Attenuation of peak ground accelerations from the great Wenchuan earthquake

Over 800 accelerograms recorded by 272 ground-level stations during the Wenchuan earthquake are used to analyze the influence of rupture distance,local site conditions and azimuth on peak ground accelerations(PGAs).To achieve a better understanding of the characteristics of ground motions,the spatial distributions of the EW,NS and UD components of PGAs are obtained.Comparisons between the EW and NS components,the fault-normal and fault-parallel components,and the vertical and horizontal components of PGAs are performed,and the regression formula of the vertical-to-horizontal ratio of PGAs is developed.The attenuation relationship of peak horizontal accelerations(PHAs) is compared with several contemporary attenuation relationships.In addition,an analysis of residuals is conducted to identify the potential effects of rupture distance,azimuth and site conditions on the observed values of PHAs.The analysis focuses on medium-hard soil site conditions,as they provided most of the data used in this study.

Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment of Kazakhstan and Almaty city in peak ground accelerations

As for many post-soviet countries, Kazakhstan's building code for seismic design was based on a deterministic approach. Recently, Kazakhstan seismologists are engaged to adapt the PSHA(probabilistic hazard assessment) procedure to the large amount of available geological, geophysical and tectonic Kazakh data and to meet standard requirements for the Eurocode 8. The new procedure has been used within National projects to develop the Probabilistic GSZ(General Seismic Zoning) maps of the Kazakhstan territory and the SMZ(Probabilistic Seismic Microzoning) maps of Almaty city. They agree with the seismic design principles of Eurocode 8 and are expressed in terms of not only seismic intensity,but also engineering parameters(peak ground acceleration PGA). The whole packet of maps has been developed by the Institute of Seismology, together with other Kazakhstan Institutions. Our group was responsible for making analysis in PGA. The GSZ maps and hazard assessment maps for SMZ in terms of PGA for return periods 475 and 2475 years are considered in the article.

Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar

In this study, the previously reported isoseismal maps are compiled and used to carefully investigate the macroseismic intensity in terms of the Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) scale, based on the engineering ground-motion parameter, as the peak ground acceleration (PGA), inferred from the ground-motion attenuation characteristic of Myanmar. The preliminary relationship between the MMI and PGA is reported to be a function of log10(PGA) = 0.2526MMI – 3.1006. The strongly correlated MMI-PGA relationship obtained in this study, if confirmed, will be particularly useful in real-time applications for damage prediction or engineering parameter determination when an earthquake occurs in or nearby to Myanmar. Compared with the previously proposed MMI-PGA relationships for other regions, the standard of building construction in Myanmar is not high enough to withstand the hazards from earthquakes, particularly at higher levels of ground motion. Therefore, the standard building code for Myanmar should be modified in order to reduce future hazards arising from earthquakes.

Prediction of peak ground acceleration of Iran's tectonic regions using a hybrid soft computing technique

A new model is derived to predict the peak ground acceleration(PGA) utilizing a hybrid method coupling artificial neural network(ANN) and simulated annealing(SA), called SA-ANN. The proposed model relates PGA to earthquake source to site distance, earthquake magnitude, average shear-wave velocity,faulting mechanisms, and focal depth. A database of strong ground-motion recordings of 36 earthquakes,which happened in Iran's tectonic regions, is used to establish the model. For more validity verification,the SA-ANN model is employed to predict the PGA of a part of the database beyond the training data domain. The proposed SA-ANN model is compared with the simple ANN in addition to 10 well-known models proposed in the literature. The proposed model performance is superior to the single ANN and other existing attenuation models. The SA-ANN model is highly correlated to the actual records(R=0.835 and r =0.0908) and it is subsequently converted into a tractable design equation.

