Surface geochemical anomaly pattern of medium-to-high temperature geothermal systems in South China and its application

The existence of thermal storage will correspondingly increase the temperature of surrounding strata and promote the continuous expansion,volatilization,upward migration,and loss of gas in the strata.As a result,a low-concentration gas field will be formed in the strata above geothermal reservoirs.Geothermal reservoirs could in turn heat formation water and increase the solubility of soluble inorganic salts in the surrounding rocks and the total dissolved solids(TDS)content in the formation water.Since water can strongly wet and permeate strata,the dissolved inorganic salts migrate into upper strata along with water,giving rise to the formation of a high-concentration inorganic salt field in the strata above geothermal reservoirs.A higher geothermal reservoir temperature corresponds to more significant characteristics mentioned above.Therefore,a medium-to-high temperature geothermal system has a surface geochemical anomaly pattern of high inorganic salt concentrations and low gas concentrations(also referred to as the high-salt and low-gas pattern).This pattern is applied to the surface geochemical exploration of the two geothermal fields in Guangdong Province,i.e.,the Huangshadong geothermal field in Huizhou City and the Xinzhou geothermal field in Yangjiang City,revealing low-concentration gas fields above both.The application results also show that the exposed thermal spring water in both geological fields has higher concentration of dissolved inorganic salt than the surface water and nearby seawater,forming high-amplitude anomalies on the surface above geothermal reservoirs.These characteristics,as well as the measured temperature at known geothermal wells,verify the validity of the high-salt and low-gas pattern of medium-to-high temperature geothermal systems proposed in this study.Moreover,the high-salt and low-gas pattern proposed predicts three favorable medium-to-high temperature geothermal zones in the surface geochemical exploration of the Shiba Basin near the Huangshadong geothermal field.

Effects of a carbon convection field on large diamond growth under high-pressure high-temperature conditions

Large diamond crystals were successfully synthesized by a FeNi C system using the temperature gradient method under high-pressure high-temperature conditions. The assembly of the growth cell was improved and the growth process of diamond was investigated. Effects of the symmetry of the carbon convection field around the growing diamond crystal were investigated systematically by adjusting the position of the seed crystal in the melted catalyst/solvent. The results indicate that the morphologies and metal inclusion distributions of the synthetic diamond crystals vary obviously in both symmetric and non-symmetric carbon convection fields with temperature. Moreover, the finite element method was applied to analyze the carbon convection mode of the melted catalyst/solvent around the diamond crystal. This work is helpful for understanding the growth mechanism of diamond.

A two-dimensional air streamer discharge modified model based on artificial stability term under non-uniform electric field at low temperature and sub-atmospheric pressure

In this paper, an improved air discharge fluid model under non-uniform electric field is constructed based on the plasma module COMSOL Multiphysics with artificial stability term, and the boundary conditions developed in the previous paper are applied to the calculation of photoionization rate. Based on the modified model, the characteristics of low temperature subatmospheric air discharge under 13 kV direct current voltage are discussed, including needle-plate and needle-needle electrode structures. Firstly, in order to verify the reliability of the model, a numerical example and an experimental verification were carried out for the modified model respectively. Both verification results show that the model can ensure the accuracy and repeatability of the calculation. Secondly, according to the calculation results of the modified model, under the same voltage and spacing, the reduced electric field under low temperature subatmosphere pressure is larger than that under normal temperature and atmospheric pressure. The high electric field leads to the air discharge at low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure entering the streamer initiation stage earlier, and has a faster propagation speed in the streamer development stage, which shortens the overall discharge time. Finally, the discharge characteristics of the two electrode structures are compared, and it is found that the biggest difference between them is that there is a pre-ionization region near the cathode in the needle-needle electrode structure. When the pre-ionization level reaches 1013 cm-3, the propagation speed of the positive streamer remains unchanged throughout the discharge process, and is no longer affected by the negative streamer. The peak value of electric field decreases with the increase of pre-ionization level, and tends to be constant during streamer propagation. Based on the previous paper, this paper constructs the air discharge model under non-uniform electric field, complements with the previous paper, and forms a relatively complete set of air discharge simulation system under low temperature and sub atmospheric pressure, which provides a certain reference for future research.

