Selection of specific nanobodies against peanut allergen through unbiased immunization strategy and the developed immuno-assay

Peanut allergy is considered to be a major health issue with global effects.To date,no effective curative approach has been applied for the therapy of the anaphylaxis resulting from the peanut allergens.The accurate and effective detection methods for the surveillance of allergens in food are still the primary strategies to avoid allergic diseases.In this study,nanobodies(Nbs)derived from the Heavy-Chain only Antibodies(HCAbs)were selected against the general peanut protein extract through the unbiased strategy to facilitate the development of the sandwich ELISA for the detection and surveillance of peanut allergen contamination.The target antigen of the selected Nb was identified as peanut allergen Ara h 3,and a cross-reaction was observed with the member of Gly 1 from the Ara h 3 family.The applicability of the self-paired Nb P43 on the establishment of the immuno-assay was verified.A sandwich ELISA against peanut allergen was developed,which reached a linear range of 0.2-10.6μg/mL,and a limit of detection of 53.13 ng/mL.

Peanut Allergens Attached with p-Aminobenzamidine Are More Resistant to Digestion than Native Allergens

Despite being known as resistant proteins, peanut allergens (Ara h 1 and Ara h 2) can be digested and cause allergic reactions. Making the allergens more resistant to digestion may aid in non-absorption and excretion of the allergens. Our objectives were to make Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 more resistant to digestion and test them in a model system using trypsin as the digestive enzyme. The resistant allergens were prepared by covalently attaching p-aminobenzamidine (pABA), a protease inhibitor, to peanut allergens in an extract or on a PVDF membrane using glutaraldehyde, and were then tested for resistance to trypsin digestion. SDS-PAGE and Western blot were performed to determine the allergenic capacity of the modified allergens. A control was prepared using glycine instead. Results showed that Ara h 2, when covalently attached with pABA, was more resistant to trypin digestion than the native allergen. Similarly, Ara h 1, prepared on a PVDF membrane and treated with pABA, displayed a resistance to trypsin digestion. Treatment of the allergens with glycine (a control) instead of pABA showed that the modified allergens were as digestible as native allergens. Blot assays showed that the pABA-treated allergens exhibited a lower allergenic capacity than native allergens. It was concluded that pABA, when attached to peanut allergen Ara h 1 or Ara h 2, inhibited digestion of the allergen by trypsin and reduced their allergenic capacity as well.

Effects of different cooking methods on peanut allergenicity

Peanut allergy is a type of serious food allergy worldwide.In this study,peanuts were treated with two different cooking methods.The effect of cooking on digestion stability was evaluated by simulated gastrointestinal digestions.The effects of cooking on the allergenicity were assessed by immunoblotting,passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) mice model and rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cell model.Results showed that raw peanuts were more stable to digestion than boiled and fried peanuts.SDS-PAGE showed that the quantities of allergens Ara h 1 (64 kDa),Ara h 2 (20 kDa),and Ara h 3 (38 kDa) in the boiled and fried peanuts were all reduced.Meanwhile,immunoblotting revealed the IgE binding capacities of boiled and fried peanuts were decreased significantly,especially the fried peanuts.In the PCA mice model,the vascular permeability of allergic mice,as well as the release of histamine,were both alleviated in mice gavaged with boiled and fried peanuts compared with raw peanuts.Lastly,the release of β-hexosaminidase of RBL-2H3 cells treated with boiled and fried peanuts was significantly decreased compared with the raw peanuts.In addition,the analyses of circular dichroism (CD) spectra showed that the α-helical content of peanut proteins was decreased after boiling and frying,indicating the structure stability of peanut allergens decreased.The analyses of ultraviolet (UV) spectra showed that aromatic amino acid residues were exposed,causing the change of the tertiary structure of peanut allergens after boiling and frying.In conclusion,the allergenicity of peanuts was significantly reduced after boiling and frying,especially frying.

