- or down-regulation of PRl2 and PR14 encoding low molecular membrane acting protein, defensin and lipid transfer protein （LTP）, respectively, had been detected after either pathogen infection or insect infestation, therefore showed broad responses to pathogens and insects. It was postulated that low molecular proteins such as defensins and LTPs might play a role in the early stages of pathogenesis in the signaling process that informs plants about the attack from biotic stresses. In addition, a synergistic action between different PR genes might exist in plants to defense certain pathogens and insects on the basis of comprehensive expression profiling of various pathogenesis-related genes revealed by qRT-PCR in this study.

Evaluation of combined detection of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and glutathione peroxidase 4 in primary hepatic carcinoma and preliminary exploration of pathogenesis

This study aims to analyze the clinical significance and mechanism of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(NRF2)and glutathione peroxidase 4(GPX4)in primary hepatic carcinoma(PHC).Methods:The expression of NRF2 and GPX4 in peripheral blood of patients with PHC was determined to analyze the diagnostic value of the two combined for PHC.The prognostic significance of NRF2 and GPX4 was evaluated by 3-year followup.Human liver epithelial cells THLE-2 and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 were purchased,and the expression of NRF2 and GPX4 in the cells was determined.NRF2 and GPX4 aberrant expression vectors were constructed and transfected into HepG2,and changes in cell proliferation and invasion capabilities were observed.Results:The expression of NRF2 and GPX4 in patients with PHC was higher than that in patients with LC or VH(p<0.05),and the two indicators combined was excellent in diagnosing PHC.Moreover,patients with high expression of NRF2 and GPX4 had a higher risk of death(p<0.05).In in vitro experiments,both NRF2 and GPX4 expression was elevated in HepG2(p<0.05).HepG2 activity was enhanced by increasing the expression of the two,vice versa(p<0.05).Conclusion:NRF2 and GPX4 combined is excellent in diagnosing PHC,and promotes the malignant development of PHC.

The Influence of Co-Suppressing Tomato 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid OxidaseⅠon the Expression of Fruit Ripening-Related and Pathogenesis-Related Protein Genes

The purpose of this study is to explore the influence of co-suppressing tomato ACC oxidase Ⅰ on the expression of fruit ripening-related and pathogenesis-related protein genes, and on the biosynthesis of endogenous ethylene and storage ability of fruits. Specific fragments of several fruit ripening-related and pathogenesis-related protein genes from tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） were cloned, such as the l-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase 1 gene （LeAC01）, 1- aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid oxidase 3 gene （LeAC03）, EIN3-binding F-box 1 gene （LeEBF1）, pathogenesis-related protein 1 gene （LePR1）, pathogenesis-related protein 5 gene （LePR5）, and pathogenesis-related protein osmotin precursor gene （LeNP24） by PCR or RT-PCR. Then these specific DNA fragments were used as probes to hybridize with the total RNAs extracted from the wild type tomato Ailsa Craig （AC＋＋） and the LeAC01 co-suppression tomatoes （V1187 and T4B）, respectively. At the same time, ethylene production measurement and storage experiment of tomato fruits were carded out. The hybridization results indicated that the expression of fruit ripening-related genes such as LeACO3 and LeEBF1, and pathogenesis-related protein genes such as LePR1, LePR5, and LeNP24, were reduced sharply, and the ethylene production in the fruits, wounded leaves decreased and the storage time of ripening fruits was prolonged, when the expression of LeACO1 gene in the transgenic tomato was suppressed. In the co-suppression tomatoes, the expression of fruit ripening-related and pathogenesis-related protein genes were restrained at different degrees, the biosynthesis of endogenous ethylene decreased and the storage ability of tomato fruits increased.

The Relation of Atrial Fibrillation and Inflammation Do Inflammation Imply the Pathogenesis of Atrial Fibrillation?