Advanced high-pressure transport measurement system integrated with low temperature and magnetic field

We briefly introduce a new high-pressure transport measurement system integrated with low temperature and magnetic field that is being established as one of the user experimental stations of the Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facilities in the Huairou District of Beijing, China. To demonstrate the capabilities of the system for condensed matter research, the emergence of some pressure-induced phenomena and physics related to superconductivity found previously is also introduced, and then a perspective for such an advanced high-pressure system is presented.

A coupled model of temperature and pressure based on hydration kinetics during well cementing in deep water

Considering the complicated interactions between temperature,pressure and hydration reaction of cement,a coupled model of temperature and pressure based on hydration kinetics during deep-water well cementing was established.The differential method was used to do the coupled numerical calculation,and the calculation results were compared with experimental and field data to verify the accuracy of the model.When the interactions between temperature,pressure and hydration reaction are considered,the calculation accuracy of the model proposed is within 5.6%,which can meet the engineering requirements.A series of numerical simulation was conducted to find out the variation pattern of temperature,pressure and hydration degree during the cement curing.The research results show that cement temperature increases dramatically as a result of the heat of cement hydration.With the development of cement gel strength,the pore pressure of cement slurry decreases gradually to even lower than the formation pressure,causing gas channeling;the transient temperature and pressure have an impact on the rate of cement hydration reaction,so cement slurry in the deeper part of wellbore has a higher rate of hydration rate as a result of the high temperature and pressure.For well cementing in deep water regions,the low temperature around seabed would slow the rate of cement hydration and thus prolong the cementing cycle.

Face stability of shield tunnels considering a kinematically admissible velocity field of soil arching

Existing mechanism of simulating soil movement at tunnel face is generally based on the translational or rotational velocity field,which is,to some extent,different from the real soil movement in the arching zone.Numerical simulations are carried out first to investigate the characteristics of the velocity distribution at tunnel face and above tunnel vault.Then a new kinematically admissible velocity field is proposed to improve the description of the soil movement according to the results of the numerical simulation.Based on the proposed velocity field,an improved failure mechanism is constructed adopting the spatial discretization technique,which takes into account soil arching effect and plastic deformation within soil mass.Finally,the critical face pressure and the proposed mechanism are compared with the results of the numerical simulation,existing analytical studies and experimental tests to verify the accuracy and improvement of the presented method.The proposed mechanism can serve as an alternative approach for the face stability analysis.

Gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams and its application

In order to obtain a gas seepage law of deep mined coal seams, according to the properties of coalbed methane seepage in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields, the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams with the Klinkenberg effect was obtained by confirming the coalbed methane permeability in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields. Aimed at the condition in which the coal seams have or do not have an outcrop and outlet on the ground, the application of the gas seepage equa- tion of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields on the gas pressure calculation of deep mined coal seams was investigated. The comparison between calculated and measured results indicates that the calculation method of gas pressure, based on the gas seepage equation of deep mined coal seams in in-situ stress and geothermal temperature fields can accu- rately be identical with the measured values and theoretically perfect the calculation method of gas pressure of deep mined coal seams.

Flow Characteristics of Crude Oil with High Water Fraction during Non-heating Gathering and Transportation

In order to ensure the safety of the non-heating gathering and transportation processes for high water fraction crude oil,the effect of temperature,water fraction,and flow rate on the flow characteristics of crude oil with high water fraction was studied in a flow experimental system of the X Oilfield.Four distinct flow patterns were identified by the photographic and local sampling techniques.Especially,three new flow patterns were found to occur below the pour point of crude oil,including EW/O&W stratified flow with gel deposition,EW/O&W intermittent flow with gel deposition,and water single-phase flow with gel deposition.Moreover,two characteristic temperatures,at which the change rate of pressure drop had changed obviously,were found during the change of pressure drop.The characteristic temperature of the first congestion of gel deposition in the pipeline was determined to be the safe temperature for the non-heating gathering and transportation of high water cut crude oil,while the pressure drop reached the peak at this temperature.An empirical formula for the safe temperature was established for oil-water flow with high water fraction/low fluid production rate.The results can serve as a guide for the safe operation of the non-heating gathering and transportation of crude oil in high water fraction oilfields.