Amplification Effect of Peak Ground Motion Acceleration in ClassⅡ and Ⅲ Sites over Shandong Provincet

In this paper, the amplification factor (ks) of peek ground motion with different exceedance probability in class Ⅱ and Ⅲ sites over Shandong Province was estimated by analyzing the seismic response data of soil layers collected from 358 boreholes of classⅡ sites and 140 boreholes of class Ⅲ site. From the results, one can conclude that: (1) The scatter plot of ks generally obeys a normal distribution; (2) ks decreases with the increase of the strength of input ground motion, which is more apparent in Class Ⅲ site than in class Ⅱ site; (3) for classⅡ site, with the increase of depth of the bedrock interface where ground motion inputs, ks increases gradually until to a stable value when the depth reaches up to approximately 20 meters or larger. Yet, for class Ⅲ site, ks is insensitive to the depth; (4) the average of ks for classⅡ site is 1.47, slightly larger than that used in the Seismic Ground Motion Parameters Zonation Map of China (GB 18306-2001). Also, ks in classⅡ and Ⅲ sites at different levels of peak ground acceleration over Shandong Province is preliminarily discussed in the paper.

A Bayesian Approach to Seismic Hazard Estmation: Maximum Values of Magnitudes and Peak Ground Accelerations

A rather simple straightforward procedure of estimating maximum values of the considered parameter (earthquake magnitude in a given region or seismic peak ground acceleration at the considered site) and quantiles of its probabilistic distribution in a future time interval of a given length is presented. To assess the peak ground acceleration using this method, the input information is the earthquake catalog and the regressive relation where the peak seismic acceleration at a given point bears the magnitude and epicentral distance of the site considered (seismic attenuation law). The method is based on the Bayesian approach, in which the influence of uncertainties of magnitudes and seismic acceleration values can be taken into account. The main assumptions for the method are the Poissonian character of the seismic event flow, a frequency-magnitude law of Gutenberg-Richter’s type with a cutoff maximum value for the estimated parameter, and an earthquake catalog that has a rather large number of events. The method has been applied to seismic hazard estimation in California, the Balkans, and Japan.

On the realization of seismic microzonation of Almaty (Kazakhstan) in ground accelerations based on the “continual” approach

Seismic microzonation for Almaty city for the first time use probabilistic approach and hazard is expressed in terms of not only macroseismic intensity,but also Peak Ground Acceleration(PGA).To account for the effects of local soil conditions,the continual approach proposed by A.S.Aleshin[1,2]was used,in which soil coefficients are a function of the continuously changing seismic rigidity.Soil coefficients were calculated using the new data of geological and geophysical surveys and findings of previous geotechnical studies.The used approach made it possible to avoid using soil categories and a jump change in characteristics of soil conditions and seismic impact.The developed seismic microzonation maps are prepared for further introduction into the normative documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

基于等损伤的主余震序列型地震动PGA放大系数谱研究

大地震发生后往往会伴随强余震发生,强烈余震会加重结构的破坏程度,在抗震设计及结构损伤评估中考虑余震的影响是一重要课题。采用NGA-West2数据库建立主余震序列型地震动记录数据集,基于损伤等效思想定义主余震作用下PGA放大系数α,针对单自由度体系结构,通过动力时程分析建立不同相对强度、不同场地条件下平均PGA放大系数谱,进一步通过回归分析构建PGA放大系数谱的预测方程,分析统计结果的离散性。结果表明:PGA放大系数谱受场地条件影响较小,受主余震相对强度影响显著;放大系数谱值随周期增大而减小。谱预测方程能够提供目标损伤下结构的主震PGA放大需求,并可以作为设计谱调整系数使用,以实现在结构抗震设计及结构损伤评估中考虑余震的影响。

Comparison of the cumulative absolute velocity and acceleration peak value based on Wenchuan earthquake data

This paper discusses and presents the cumulative absolute velocity( CAV) parameters of the Wenchuan earthquake.Additionally,the CAV calculated from recorded data for the earthquake is compared to the peak ground acceleration( PGA),based on a brief analysis of background information.Accordingly,the paper studied the relationship between the CAV and PGA,and 3 CAV /PGA ratio charts were obtained in three different sub-directions.Linear and polynomial fitting operations were then used to analyze the potential discipline and characteristics in these directions.Finally,in the study,we investigated the applicability of using the CAV parameter for earthquake observation systems,and the CAV parameter was paired with the currently used PGA to provide earthquake observers and emergency responders with a theoretical basis.

