Actual Costs of Uneconomic Growth of Marine Fisheries in China’s Pearl River Delta

As traditional economic theory is mainly based on neoliberal principles, whose failure is to ignore the ecological component in value assessment methods, it assumes that continuous economic growth exists with high level of employment and low inflation rate. Many ecological economists have criticized the blind pursuit of short-term economic interests in the last 30 years for leading to loss of natural capital and ecosystem services. This study demonstrates the concept of?“uneconomic growth”?by measuring the actual costs of fishing activities and fishery policy implemented in China’s Pearl River Estuary from economic, social, and ecological aspects. The results show that the costs of economic growth exceed the benefits of additional growth because of the limits of the ecosystem. The ecological system of the Pearl River Estuary has been degraded significantly by overfishing and is regarded to be under non-optimal conditions regarding both ecological and socio-economic objectives.

A Closure Study of Aerosol Hygroscopic Growth Factor during the 2006 Pearl River Delta Campaign

Measurements of aerosol physical, chemical and optical parameters were carried out in Guangzhou, China from 1 July to 31 July 2006 during the Pearl River Delta Campaign. The dry aerosol scattering coefficient was measured using an integrating nephelometer and the aerosol scattering coefficient for wet conditions was determined by subtracting the sum of the aerosol absorption coefficient, gas scattering coefficient and gas absorption coefficient from the atmospheric extinction coefficient. Following this, the aerosol hygroscopic growth factor, f（RH）, was calculated as the ratio of wet and dry aerosol scattering coefficients. Measurements of size-resolved chemical composition, relative humidity （RH）, and published functional relationships between particle chemical composition and water uptake were likewise used to find the aerosol scattering coe？cients in wet and dry conditions using Mie theory for internally- or externally-mixed particle species [（NH_4）_2SO_4, NH_4NO_3, NaCl, POM, EC and residue]. Closure was obtained by comparing the measured f（RH） values from the nephelometer and other in situ optical instruments with those computed from chemical composition and thermodynamics. Results show that the model can represent the observed f（RH） and is appropriate for use as a component in other higher-order models.

Regional Geochemical Characteristics and Influence Factors of Soil Elements in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, China

Soil heavy metal pollution is one of the main environmental problems in Pearl River Delta Economic?Zone of China. Based on multi-purpose regional geochemical survey, regional eco-geochemical assessment, local eco-geochemical assessment and comprehensive appraisal, the eco-geochemical survey and assessment in Pearl River Delta Economic Zone of 41,698 km2?were completed. Samples from soils were collected in accordance with the two-layer grid method. Totally 54 elements and indicators for soils were determined. Compared to deep soils, the sampled surface soils are enriched in OrgC, N, P, Cd, S,Hg, Ag, B, Au, S and poor with As, Ni, I, Co, Cr, V, MgO, Sc, Al2O3, Fe2O3?etc. The characteristics of geochemical reference value of element in soil that inherited soil parent material and regional elements combined features reflected that the elements enriched in the soil was interrelated with acid rock, sandstone and shale. The spatial distribution characteristics of element regional geochemistry were conditional by regional environmental geological conditions,and effected by human activities. The Pearl River Delta plain is a typical geochemical landscape area with regional anomaly of multiple-elements. The north, western and eastern parts of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone are quite different in geochemical features due to regional geological background, soil parent materials, geomorphic characteristics and human activities. Environment quality evaluation results show that the grade I and grade II soil accounted for 19.9% and 57.3% of the total area. Many samples that widely distributed in the economic developed of Pearl River Delta Plain area reached the third-grade of national soil environment standard. The soil enriched in Cd, Hg, As, and the area ratio accounting for 22.8% of the total area. It is mainly controlled by the geochemical background, the Pearl River Delta formation evolution process, especially the marine transgression process lead to Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb enrichment in Pearl River Delta plain. At the same time, under the influence of higher pressure of human activities, all kinds of exogenous input material carrying heavy metal pollutants on soil environmental quality also could not to ignore.