Atrial fibrillation （AF）, the most commonly encountered arrhythmia in clinical practice, is associated with a 2-fold increase in total cardiovascular mortality, as well as the potential for substantial morbidity, including stroke, congestive heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Its incidence and prevalence are increasing, and it represents a growing clinical and economic burden. Owing to relative inefficacy and side effects of current pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy for AF, it remains a great challenge to improve primary and secondary AF prevention strategies to reduce this potentially enormous health burden.

Effects of Agro-antibiotic 211 on Related Substances Inducing Rice Resistance to Sheath Blight

[Objective] The paper was to explore the effect of agro-antibiotic 211, the active substance produced by streptomyces JD211, on rice resistance to sheath blight. [Method] Through pot experiment, the induction effect of agro-antibiotic 211 on rice resistance against sheath blight was analyzed, and the effect on phenolic metabolites and pathogenesis-related proteins were studied.[Result] The total phenol, phenylalanine ammonialyase, lignin, chitinase and β-1, 3-glucanase of rice leaves treated by agro-antibiotic 211 were slightly higher than that in control. At 96 h post treatment, the activity of β-1, 3-glucanase was 36.84% and 10.48% higher than that of blank control and CK+ Rhizoctonia solani, respectively; at120 h post treatment, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase were 42.13% and 62.28% higher than that of blank control and CK+ R. solani,respectively. The effect of agro-antibiotic 211 + R. solani was equal or slightly higher than that of Jinggangmycin + R. solani. [Conclusion] Agroantibiotic 211 induced rice resistance against sheath blight, and was closely related to the accumulation of phenolic substances and the increase of pathogenesis-related proteins.

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in patients with advanced age-related macular degeneration

AIM: To investigate the serum level of the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in age -related macular degeneration (AMD) and healthy control subjects. The disruption in the tight balance of neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective processes in an immune -privileged site like retina is proposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of AMD. One of the main neuroprotective mediators in the central nervous system Is BDNF with its serum level notably affected in several neurodegenerative disorders. METHODS: Thirty-six patients'with AMD and 36 age-matched controls were enrolled in this study. The serum level of BDNF was measured using the enzyme -linked immunosorbent assay method. Results were analyzed to compare case and control values. Comparisons were also made between the BDNF level of wet- vsdry-AMD, and male vs female patients and controls. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test were employed to analyze the data. RESULTS: The mean BDNF levels in AMD group were significantly higher than the control group. Furthermore, our analysis revealed greater BDNF values in all AMD subgroups compared to controls (P=0.004, 0.005, 0.001 and 0.02 for male wet-AMD, male dry-AMD, female wetAMD and female dry-AMD vscontrols, respectively). The BDNF level however did not vary between wet- and dryAMD patients (P=0.74). While within-group comparisons in males and females of AMD and control groups did not show any difference in BDNF (P=0.16, 0.64 and 0.85 for wet -AMD, dry -AMD and control groups, respectively), between -group data showed a higher mean BDNF in both male and female AMD subjects than their peer controls. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the serum BDNF level is different in patients with AMD as compared to subjects without AMD. Future attempts should be done to unravel beneficial or deleterious effect of this neurotrophin in the pathogenesis of AMD.

小麦PR-1、PR-2、PR-5基因的白粉菌和水杨酸诱导表达分析及白粉病抗性研究(英文)

病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5是植物抗病基因介导的抗病反应和系统获得抗性(systemic acquired resistance,SAR)中的标志基因。为了研究病程相关蛋白基因和水杨酸在小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)抗白粉病反应中所起的作用,以抗白粉病和感白粉病小麦品系为材料,在白粉病菌(Blumeria graminisf.sp.tritici,Bgt)诱导不同时间,或水杨酸处理不同时间后,用半定量RT-PCR技术检测了小麦叶片中PR-1、PR-2和PR-5基因的表达变化。结果表明,白粉病菌的侵染激活和显著增强了病程相关蛋白基因PR-1、PR-2和PR-5在周麦18中的转录。与感病品系相比,PR-1和PR-5在抗病品系中转录激活得更快、更强。水杨酸处理显著激活了PR-1和PR-5的转录,但对PR-2的转录影响不大。白粉病菌和水杨酸均能显著激活和增强PR-1和PR-5的表达,但白粉病菌的作用更强,说明PR-1和PR-5基因在小麦抗白粉病反应中起重要作用。PR-1和PR-5可以作为小麦SAR的标志基因。水杨酸处理后周麦18和中国春的白粉病抗性得到提高,提示水杨酸在小麦抗白粉病信号传导途径中起一定作用。