Effect of seismic super-shear rupture on the directivity of ground motion acceleration

The effect of seismic super-shear rupture on the directivity of ground motions using simulated accelerations of a vertical strike-slip fault model is the topic of this study.The discrete wave number/finite element method was adopted to calculate the ground motion in the horizontal layered half space.An analysis of peak ground acceleration(PGA)indicates that similar to the sub-shear situation,directivity also exists in the super-shear situation.However,there are some differences as follows:(1)The PGA of the fault-normal component decreases with super-shear velocity,and the areas that were significantly affected by directivity in the PGA field changed from a cone-shaped region in the forward direction in a sub-shear situation to a limited near-fault region in a super-shear situation.(2)The PGA of the fault-parallel and vertical component is not as sensitive as the fault-normal component to the increasing super-shear velocity.(3)The PGA of the fault-normal component is not always greater than the fault-parallel component when the rupture velocity exceeds the shear wave velocity.

A new empirical equation of shear wave velocity to predict the different peak surface accelerations for Jakarta city

Site condition and bedrock depth play important roles in the determination of peak surface acceleration(PSA)values by earthquake motions.The soil parameters of shear wave velocity(Vs)and standard penetration test-number(N)value for Jakarta city are available up to 100 m below the Earth’s surface even though the typical depths to bedrock are in excess of 100 m.This study referred to the base motion peak ground acceleration(PGA)values of 0.100 g,0.218 g and 0.378 g to predict the PSA values using the Nonlinear Earthquake site Response Analysis(NERA)to analyse a simulated dataset for the bedrock depths of 100 m,200 m,300 m,400 m and 500 m with conditioned by clayey and sandy soils.A new empirical equation of Vs=102.48 N0.297(m/s)was proposed to calculate the values of Vsused as an input parameter in the NERA programme for the prediction of seismic wave propagation.The results showed that the PSA values are dependent on the amplitude of seismic waves,depths of bedrock and the local site conditions.Changes in the PSA values from 41.0%to 51.5%and from 46.1%to 79.8%for the bedrocks overlain by sand,from 20.0%to 42.1%and from 45.9%to 58.8%for the bedrocks overlain by clay with increasing of bedrock depths from 200 m to 300 m and from 400 m to 500 m,respectively,were predicted for a 2500-year return period earthquake.Decreases in the PSA values by 41.0%,51.5%,46.1%,79.8%for the bedrocks overlain by sand and by 20.0%,42.1%,45.9%,58.8%for the bedrocks overlain by clay were predicted for a 2500-year return period earthquake due to the bedrock depth changes of 200 m,300 m,400 m,500 m.Large-magnitude earthquake of Jakarta city has a significant effect on an increase or a decrease of the PSA value with depth of bedrock and may cause the vibration damage to buildings and other constructions on the ground.The analysis of the PSA value and PSA ratio influenced by the PGA value,bedrock depth and local soil conditions will make a contribution to the design of earthquake-safe building for Jakarta city in the future.

Direct use of peak ground motion parameters for the estimation of inelastic displacement ratio of SDOF systems subjected to repeated far fault ground motions

This study is aimed at developing statistical equations to estimate the inelastic displacement ratio of singledegree-of-freedom systems subjected to far fault repeated earthquakes. In the study, peak ground motion parameters are used to define the scatter of the original data. The ratio of peak ground acceleration to peak ground velocity, and peak ground velocity of the ground motion records and structural parameters such as period of vibration and lateral strength ratio are used in the proposed equations. For the development of the equations, nonlinear time history analyses of single-degree-offreedom systems are conducted. Then, the results are used in a multivariate regression procedure. The equations are verified by comparing the estimated results with the calculated results. The average error and coefficient of variation of the proposed equations are presented. The analyses results revealed that the direct use of peak ground motion parameters for the estimation of inelastic displacement ratio significantly reduced the scatter in the original data and yielded accurate results. From the comparative results it is also observed that results obtained using equations specific to peak ground velocity or peak ground acceleration to peak ground velocity ratio are similar.

