Under the present situation of dramatic change of the national income distribution pattern, the dominant economy of our progressive reform has made a rapid change from the past government-direct-financing type to the ...Under the present situation of dramatic change of the national income distribution pattern, the dominant economy of our progressive reform has made a rapid change from the past government-direct-financing type to the present bank-indirect-financing type. In order to replace the function of government- investment in the state-owned economy, the direct and indirect financing channel of the process of our financial system transition has an obvious preference for its ownership system, and the small and medium-sized financial institutions matching with private business are in a weak state due to the constraints of system supply, these two factors result in the extreme asymmetric between the financial structure and economical structure. A major part of the financial resources are invested in those inefficient state-owned business, which involve the Private business into a difficult position of financing, and the whole financial system transition moves towards the factual pathway-dependency due to the system defect, accordingly the finance resources allocation enter into a system lock state with rather low efficiency, so it calls for some related system innovation to correct its pathway derivation.展开更多
Dendritic cells （DC）, although a minor population in hematopoietic cells, produce type I interferons （IFN） and other cytokines and are essential for innate immunity. They are also potent antigen presenters and reg...Dendritic cells （DC）, although a minor population in hematopoietic cells, produce type I interferons （IFN） and other cytokines and are essential for innate immunity. They are also potent antigen presenters and regulate adaptive immunity. Among DC subtypes plasmacytoid DC （pDC） produce the highest amounts of type I IFN. In addition, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-10 are induced in DC in response to Toll like receptor （TLR） signaling and upon viral infection. Proteins in the IRF family control many aspects of DC activity. IRF-8 and IRF-4 are essential for DC development. They differentially control the development of four DC subsets. IRF-8^-/- mice are largely devoid of pDC and CD8α^＋ DC, while IRF-4^-/- mice lack CD4^＋ DC. IRF-8^-/-, IRF4^-/-, double knock-out mice have only few CD8α CD4^-DC that lack MHC Ⅱ. IRF proteins also control type Ⅰ IFN induction in DC. IRF-7, activated upon TLR signaling is required for IFN induction not only in pDC, but also in conventional DC （cDC） and non-DC cell types. IRF-3, although contributes to IFN induction in fibroblasts, is dispensable in IFN induction in DC. Our recent evidence reveals that type Ⅰ IFN induction in DC is critically dependent on IRF-8, which acts in the feedback phase of IFN gene induction in DC. Type Ⅰ IFN induction in pDC is mediated by MyD88 dependent signaling pathway, and differs from pathways employed in other cells, which mostly rely on TLR3 and RIG-Ⅰ family proteins. Other pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced in an IRF-5 dependent manner. However, IRF-5 is not required for IFN induction, suggesting the presence of separate mechanisms for induction of type Ⅰ IFN and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. IFN and other cytokines produced by activated DC in turn advance DC maturation and change the phenotype and function of DC. These processes are also likely to be governed by IRF family proteins.展开更多
The success of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism is heavily attributed to the expansive range and multitude of genetic and molecular tools available to modify gene expression at will. The GaI4/...The success of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism is heavily attributed to the expansive range and multitude of genetic and molecular tools available to modify gene expression at will. The GaI4/UAS binary system is one of the most important and widely used genetic tools in Drosophila designed for targeted gene expression （Brand and Perrimon, 1993）, which allows ectopic expression of any gene （or transgene） in specific tissues, independent of their native regulators. However, a drawback of the original UASt-transgene is its silence in germline cells--when the UASt-RFPhis transgene was driven by a ubiquitously expressed 6al4 under the ActinSC promoter （act-Gal4）, RFP expression was only detected in the somatic follicle cells, but not in the germline nurse cells or the oocyte （Fig. 1A）.展开更多
文摘Under the present situation of dramatic change of the national income distribution pattern, the dominant economy of our progressive reform has made a rapid change from the past government-direct-financing type to the present bank-indirect-financing type. In order to replace the function of government- investment in the state-owned economy, the direct and indirect financing channel of the process of our financial system transition has an obvious preference for its ownership system, and the small and medium-sized financial institutions matching with private business are in a weak state due to the constraints of system supply, these two factors result in the extreme asymmetric between the financial structure and economical structure. A major part of the financial resources are invested in those inefficient state-owned business, which involve the Private business into a difficult position of financing, and the whole financial system transition moves towards the factual pathway-dependency due to the system defect, accordingly the finance resources allocation enter into a system lock state with rather low efficiency, so it calls for some related system innovation to correct its pathway derivation.
文摘Dendritic cells （DC）, although a minor population in hematopoietic cells, produce type I interferons （IFN） and other cytokines and are essential for innate immunity. They are also potent antigen presenters and regulate adaptive immunity. Among DC subtypes plasmacytoid DC （pDC） produce the highest amounts of type I IFN. In addition, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-10 are induced in DC in response to Toll like receptor （TLR） signaling and upon viral infection. Proteins in the IRF family control many aspects of DC activity. IRF-8 and IRF-4 are essential for DC development. They differentially control the development of four DC subsets. IRF-8^-/- mice are largely devoid of pDC and CD8α^＋ DC, while IRF-4^-/- mice lack CD4^＋ DC. IRF-8^-/-, IRF4^-/-, double knock-out mice have only few CD8α CD4^-DC that lack MHC Ⅱ. IRF proteins also control type Ⅰ IFN induction in DC. IRF-7, activated upon TLR signaling is required for IFN induction not only in pDC, but also in conventional DC （cDC） and non-DC cell types. IRF-3, although contributes to IFN induction in fibroblasts, is dispensable in IFN induction in DC. Our recent evidence reveals that type Ⅰ IFN induction in DC is critically dependent on IRF-8, which acts in the feedback phase of IFN gene induction in DC. Type Ⅰ IFN induction in pDC is mediated by MyD88 dependent signaling pathway, and differs from pathways employed in other cells, which mostly rely on TLR3 and RIG-Ⅰ family proteins. Other pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced in an IRF-5 dependent manner. However, IRF-5 is not required for IFN induction, suggesting the presence of separate mechanisms for induction of type Ⅰ IFN and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. IFN and other cytokines produced by activated DC in turn advance DC maturation and change the phenotype and function of DC. These processes are also likely to be governed by IRF family proteins.
基金supported by NIH Grant R01GM072562 and NSF Grant IOS1557904
文摘The success of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism is heavily attributed to the expansive range and multitude of genetic and molecular tools available to modify gene expression at will. The GaI4/UAS binary system is one of the most important and widely used genetic tools in Drosophila designed for targeted gene expression （Brand and Perrimon, 1993）, which allows ectopic expression of any gene （or transgene） in specific tissues, independent of their native regulators. However, a drawback of the original UASt-transgene is its silence in germline cells--when the UASt-RFPhis transgene was driven by a ubiquitously expressed 6al4 under the ActinSC promoter （act-Gal4）, RFP expression was only detected in the somatic follicle cells, but not in the germline nurse cells or the oocyte （Fig. 1A）.