植物病程相关蛋白PR10研究进展

PR(pathogenesis related protein)蛋白产生与积累是植物体应答生物或非生物胁迫的主要特征之一。近年来大量PR蛋白被鉴定,根据它们的结构,亲源关系和生物活性,被分为17个功能家族。PR10蛋白具有核酸酶相似结构,一般为分子量16～19kD的酸性蛋白。近年来相关研究表明一些PR10蛋白具有核酸酶活性和体外抗菌活性,在植物防御反应中发挥重要作用,具有较为广泛的应用前景。本文就PR10蛋白的生理功能、基因结构、表达调控及其与植物抗病的关系等方面的最新研究进展作一综述,并结合本实验室工作展望其在植物抗性育种方面的应用前景。

条锈菌诱导的小麦病程相关蛋白TaPR10基因的克隆及特征分析

【目的】克隆条锈菌诱导的小麦病程相关蛋白PR10基因,研究其在小麦成株抗条锈病防御反应中的作用。【方法】采用电子克隆、RT-PCR技术,从条锈菌侵染的小麦兴资9104中,分离病程相关蛋白10基因;采用生物信息学技术预测分析该基因的DNA序列结构及其编码蛋白的保守域及基本特性;利用实时荧光定量RT-PCR技术,分析该基因在小麦成株期和苗期受条锈菌CYR32侵染后的表达情况。【结果】分离到病程相关蛋白10基因,命名为TaPR10,ORF长483bp,编码由160个氨基酸组成的蛋白质TaPR10;TaPR10不含跨膜区、无信号肽、定位在胞内,除具有典型的病程相关蛋白Bet_v_I家族保守结构域外,还有其它4类功能保守域;与小麦、高粱、玉米和水稻等4种植物PR10蛋白的氨基酸序列相似性在80%左右;TaPR10 DNA序列内部存在188至271位84bp的内含子序列,其拼接位点序列具有GT-AG双核苷酸序列;TaPR10基因表达分析的结果表明,TaPR10基因在成株期和苗期反应中表达量均上调,成株期表达高于苗期。【结论】首次分离到一个条锈菌CYR32诱导的小麦TaPR10基因,该基因可能参与了小麦成株抗条锈病防御反应。

向日葵病程相关蛋白HaPR1基因的克隆与功能

病程相关蛋白(pathogenesis-related proteins)经常被用作植物抗病反应的分子标记。本文在核盘菌诱导向日葵转录组文库的基础上克隆1个病程相关蛋白1基因Ha PR1的c DNA全长序列,并进行了表达模式和功能分析。结果表明,该基因c DNA全长开放阅读框为489 bp,编码162个氨基酸,分子量为17.52 k D,等电点为8.19,具有6个保守半胱氨酸,4个保守的allergen V5/Tpx-1结构域,Gen Bank登录号为KR071874。经比较Ha PR1与多种物种PR1高度同源。实时荧光定量PCR检测结果表明,Ha PR1相对表达量在向日葵叶中最高,根中其次,茎中最低。干旱、盐、草酸、核盘菌及其代谢物均可显著诱导其表达。利用农杆菌介导法将该基因导入烟草,提高了转基因株系对核盘菌的抗性。对抗性株系烟草防御酶活性及丙二醛含量测定发现转基因烟草叶片在核盘菌胁迫下显著提高了SOD、POD和CAT活性,降低了MDA含量。初步推断Ha PR1具有抗核盘菌的功能。