Artificial ground motion compatible with specified ground shaking peaks and target response spectrum

This article describes a hybrid simulation method to generate artificial ground motion time histories that are compatible with specified peak seismic acceleration, velocity and displacement as well as the target response spectrum of absolute acceleration. First, based on traditional methods that match the target spectrum in the frequency domain, an initial acceleration time history was synthesized to satisfy the specified peak acceleration, target spectral acceleration and intensity envelope. Second, by using the inversion formula of the seismic input to a linear single-degree-of-freedom system and by superimposing a series of narrow-band time histories in the time domain, the initial time history is further modified to allow its peak velocity and displacement to approach the targets and improve its matching precision with the target spectrum. Numerical examples are provided to demonstrate that the proposed method achieves good agreement with the target values.

Time derivative of earthquake acceleration

Unlike acceleration, velocity, and displacement, the time derivative of acceleration (TDoA) of ground motion has not been extensively studied. In this paper, the basic characteristics of TDoA are evaluated based on records from the 1999Chi-Chi, earthquake (Mw 7.6) and one of its aftershocks (Mw 6.2). It is found that the maximum TDoA at a free-field station was over 31,200 crm/s3 (31.8 g/s); and the duration of 'strong' TDoA, between the first and the last time points exceeding 2,000 cm/s3 (2 g/s), was almost one minute near the epicenter area. Since ground TDoA sensors are not commonly available,the time series are calculated by direct numerical differentiation of acceleration time series. Relative error analysis shows that the error is non-transitive and total error is within 4%. The density function of TDoA amplitude, frequency content and spatial distribution of peak ground jerk (PGJ) are evaluated. The study also includes examination of some TDoA responses from a seven-story building and comparison of ground TDoA with the limit TDoA used in the transportation industry for ride comfort. Some potential impacts of TDoA on humans have also been reviewed.

Artificial ground motion compatible with specified peak velocity and target spectrum

In this paper, a method, which synthesizes the artificial ground motion compatible with the specified peak velocity as well as the target acceleration response spectrum, was proposed. In this method, firstly, an initial acceleration time history a g(0)(t), which satisfies the prescribed peak ground acceleration, the target spectral acceleration ST(ω, ζ ), and the specified intensity envelope, is generated by the traditional method that generates the re- sponse-spectrum-compatible artificial ground motion by modifying the Fourier amplitude spectrum in the fre- quency domain; secondly, a g(0)(t) is further modulated by superimposing narrow-band time histories upon it in the time domain to make its peak velocity, approach the target peak ground velocity, and at the same time to improve its fitting precision to the target spectrum. Numerical examples show that this algorithm boasts high calculation precisions.

基于监测台网加速度信号分析的上海周边区域地震影响评价

2021年11月至2023年8月期间,上海市周边区域共发生了5次有感地震,分别为江苏盐城市大丰区海域5.0级、江苏常州市天宁区4.2级、黄海海域4.8级、上海市青浦区3.1级和山东德州市平原县5.5级地震,同济大学监测台网的4个测站捕获了这5次地震的场地和典型结构加速度信号,分析了各次地震作用下场地和典型结构的加速度信号的峰值及持时,探讨了各次地震信号的反应谱特征,对照设计反应谱曲线的第一特征段和第二特征段,对这5次周边区域地震对上海市的影响进行评价。