Distributional characteristics and sources of elements in soil from typical area of Pearl River Delta economic zone, Guangdong Province, China

Dongguan City, located in the Pearl River Delta economic zone of China, is famous for its rapid developing township-enterprises in the past 30 years. A total of 759 composite soil samples, including 606 surface soil samples and 153 deep soil samples, have been collected in the city. These samples have been analyzed for 13elements(Al, As, Cu, Cd, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Si,and Zn) and other parameters(p H values and organic matter) to evaluate the influence of anthropic activities on the soil environmental quality and to identify the spatial distribution of heavy metals and their possible sources. The results indicate that the average concentrations of heavy metals in soil were significantly lower than the threshold of the second grade of the Soil Environment Quality Standard in China(GB15618-1995) and the soil environmental quality in this area is comparatively good. But in comparison with local soil geochemical baseline values, As,Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn have accumulated remarkably.Specifically, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, and Hg in the small part samples of the west plain and central areas are higher than the national second-grade quality standard, indicating some level of contamination. Multivariate and geostatistical methods have been applied to differentiate the influences of natural processes and human activities on the concentration of heavy metals in surface soils in the study area. Cluster and factor analyses result in the grouping of Al, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Si into factor F1; Co, Mn, Pb, and Zn into F2; and Cd and Hg into F3.The spatial pattern of the three factors may be well demonstrated by geostatistical analysis. It is shown that the first factor could be considered as a natural source controlled by parent material. The second factor could be referred to as ‘‘industrial and traffic pollution sources' '. The source of the third factor is mainly controlled by long-term anthropic activities, including agricultural activities, fossil fuel consumption, and atmospheric deposition.

Annual Fluxes of Heavy Metal Elements in Atmospheric Dry and Wet Depositions in the Pearl River Delta Economic Region, Guangdong Province

There are 158 sampling points to be set up in the Pearl River delta economic region. The collecting period is mostly one year, namely, from July 2007 to July 2008. The eight heavy metal elements of Cr, Ni, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, Hg, and Cd in 474 dry and wet deposition samples were tested in terms of the standard procedures. Their average annual fluxes have no obvious difference between dry deposition and wet deposition. So these elements might be at an equilibrium or quasi-equilibrium state between dry deposition and wet deposition.

Urbanization Effect of Highways in the Pearl River Delta

Based on TM images,ArcGIS and landscape ecology,4 typical roads in the Pearl River Delta are taken for example to analyze infl uence range of highway,and study the laws of highway construction infl uencing landscape patterns by reviewing landscape pattern changes in areas along the highways. According to the research,for Yuebei Section(north Guangdong) of Beijing–Zhuhai Highway,road construction has signifi cant infl uence on landscape patterns of the 300-m wide buffer zone(especially woodland and urban land); for Foshan–Kaiping Highway,road construction has significant influence on landscape patterns of the 1,000-m wide buffer zone(especially woodland and agricultural land); for Dongguan–Shenzhen Highway,road construction has signifi cant infl uence on landscape patterns of the 8,000-m wide buffer zone(especially woodland and urban land).

Experimental Analysis on Allometric Growth in Spualiobarbus curriculus Larvae and Juveniles in Zhaoqing Reach of the Pearl River

Ecological experiment was conducted in this paper to study the allometric growth in Squaliobarbus curriculus larvae and juveniles from Zhaoqing Reach of the Pearl River. The results showed that after first feeding, the organs associated to swimming, feeling and feeding of larvae differentiated rapidly, and exhibited allometric growth. The head length, tail length and head height exhibited positive allometric growth, while trunk length exhibited negative allometric growth before reaching the growth inflexion point 20 d after first feeding, and positive allometric growth after the inflection point. Body height exhibited positive allometric growth both before and after the growth inflexion point at 18 d after first feeding. The inflexion points of snout length, eye diameter and post-eye head length occurred 23, 19 and 16 d after first feeding. For swimming organs, the dorsal fin, pelvic fins and anal fin exhibited positive allometric growth both before and after the inflexion point at 18, 19 and 17 d after first feeding; but the tail fin exhibited positive allometric growth before the inflexion point at 14 d after first feeding, and negative allometric growth after the inflexion point. S. curriculus larvae can possess various abilities soon after first feeding to survive at early stage due to the rapid development of swimming, feeling, feeding and other organs, which has important ecological significance to adapt to the complex external environment.