烟草病程相关蛋白NtPR10基因克隆与表达分析

为鉴定烟草病程相关蛋白PR10的生物学功能,从普通烟草G28中克隆得到了Nt PR10基因,基因全长483 bp,编码160个氨基酸。基因结构分析表明,该基因编码的蛋白包含病程相关蛋白家族Bet_v_I保守域,具有与核酸酶活性相关的"P-Loop"结构。利用TMHMM、Signal P、Prosite Scan等软件分析发现,Nt PR10不含跨膜区,无信号肽,有胞内定位特征。采用实时荧光定量PCR分别分析了TMV诱导下该基因在抗、感品种枯斑三生和G28中的表达模式。结果表明,在TMV诱导下,Nt PR10基因在感病品种G28中显著上调表达;而在抗病品种枯斑三生中,TMV侵染后6 h,Nt PR10基因显著上调表达,第12小时至第8天显著下调表达,而后至第16天逐渐升高至侵染前水平。综合以上结果,Nt PR10应答了TMV侵染过程,并且在抗、感品种中整体呈现出相反的表达趋势,暗示了Nt PR10在TMV侵染过程中具有重要功能,为深入分析Nt PR10的抗病生物学功能奠定了基础。

漾濞大泡核桃病程相关蛋白10基因JsPR10-1的克隆与表达分析

病程相关蛋白(pathogenesis-related protein,PR)10的激活与积累在植物抗逆境胁迫中有非常重要的作用。根据漾濞大泡核桃(Juglans sigillata)编码PR10的EST(expressed sequence tag)序列设计引物,利用快速扩增c DNA末端技术,克隆得到PR10基因的全长c DNA序列,并命名为Js PR10-1。Js PR10-1全长c DNA为776 bp,含有483 bp的开放阅读框、74 bp 5'-非编码区以及219 bp 3'-非编码区,编码含有160个氨基酸的蛋白质。全长基因序列中含有1个124 bp的内含子。Js PR10-1编码的蛋白质与栎树(Quercus suber)、欧洲山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica)以及欧洲板栗(Castanea sativa)的PR10相似性较高,并且在PR10的系统进化树中与双子叶植物聚为一支。qRT-PCR分析结果表明,植物信号分子水杨酸、茉莉酸、乙烯以及过氧化氢处理均可诱导Js PR10-1表达。在接种胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)后,Js PR10-1的表达量迅速上升并在接种8 h时达到最大值,表明Js PR10-1参与漾濞大泡核桃对胶孢炭疽菌的防卫反应。本研究为揭示漾濞大泡核桃抗性机制奠定了理论依据。

利迪链霉菌A02诱导番茄抗灰霉病作用机理研究——对植株两种PR蛋白和总酚的影响

为了研究新型链霉菌生防菌株A02诱导番茄抗灰霉病的作用机制,利用利迪链霉菌A02的发酵液和番茄灰霉病菌,对番茄植株进行诱导和接种处理,采用分光光度法,测定处理前和处理后1-5 d番茄叶片组织中2种PR蛋白(几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶)和总酚含量的变化。试验结果显示,不接种灰霉病菌而单独诱导处理、接种灰霉病菌后诱导处理和诱导处理后接种灰霉病菌这3种处理,都能显著地提高番茄植株几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性,且能提高总酚的相对含量,其中诱导处理中,酶活性和总酚相对含量提高的较为明显,酶活性峰值和总酚相对含量峰值都较高。通过试验,初步证明了利迪链霉菌A02发酵液诱发了番茄体内2种防御酶活性的提高和酚类物质的积累,增强了番茄植株抗灰霉病的防御体系。