Injection molding of micro patterned PMMA plate

A plastic plate with surface micro features was injection molded to investigate the effect of pressure rise of melt on the replication of the micro structures. Prism pattern, which is used in many optical applications, was selected as a model pattern. The prism pattern is 50 μm in pitch and 108° in the vertical angle. The overall size of the plate was 335 mm×213 mm and the thickness of the plate varied linearly from 2.6 mm to 0.7 mm. The prism pattern was firstly machined on the nickel plated core block using micro diamond tool and this machined pattern core was installed in a mold for injection molding of prism patterned plate. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was used as a molding material. The pressure and temperature of the melt in the cavity were measured at different positions in the cavity and the replication of the pattern was also measured at the same positions. The results show that the pressure or temperature profile through the process depends on the shape and the size of the plate. The replication is affected by the temperature and pressure profiles at the early stage of filling, which is right after the melt reaches the position to be measured.

CFD simulation of spontaneous coal combustion in irregular patterns of goaf with multiple points of leaking air

Based on the non-linear air leakage seepage equation for an anisotropic porous medium, on the seepage diffusion equation of multicomponent gas and on the seepage synthetic heat transfer equation of a porous medium, the numerical model for field flow problems of irregular patterns of a goaf with multiple points of leaking air is established and simultaneously solved by the upwind mode finite element method (G3 computer program). According to the complexity of irregular patterns of a goaf with multiple points of leaking air, the flow pattern in a large area of such a goaf and the variation in gases of methane, oxygen and CO and in temperature are theoretically described. In the calculation, the goaf is regarded as a caving anisotropic medium and the coupling effect of methane effusion on spontaneous combustion is considered. The simulation results agree well with practical experience. In addition, the spontaneous combustion process is also simulated, indicating that 1) the spontaneous combustion often takes place near the area where fresh air leaks in and 2) the fire sources can be classified into static and dynamic zones. Therefore, in practical fire preventing and extinguishing, we should clearly distinguish the upstream air leaking points from the downstream ones in order to take proper measures for leakage stopping.

盾尾刷更换时液氮冻结温度场及冻结参数影响的数值模拟分析

为合理确定高水压下液氮冻结止水更换盾尾刷的冻结设计参数及掌握温度场变化规律,结合某过江通道长距离盾构掘进过程中盾尾刷更换时的液氮冻结止水工程,利用ADINA大型有限元分析软件建立液氮冻结止水及盾尾刷更换数值模型,模拟温度-时间变化曲线与现场实测数据对比,验证模型的合理性,并对土层、去路液氮温度、冻结管长度、冻结管间距、冻结方式进行敏感性因素分析。结果表明:1)冻结效果随土层的不同而发生改变,在卵石层、砾砂层、粉细砂层3种土层中,粉细砂层的冻结效果最差,卵石层最好;2)在有限的冻结时间内,去路液氮温度的不同,只影响土体从开始冻结至越过0℃完成相变这期间的降温速度,不影响完成冻结以后的土体降温速率;3)冻结管长度对土层冻结的影响较小,可以采用较短的冻结管,以降低施工成本和液氮消耗量,但不能过短,应保证其纵向有足够的支撑范围,经计算分析,当冻结管长度为1.52 m时,能在轴面处满足2.0 m的冻结壁厚度要求;4)冻结管间距对冻结效果影响大,冻结管越密,冻结速度越快,效果越好;5)在相同条件下,双环预埋冻结管液氮冻结效果优于管片上直接打孔液氮冻结。