Spatial Structure and Land Use Control in Extended Metropolitan Region of Zhujiang River Delta,China

The Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta is one of the most developed Extended Metropolitan Regions (EMR) in China.With the rapid urbanization,the agglomeration of population and industries has emerged,which has led to dramatic changes of spatial structure and land use in this region.With data of high resolution TM remote sensing images and Google Earth maps,this paper identified and analyzed the spatial pattern of the Zhujiang River Delta EMR using Envy and ArcGIS tools.It was found that 1) the industrial land uses were expanding substantially,particularly on the bank sides of the Zhujiang River estuary;2) large-scale housing developments were concentrated in the fringe of metropolitan areas such as those of Guangzhou and Shenzhen;3) a regional transportation network with the spatial pattern of ″1 circle +2 pieces + 3 axes″ had significantly affected the location choice of manufacture enterprises.At the same time,both highly specialized land use and severely mixed land use patterns were identified.As a consequence of the latter,land use efficiency of the whole EMR areas was reduced.Moreover,ecologic and environmental problems were severe.Based on the above analysis,suggestions were given from the viewpoint of spatial safety,land use efficiency,and the reorganization of spatial structure in the Zhujiang River Delta EMR.

The Middle-aged and Knowledge Workers: Demographic and Economic Changes in the Pearl River Delta, China

Demographic and economic development can be seen as two sides of one coin in the process of regional development.This article deals with how economic and demographic changes influence the settlement structure and development of the Pearl River Delta(PRD)and lead to regionalization processes within the large agglomerations.The aim of the study was to understand the interrelation between the three aspects:economic change,demographic change and change of spatial structures.Based on population age and occupational data,spatial changes in demographic structure and economic activities from 2000 to 2010 were analyzed.It was found that the demographic and economic change reflected changing spatial patterns between the urban centers and the hinterland in the PRD.Two processes were apparent during the studied period in the hinterlands and the high-density areas of the PRD.On one hand,the hinterlands in the PRD attracted more manufacturing activities,while the inner high-density areas experienced a decrease in manufacturing,associated with an increase in young labor in regions where workplaces that only required limited education expanded.On the other hand,specialization in knowledge-intensive business services increased in the inner high-density areas,which also saw an increased share in the older population.This finding suggests that increasing knowledge-intensive work correlates with higher age structures due to the longer formal education required and also the benefits knowledge workers accrue through experience and gained knowledge over time.Therefore,based on a transformation process,we tentatively conclude that the populations in high-density areas in the PRD became more middle-aged and were represented by more knowledge workers.

The Strength of Belief:Empirical Research on the Influence of Religion on Economy―An Analysis Based on the Panel Data of Yangtze River Delta Region in China

In recent years,research on economic growth and development has paid more and more attention to the long-term influence of factors,like history and culture on productivity and national economy.It is very meaningful to study the role of religion in economic development as religion can affect value preference,human capital,and professional ethics.This paper uses the panel data of 25 cities in Yangtze River Delta region of China in 11 years(from 2004 to 2014)to study the influence of religious belief on economic growth.Research result shows that religion plays a positive role in promoting economic growth on the whole.In different religions,Christianity has a significant influence on economic growth.The conclusion is consistent in different regressions and has robustness.However,empirical research on other religions cannot come to a consistent and robust conclusion.Considering that China's research is rate in this field,this paper provides a new perspective as an exploratory research.