NPR1多肽抗体的制备和应用

根据NCBI GenBank中报道的NPR1一级结构信息,采用Blastn、Blastx、ExPASy和Protean等软件进行序列同源性和抗原性指数分析,获得三段序列特异性较高的多肽,并从中优选一段序列特异性多肽,采用9-氟甲氧羰基固相合成法获得序列特异性最好的多肽,采用HPLC和LC-MS测定合成多肽的浓度和分子量,试验表明目的多肽纯度达88%、目的多肽分子量为1.92234 kD。采用碳化二亚胺法将多肽与KLH进行偶联获得免疫原Pep-KLH,并将其免疫新西兰大白兔以获得抗血清和多克隆抗体,采用ELISA和Western blotting测定其效价和特异性,经ELISA检测表明抗血清和多克隆抗体可与Pep发生特异性免疫反应,经Western blotting试验表明抗血清和多克隆抗体可识别烟草叶片特异性条带,其相对分子量为65 kD,与预测分子量相符,表明利用该方法制备的NPR1多肽抗体具有较高特异性和灵敏度。

丹参病程相关蛋白基因PR10的克隆与表达分析

病程相关蛋白(PR)的产生与积累是植物体应对生物或非生物胁迫的主要特征之一。该研究以人工培养的丹参幼苗为材料,通过分析丹参转录组数据,根据丹参病程相关蛋白基因PR10的序列设计特异性引物,采用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)从丹参中获得PR10基因的开放阅读框(ORF),命名为SmPR10-1(GenBank注册号KF877034),并进行原核表达和纯化。结果表明:(1)SmPR10-1基因ORF为477bp,编码158个氨基酸,其蛋白质分子质量为17.38kD。(2)通过蛋白结构预测、序列多重比对和构建进化树等生物信息学分析,发现SmPR10-1基因具有保守序列(G-X-G-G-X-G)和(K-A-X-E-X-Y),其编码蛋白与葡萄等双子叶植物中的PR10蛋白同源性较高。(3)经异丙基β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导,含有表达载体pET32a-SmPR10-1的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli BL21)可诱导表达融合蛋白;对影响蛋白表达的4个因素优化结果表明,SmPR10-1蛋白的最佳表达条件为:IPTG终浓度0.4mmol/L、起始宿主菌密度A600为0.8、诱导温度30℃、诱导时间8h,并得到纯化的SmPR10-1蛋白。该结果为进一步研究SmPR10-1基因在丹参抗病方面的生物学功能和培育丹参抗病品种奠定了基础。

柽柳ThPR1基因的克隆与表达分析

通过对盐胁迫后刚毛柽柳(Tamarix hispida)7个转录组分析,鉴定获得病程蛋白相关基因PR1(命名为ThPR1)全长cDNA序列,该基因全长756 bp,编码区长537 bp,编码含178个氨基酸的蛋白质,分子质量为20.53 ku,理论等电点(pI)为9.75。为了研究该基因对逆境胁迫的应答情况,采用实时定量RT-PCR技术分析了刚毛柽柳在PEG、NaCl胁迫及外源ABA处理后不同组织中基因的表达。结果表明,NaCl会诱导ThPR1基因在根和叶中的表达,而PEG和ABA处理则抑制该基因在根和叶中的表达。

玉米病程相关蛋白(PRm)的研究进展

本文对玉米病程相关蛋白的诱导与生物学特性、在植物抗病性中的作用和分布及在分于生物学等方面的研究进展进行了综述，并对今后研究重点作以展望。

胡椒PnNPR1基因的克隆与表达分析

根据胡椒病程相关基因非表达子1(Nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related genes1,NPR1)基因的部分序列设计引物,运用RT-PCR方法获得其家族成员的1个全长c DNA,命名为Pn NPR1,长度1 712 bp,开放阅读框1 362 bp,编码454个氨基酸。预测Pn NPR1分子量为141.56 ku,理论等电点为4.98。该基因含有BTB/POT结构域、ANK锚蛋白重复序列、DUF和NPR1-like C等4个结构域,具有植物NPR1所共有的保守结构域。系统进化分析表明,Pn NPR1与苜蓿的同源性最高。Real-time RT-PCR结果表明,Pn NPR1在胡椒叶片、根、茎和花中均表达,在叶中的表达量最高。辣椒疫霉菌诱导后,Pn NPR1基因的表达量在抗/感2种胡椒中均出现先增加后减少的现象,并且在抗病种质中表达量较高。研究结果为Pn NPR1的功能研究提供了理论依据。