控压固井注入阶段流体密度和流变性分段预测方法

为解决控压固井注入阶段入井流体密度及流变性预测难的问题,设计了流体密度和流变性测量试验,基于试验结果优选了流变模式,建立了考虑不同流体性能差异的温压耦合模型,提出了流体密度和流变参数的分段预测方法。以川北地区X井为例进行了模拟计算,模拟结果表明:采用分段方法可将赫巴模式、四参数模式等多种流变模式作为优选对象,能更精确地描述流体的流变性;控压固井注入阶段采用常规计算方法,井口回压值偏低,大大增加了地层气侵风险,且不同方法预测的环空温度场相差不大;温度和压力的耦合作用对于流体密度和流变性及其变化规律的影响较大,也会对环空浆柱结构的设计及固井施工效果产生重要影响。研究结果为控压固井设计施工提供了理论依据。

高温高压气井测试井筒温度应力场耦合分析

海上高温高压气井测试期间,井口温度升幅过大易导致水泥环发生破坏,近井口出现密封失效,而目前针对上述问题涉及的温度应力耦合方面的基础理论研究还不够深入。文中基于传热学和弹塑性力学等相关理论,建立了深水高温高压气井测试期间井筒温度应力场耦合模型,并采用PIPESIM模拟和实测2套温度数据验证了模型的高精度与准确性。进一步利用建立的模型对测试期间的井筒温度及水泥环应力分布进行分析,提出了测试期间存在“最佳测试产量”,并对温度应力场的影响因素开展了参数敏感性分析。结果表明,测试产量和气油比对井筒温度应力场的影响较大。选择壁厚较大的套管、低弹性模量及高泊松比的弹韧性水泥浆,更能在井口升温幅度较大时保持良好的水泥环密封性。本研究可为海洋气井测试过程中井筒温度应力场的准确预测提供理论依据,对井筒安全评价具有重要工程意义。

库车坳陷深层盐下白垩系储集层氯盐分布模式及意义

库车坳陷克拉苏构造带盐下白垩系巴什基奇克组储集层分布了一批高产、稳产的天然气藏群,其储集层为超深、高温、超压致密砂岩储集层,孔隙度越高,氯盐含量越高,储集层视电阻率越低,储集层中氯盐的分布严重影响流体识别,其对盐下致密砂岩物性的影响较明显。利用岩心观察、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、氯盐含量、常规测井曲线分析等,系统分析了库车坳陷盐下白垩系巴什基奇克组储集层氯盐的分布特征。根据氯盐含量、电阻率、氯盐来源等的差异,提出盐下储集层氯盐分布具有顶渗、侧渗和局部封存3种模式。顶渗模式与侧渗模式的电阻率仅受氯盐含量的影响,顶渗模式储集层氯盐含量呈垂向分带特征,随氯盐含量的降低,电阻率升高;侧渗模式储集层氯盐含量呈横向分带特征,电阻率自构造带边缘向中心表现出由高到低再升高的趋势;局部封存模式电阻率受应力和氯盐含量的共同影响,氯盐含量分布具有偶发性,电阻率变化幅度大。根据测井响应特征划分了各模式的分布段序列,顶渗模式自上而下发育盐层段、泥岩封隔段、饱和氯盐强影响段、未饱和氯盐强影响段、未饱和氯盐影响过渡段和氯盐未影响段;侧渗模式在顶渗模式基础上多发育过饱和氯盐影响段;局部封存模式从上到下划分为盐层段、泥岩封隔段、强挤压应力氯盐未影响段、氯盐应力混合影响段和氯盐应力未影响段。