Urban shrinkage and growth: Measurement and determinants of economic resilience in the Pearl River Delta

In the aftermath of the global financial crisis of 2008, China witnessed gradual shrinkage of cities in the Pearl River Delta(PRD). In this study, we introduce the concept of economic resilience to analyse urban growth and shrinkage in the context of a rapidly-urbanising region. Multiple regression analysis is performed to explore the determinants of economic resilience in the PRD. By measuring resistance in the shrinking phase and recoverability in the growing phase in a group of cities in the PRD, this study distinguishes four scenarios and investigates their characteristics from a spatial perspective. The results demonstrate that the financial crisis had a severe and asymmetric influence on this area, indicating more than 15% of cities are faced with shrinking. The spatial distribution of economic resilience indicates a centre-periphery pattern, that is, high economic resilience in the inner ring and low economic resilience in the outer ring of the PRD. The service economy is found to play a significant role in promoting urban economic resilience. Results imply that sound economic policies for enhancing resilience: both poor local financial status and a high degree of export concentration adversely impact resistance, while upgrading the manufacturing economy and stimulating of industrial innovation are conducive to improve recoverability.

Regional Economic Growth and Spillover Effects:An Analysis of China's Pan Pearl River Delta Area

The Pan Pearl River Delta （PPRD） Regional Co-operation Framework Agreement was signed in 2004. It aims to bring prosperity through partnership among nine Chinese Mainland provinces and China ＂s two special administrative regions. In this paper, we use a dynamic panel data model to examine the economic growth of the PPRD economies from 1985 to 2009. Our analysis confirms the existence of regional growth spillover effects in the PPRD area. Our results also show that economic growth spillover effects of non-PPRD regions on the PPRD regions are greater than those among the PPRD members themselves. These findings imply that economic integration between Chinese provinces has generated considerable spillover effects on regional growth. However, the anticipated benefits of the implementation of the PPRD agreement have not been realized thus far. Therefore, greater effort shouM be made to promote further economic integration among these members so that their local economies can benefit from the positive spillover effects.

Long-term trends of fine particulate matter and chemical composition in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone （PRDEZ）, China

Understanding essential for formulating the trends in PM2.5 levels is clean air plans. This paper analyzes PM2.5 data from various published sources for the years 2000 to 2010 in the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone （PRDEZ）. The long-term variation in PM2.5 mass concentration is analyzed. Results show that PM2.5, organic carbon （OC）, elemental carbon （EC）, and SO24 show a similar trend, increasing before 2005 and then decreasing slightly. The annual average PM2.5 concentra- tion ranges from 49.1 μg·m-3 in 2000 to 64.3 μg·m-3 in 2010, with a peak of 84.1 μg· m3 in 2004. None of these 11 years meets the new National Ambient Air Quality standard （NAAQS） for PM2.5 （35 μg· m-3）. Overall average concentrations of OC, EC, and SO2/4 are 13.0, 6.5, and 11.8μg·m-3, respectively. NO3 and NH＋ respectively have concentrations of 1.5 μg·m-3 and 2.9 μg·m-3 in 2000 and 6.4 μg·m 3 and 5.3μg·m-3 in 2010, with a statistically significant average annual trend of＋ 0.2 μg·m-3 ·yr-1 and ＋ 0.1 μg· m-3. yr-1. In certain geographic regions, OC and EC contribute most of the PM2.5, while in other regions secondary water-soluble ions are more important. In general, OC and SO2/4- are the dominant components of PM2.5, contributing 20.6% and 18.6%, respectively. These results provide, for the first time, a better understanding of the long-term PM2.5 characteristics and trends, on a species-by-species basis, in the PRDEZ. The results indicate that PM2.5 abatement needs to prioritize secondary species.

Construction area expansion in relation to economic-demographic development and land resource in the Pearl River Delta of China

Since 1979, the Pearl River Delta （PRD） of China has experienced rapid socio- economic development along with a fast expansion of construction area. Affected by both natural and human factors, a complex interdependency is found among the regional changes in construction area, GDP and population. A quantitative analysis of the four phases of the regional land use data extracted from remote sensing images and socioeconomic statistics spanning 1979 to 2009 demonstrates that the proportion of construction area in the PRD increased from 0.5% in 1979 to 10.8% in 2009, accompanied with a rapid loss of agricultural land. An increase of one million residents was associated with an increase of GDP of ap- proximately 32 billion yuan before 2000 and approximately 162 billion yuan after 2000. Be- cause the expansion of construction area has approached the limits of land resource in some cities of the PRD, a power function is found more suitable than a linear one in describing the relationship between GDP and construction area. Consequently, the Logistic model is shown to provide more accurate predictions of population growth than the Malthus model, particu- larly in some cities where a very large proportion of land resource has been urbanized, such as Shenzhen and Dongguan.