Synchronously Detecting Allergenic Ingredients of Peanut and Sesame in Food by Real-time Fluorescent PCR

Peanut,sesame and other raw materials of food are allergens for special populations.In this study,specific primers and TaqMan probes labeled by different fluorescences were designed targeting Ara h 2 gene of peanut and Ses i 1 gene of sesame.After the optimization of reaction conditions,a real-time fluorescent PCR method was established for simultaneous detection of allergenic ingredients of peanut and sesame in food.Genomic DNA samples of peanut,sesame,rice,wheat,barley,soybean,celery,maize,potato,tomato,walnut,groundnut in shell,cashew nut,sunflower seed,almond,apple,pear and strawberry,pork,beef,mutton and fish were used as templates for PCR amplification with deionized water as negative control template.Results indicated that the established real-time fluorescent PCR method could specifically identify allergenic ingredients of peanut and sesame simultaneously.Sensitivity test showed that the minimum detection limit of this method was 0.01%.Therefore,the established real-time fluorescent PCR method is a specific,sensitive and effective assay for simultaneously detecting allergenic ingredients of peanut and sesame in food.

Effect of Ribose on Mature/Immature Raw Peanut Proteins and Their Allergenic Properties

Mature and immature roasted peanuts are reportedly different in the level of Maillard reaction adducts (MRA) and IgE binding (i.e., allergenic capacity). Heating and sugar-protein interaction are the cause for the difference. The objective of this study was to determine if mature and immature raw peanuts (not roasted) are also different through treatment with a reducing sugar such as ribose, glucose or fructose at a mild temperature. Extracts from mature and immature raw peanuts were treated with individual sugars at 37?C and 50?C, respectively, for 0 - 10 days, and then assayed for MRA with nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) in a time-course manner for 60 min. IgE binding was determined in an enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using a pooled plasma from peanut-allergic individuals. Of the sugars tested, only ribose produced a big difference or a unique curve pattern in MRA between treated mature and immature peanuts. The unique curve pattern was more pronounced at 50?C (day 5 - 10) than at 37?C. IgE binding under this condition increased, but only with the ribose-treated mature raw peanut. It was concluded that mature and immature raw peanuts were different in MRA and IgE binding when treated with ribose only, and that under such a condition, mature and immature raw peanuts could be identified.

基于化学发光酶免疫分析法检测花生过敏原Ara h 2

Ara h 2是花生主要过敏原之一,为开发食物中Ara h 2过敏原成分的快速检测方法,减少因误食导致花生过敏事件的发生,该研究采用鼠源单克隆抗体作为捕获抗体、兔源多克隆抗体作为检测抗体,通过棋盘法优化抗体工作浓度,建立了一种检测花生过敏原Ara h 2的间接双抗夹心化学发光酶免疫分析法,并对该方法的灵敏度、准确度、精密度和特异性进行评价。该方法的检出限为1.085 ng/mL,线性范围为3.12~200 ng/mL,添加回收率为78.30%~94.39%,批内和批间变异系数均小于10%,且特异性良好,与其他常见食物过敏原无交叉反应。该方法与相同抗体所建立的间接双抗夹心酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)方法相比,在灵敏度上表现出一定优势。该研究开发的化学发光酶免疫分析法可对花生食品生产过程中和消费前的Ara h 2过敏原成分检测提供可靠的技术支持。

酪蛋白糖巨肽对花生过敏原免疫反应性的影响

目的 探究酪蛋白糖巨肽(casein glycomacropeptides,CGMP)与花生过敏原相互作用并降低其免疫反应性的潜力。方法 通过蛋白-蛋白分子对接技术探讨CGMP与Ara h1、Ara h2是否有相互作用的潜力。进一步通过混合水浴加热制备CGMP与花生蛋白的混合溶液(mixed solution of casein glycomacropeptides and peanut proteins,MCGP),建立MCGP致敏、花生蛋白激发的BALB/c小鼠模型,研究MCGP对花生过敏反应的影响。最后使用圆二色谱法研究酪蛋白糖巨肽与Ara h1、Ara h2的相互作用力及对其结构的影响。结果 CGMP与Ara h1、Ara h2间存在次级键(盐桥、氢键、范德华力),部分作用于过敏原表位;与花生蛋白过敏组相比, MCGP致敏组血清中的花生蛋白特异性免疫球蛋白E (specific immunoglobulin E, sIgE)、sIgG1、sIgG2a含量显著下降,白介素-4 (interleukin-4, IL-4)、IL-5、组胺水平显著下降,转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-β, TGF-β)、γ干扰素(interferon-gamma, IFN-γ)水平显著升高, MCGP中Ara h2的α-螺旋与β-折叠的比例改变。结论 CGMP能够改变Ara h2的结构,遮蔽花生过敏原表位,抑制sIgE、sIgG结合Ara h1、Ara h2,降低部分花生过敏原的免疫反应性。