考虑应力路径的深埋高地温隧洞黏弹-塑性围岩解析解

高地温深埋水工隧洞黏弹-塑性岩体中,由于高温环境的影响和隧洞降温等,致使围岩产生一定的温度应力。因此研究高地温隧洞围岩解析解时必须研究温度应力对围岩塑性区以及应力应变的影响。基于广义Kelvin模型与Bingham模型组成的高地温深埋水工隧洞黏弹塑性围岩力学模型,并在考虑应力路径对围岩与支护的影响下,结合高地温环境中温度应力对围岩与衬砌的影响,进而推导高地温环境热力耦合作用下围岩应力、应变、洞壁位移以及围岩塑性区半径的解析解。基于新疆某高地温水工隧洞工程进行分析与计算,对温度、围岩应力应变及塑性区半径的关系展开理论计算与分析。结果表明:考虑温度应力后计算得到的围岩位移更小。当隧洞内温度变化到达一定量时,所产生的温度应力可能会对围岩与衬砌相互作用的稳定性产生影响。

多相混输泵用超高压机械密封性能研究

针对超高压混输泵机械密封易磨损失效的问题,介绍了端面槽加工和涂层应用两种策略,用热流固耦合分析方法,分析了浅槽微接触式机械密封在实际应用中的温度分布和端面变形情况,阐述了表面涂层技术的应用,进行了一系列机械密封性能的试验研究。研究结果不仅证实了这些技术在提高机械密封寿命和可靠性方面的有效性,还证实了端面开槽和涂层技术在降低摩擦、改善耐磨性能方面的显著效果。为超高压混输泵机械密封系统的设计和优化提供了重要的理论依据及实践指导。

基于Workbench的高压圆盘气体轴承共轭传热研究

高压圆盘气体轴承流道间隙内高速气流的对流换热与轴承圆盘内部热传导紧密耦合在一起,是一个典型的共轭传热问题。基于ANSYS Workbench工作平台的Fluid Flow(Fluent)模块对高压圆盘气体轴承进行共轭传热数值模拟,获得轴承流道间隙内的速度和压力分布、流体域与固体域的温度分布以及共轭传热时流固耦合壁面的热流密度分布,并将其与非共轭传热恒温壁面条件下的计算结果进行对比,得到高压圆盘气体轴承共轭传热的一些基本特性。结果表明:2种情况下的计算结果存在较大差异,非共轭传热恒温壁面条件下,间隙内的气体只吸热,流体域耦合壁面上的热流密度均为正值;而共轭传热条件下流体域耦合壁面热流密度存在正负值,间隙内气体的吸热和放热同时存在,显示出轴承圆盘的热传导与间隙内气体的对流换热具有复杂的共轭作用机制;相比之下,采用共轭传热模型可以得到更为符合实际的结果。研究结果为该类轴承的设计和制造提供了有益的指导。

基于有限元模型的薄板压力圆筒焊缝应力分析与应用

由于数字仿真技术在焊缝应力分析中有着重要的作用,研究将ANSYS有限元分析软件应用到薄板压力圆筒焊缝应力分析中,并探究其具体仿真模拟流程。研究结果表明,有限元分析模型能够简单直观地对焊缝形成过程进行分析,在实际焊缝操作中有着重要的应用价值。

基于过渡态测试数据的高压涡轮盘瞬态热分析模型优化方法

为了提高发动机高压涡轮盘瞬态温度场的分析精度,提出利用试车过程中旋转部件过渡态壁温测试数据的高压涡轮盘瞬态热分析模型优化方法。引入自适应模拟退火(ASA)优化算法,将典型位置处温度计算值与测试数据之间的均方根误差最小为优化目标,建立了过渡态热分析计算模型优化方法,实现了高压涡轮盘瞬态热分析模型的自动优化。以高压涡轮盘实际历程下壁温测点数据为基准,开展瞬态热分析模型优化及验证。结果表明:优化后热分析模型的节点温度计算值随时间的变化曲线与实测温度变化趋势吻合良好,且在全时间域内高压涡轮盘典型位置处瞬态计算壁温与测试值的平均偏差为11 K,最大偏差为15 K,满足工程计算的精度要求。算例表明高压涡轮盘瞬态热分析模型优化方法在提升温度场修正计算效率的同时具备较高的计算精度。