基于企业组织关系的珠三角城市群数字经济关联格局研究

运用连锁网络模型和社会网络分析法,基于数字经济上市企业总部-分支机构数据构建网络,分析2005—2020年珠三角城市群数字经济关联格局。结果显示:1) 2005—2020年珠三角城市群数字经济上市企业数量增长迅猛,企业跨城市联系增强,深圳、广州是数字经济发展的引擎和关联网络的控制中心。2)城市群整体关联结构从2005年的广-珠-深及连线城市组成的单三角形转变为2020年的广-佛-深和广-珠-深及连线城市组成的双三角形,网络密度提升,不对称性减弱,由单区域中心向多区域中心转变。3)分行业看,数字经济发展的行业间差距明显,信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业的网络联系最强,金融业最弱,制造业居中,深圳、广州双核心地位凸显,肇庆、江门位于网络边缘。4)推动城市群数字经济持续健康发展,需进一步增强城市间数字经济合作,更好地发挥核心城市的辐射带动作用,完善边缘城市的数字经济发展政策和基础设施;在细分行业上统筹规划行业布局,促进各行业均衡发展,形成数字经济发展合力。

珠三角城市群建设用地开发强度时空格局演化及影响因素分析

建设用地开发强度作为区域城市现代化水平的综合反映及衡量指标,进行其时空变化的测度及影响因素的分析对国土空间合理优化管控具有重要作用;虽然相关研究日益丰富完善,但研究尺度多以城市为单位,方法层面多利用地理加权回归模型进行要素空间异质性的探究。本文以珠三角城市群为研究区域,构建建设用地开发强度模型体系,计算2010~2020年珠三角各县(区)建设用地开发强度指数,通过空间自相关分析、普通最小二乘法与多尺度地理加权回归对开发强度空间特征以及各影响因素的时空格局演化进行探究。结果表明:①2010~2020年珠三角城市群建设用地开发强度总体呈增长态势,空间差异显著;高强度区主要集中于广州市、深圳市等中心地区,低强度区主要集中于肇庆市、江门市等周围地区;②珠三角建设用地开发强度正向空间集聚效益显著,冷热点空间分布格局与对应开发强度数值空间分布格局基本一致;③固定资产投资、地方财政支出及社会消费品零售总额是影响珠三角建设用地开发强度时空异质性的主导因素,三者均为社会经济影响要素,在各县区中影响程度存在差异性与不稳定性。

环境规制下长三角城市群技术协同创新网络特征对绿色经济增长的影响

以长三角城市群联合申请专利数据为基础,构建城市群技术协同创新网络。结合社会网络分析方法和固定效应面板模型,揭示跨区域技术协同创新网络静态特征(网络位置、网络关系强度)与动态特征(扩张性、稳定性)对绿色经济增长的影响,以及环境规制的调节作用。研究表明:网络位置、自我中心网络稳定性对绿色经济增长具有显著正向影响;网络关系强度与绿色经济增长之间存在U型关系;自我中心网络扩张性对绿色经济增长具有抑制作用;环境规制正向调节网络位置、网络关系强度、稳定性与绿色经济增长的关系。