顺倾及反倾层状碎裂结构斜坡地震反应的大型振动台试验研究

西南艰险山区分布着大量的不同倾向的层状碎裂结构斜坡,地震作用下极易发生崩塌、滑坡等灾害,对在建的川藏铁路造成严重威胁。通过大型振动台模型试验,研究了强震条件下顺倾、反倾层状碎裂结构斜坡的动力响应、失稳破坏模式以及能量传递规律。试验结果表明:反倾斜坡的抗震性能显著优于顺倾斜坡;顺倾斜坡的破坏模式主要为拉裂-剪切-隆起-滑移型破坏,反倾斜坡的破坏模式主要为拉伸-弯曲-倾倒-崩塌型破坏;反倾斜坡的自振频率高于顺倾斜坡,顺倾斜坡的自振频率随震级的增加而逐渐降低,而反倾斜坡的自振频率在地震波幅值为0.4g~0.7g时出现反复震荡现象;顺倾斜坡存在明显的高程放大效应和趋表效应,反倾斜坡存在高程放大效应,其内部的加速度响应大于坡表。边际谱识别显示:顺倾斜坡的边际谱幅值(peak of marginal spectrum amplitude,简称PMSA)突变在坡腰上部最显著,说明该位置附近地震波的能量损失最大,反映出顺倾斜坡在坡腰上部附近形成了滑动破坏面;反倾斜坡的PMSA在坡肩处降低得最为显著,反映出坡肩部位损伤最为严重,易发生局部崩塌破坏。分析结果与试验现象能够较好地吻合,进一步揭示了不同结构类型层状碎裂结构斜坡在强震作用下的动力响应与失稳破坏模式,为川藏铁路的安全建设提供了依据。

震源机制类型对近场峰值加速度(PGA)分布的影响——以唐山和汶川震区为例

利用首都圈强震台网比较密集的数字地震记录,研究2003年4月发生在唐山震区的2次4级地震。利用布设在四川、甘肃、陕西的强震台网和临时强震台网的资料,研究2008年7月和8月发生在四川汶川的2次6级地震。得到正断层和走向滑动断层、逆冲断层和走向滑动断层的地震近场PGA分布的差异。结果表明,这种差异是显著的。不仅大震的PGA近场分布复杂,中小地震也是如此。经频谱分析发现,这种影响出现差异的地震波频率较低,城市化的建筑向高层大型发展,其自振周期相应较长。近直立走向滑动地震的PGA高值区沿断层对称分布,而正断层和逆断层则集中在断层上盘,这对于破坏性地震应急救援中力量、物资的投入有借鉴意义。

不同超越概率水平PGA关系研究

本文以核动力工程和大型水电等工程场地地震危险性分析结果为样本,统计分析了我国不同超越概率水平的基岩水平向地震动峰值加速度(PGA)之间的关系。结果表明:①PGA随超越概率水平增大,其降低幅度存在稳定的比例关系;②上述关系在不同地区和不同基本烈度地区没有显著差异。

近场地震动竖向与水平分量统计特性对比

为研究近场地震动竖向与水平分量特性,本文对PEER数据库中1202组近场强震的地震动进行统计分析,研究了竖向水平加速度峰值比PGAv/PGAh、反应谱之比Sav(T)/Sah(T)、竖向水平峰值到达时间的特性。讨论了PGAv/PGAh与断层距、场地条件、震源机制的关系,并采用对数正态分布拟合不同场地条件、不同震源机制的PGAv/PGAh分布;对比了不同断层距、不同场地条件Sav(T)/Sah(T)的变化规律;研究了近场强震水平竖向分量峰值加速度的大小和到达时间上的相关性,并对结构分析过程中竖向地震动的选择提出建议。结果表明:断层距、场地条件、震源机制都会影响近场地震动的竖向分量,断层距小、走滑断层、场地条件差都易产生较大的竖向地震动;断层距小、场地条件差时,地震动竖向分量高频成分越强,断层距大、场地条件好,竖向地震动低频成分越强;竖向分量峰值加速度的大小与到达时间和两正交水平分量峰值加速度的大小与到达时间的几何平均数有明显的线性关系。