珠三角森林公园林冠色彩特征

色彩作为第一视觉要义,在森林景观质量提升、彰显地域特色等方面发挥着重要作用,但目前研究多集中于色彩变化剧烈的地区,对于珠三角等以渐变性森林色彩景观为主地区的研究较少。为明确渐变性森林色彩构成特征及其变化规律,以珠三角地区林冠色彩景观为研究对象,于7个森林公园选取74个样区,利用无人机进行全年定期监测,共获取1 378张图像;采用K-Means聚类法提取图像色彩信息,耦合人眼敏感度,构建珠三角森林公园色谱,并以此为依据,从色彩构成和空间分布格局两方面量化珠三角森林色彩特征。结果表明:1)珠三角森林色彩划分为橙、黄、黄绿、浅绿、绿、深绿、蓝绿、蓝、紫、红10个色相,90种颜色;2)色彩构成方面,整体上以绿色(面积占比63.34%)为主色,浅绿色(面积占比14.01%)和黄绿色(面积占比10.16%)为辅助色,橙色(面积占比6.22%)和黄色(面积占比6.28%)为点缀色,且以低饱和度(面积占比68.48%)和中等明度(面积占比54.00%)为主;3)色彩景观格局方面,橙色和黄色之间、黄绿色和浅绿色之间的斑块指数月变化趋势一致,整体上1、2和5月森林色彩破碎化程度较高,11月斑块形状最复杂。总之,珠三角森林色彩变化集中于橙、黄、黄绿、浅绿、绿5种色相,并在色彩构成、面积占比及空间分布上呈现渐变性特征,该结果为绿美广东、美丽粤港澳大湾区建设,营造“多层次、多树种、多色彩”的珠三角森林景观提供了技术支撑。

珠三角森林公园典型林分冠层色彩季相变化

不同林分因其物种组成、植物特性及季相变化的差异呈现出独特的色彩风貌,但目前针对不同林分色彩特征及其差异性的深入研究较少。文章以珠三角地区9种典型林分为研究对象,依托森林公园设置74个样区,利用无人机进行全年定期拍摄,筛选获得1378张森林图像;基于色彩分类区间,解析图像色彩斑块,并从色彩种类构成、色彩属性及斑块景观格局3个方面选取10个指标,量化珠三角典型林分冠层色彩特征及其季相变化规律,以期为珠三角森林色彩景观设计与优化提供科学依据。结果表明:1)色彩种类构成方面,珠三角林冠色彩共涉及44种,荔枝林、桉树林和润楠林的色彩种类丰富且季节性变化强。2)色彩属性方面,桉树林、相思林和木荷林的橙色和黄色占比较大,荔枝林和楝叶吴萸林的黄绿色和浅绿色占比较大;黧蒴锥林饱和度较高,荔枝林明度较高。3)色彩景观格局方面,荔枝林和桉树林斑块多样性高,楝叶吴萸林和鹅掌柴林斑块破碎化程度高,而桉树林、相思林和樟树林斑块形状复杂。因此,尽管各林分色彩特征有所不同,但在季相变化上存在一定程度的共性。冬、春季色彩种类丰富且非绿色面积占比大;夏季饱和度和明度较高;秋季色彩斑块破碎化程度和多样性指数低但形状复杂。

长三角地区推进共同富裕对经济韧性的影响

百年未有之大变局下,韧性是实现经济高质量发展和平稳运行的关键。与此同时,共同富裕是中国式现代化的重要目标,区域推进共同富裕对其经济韧性的影响尚待论证。基于2013—2020年长三角地区40个地级以上城市的面板数据,在定量测度共同富裕与经济韧性水平的基础上,分析其时空格局演变特征,并借助空间面板杜宾模型探究共同富裕对经济韧性的影响效应。结果表明:①时序层面,长三角地区共同富裕和经济韧性水平总体呈现上升趋势,且上升趋势逐渐趋同;②空间层面,长三角地区共同富裕和经济韧性水平空间分布格局较为稳定,整体上分别呈现出“东南高、西北低”和“以上海、杭州、南京、苏州四市为中心向外围扩散”的空间分异特征,同时在演进过程中表现出高值市域优势锁定的现象;③影响效应上,随着长三角地区共同富裕的有效推进,不仅对本地经济韧性具有显著正向促进作用,而且对邻近城市的经济韧性呈现显著的正向溢出效应。