DNA提取方法对实时荧光定量PCR检测花生过敏原Ara h 2基因的比较研究

食物过敏是一个世界性的公共卫生问题,其中花生过敏最为严重。基于DNA的分子生物学检测方法目前已广泛应用于花生过敏原检测,样品DNA的提取质量会显著影响检测的灵敏度及准确率。本研究比较了5种DNA提取方法,包括十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide,CTAB)法、柱式法及3种基于磁珠纯化技术的DNA快速提取法,对生花生、煮花生、炸花生、烤花生、花生酥和花生酱6种不同加工方式的花生基质样品进行DNA提取,考察了不同方法获得的DNA浓度、纯度指标,并采用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qPCR)对花生过敏原Ara h 2基因进行了检测分析。结果表明,月桂酰肌氨酸钠(Sodium Lauroyl Sarcosine)磁珠法的适用性广、提取率高,对于6种花生基质提取的DNA均能高效检出花生过敏原Ara h 2基因;对于花生质量分数为0.05%~1.00%的小麦粉二元混合物,SLS磁珠法的DNA提取率总体优于CTAB法,并且能有效提取出与花生共用1条生产线的燕麦片中污染的花生DNA,证实SLS磁珠法提取的实际样品DNA能够满足花生过敏原检测目的。本研究为花生及其制品DNA提取方法提供了参考,特别是磁珠类方法,高效快速,提取质量能够保障后续基于DNA的花生过敏原分子生物学方法检测结果的准确性。

花生致敏性评估方法及食品加工对其致敏性影响的研究进展

花生是“8大类”过敏原食物之一,因其诱发严重的临床症状及日益上升的发病率而受到广泛关注。文章概述了花生过敏原(Ara h 1-18)的结构特性、免疫特性及体内和体外评估方法,总结了不同食品加工对花生致敏性的研究进展,并展望了未来食品加工技术对消减花生致敏性的研究方向。

电子束辐照对花生过敏原免疫原性及生化性质影响的研究

研究了电子束辐照降低花生过敏原免疫原性的效果及辐照对花生生化性质的影响。选择2、4、6、8、10、15和20kGy剂量的电子束对花生过敏原液、脱脂花生粉进行辐照处理,辐照后花生主要过敏原(Ara h 1,Ara h 2,Ara h 3)蛋白分子质量的变化通过SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定,免疫原性的变化通过免疫印迹和间接竞争ELISA法测定;辐照后花生过敏原溶液的浓度、浊度及疏水性的变化通过紫外分光光度计和荧光光度计分别进行测定。结果表明,花生过敏原在溶液状态比固体状态对辐照更为敏感。当辐照剂量低于10kGy时处理的过敏原液的免疫原性稍有增强,剂量大于10kGy时免疫原性降低,剂量为20kGy时过敏原液的IC50值是未处理的11倍。辐照使过敏液的浓度和浊度随着剂量的加大而增加,疏水性与对照组相比增强,但当剂量大于15kGy时降低。电子束辐照改变了过敏原的生化性质,降低了其免疫原性,比较而言,辐照对液体状态下过敏原的影响更显著。

双抗体夹心ELISA法测定食物中花生过敏原蛋白成分

通过建立双抗体夹心ELISA法测定食物中花生过敏原蛋白成分,为进出口食品花生过敏原成分检测和由花生导致的食物过敏性疾病的预防提供技术基础。提取花生总蛋白,免疫小鼠制备抗花生总蛋白的多克隆抗体,用该抗体包被酶标板,并用生物素标记该多抗,从而建立双多抗体夹心ELISA法;自制花生总蛋白标准品并检测该方法的灵敏度,同时检测15种食品中是否含有花生蛋白成分。成功地研制出双抗体夹心ELISA法检测食品中花生过敏原蛋白成分,具有特异性,其最低检出限为8ng/mL,标准曲线在8ng/mL～125ng/mL范围内线性良好;13种食品检测结果与食物过敏原标签标注内容相符,而2种标示不详的食品检测结果均呈现阳性。

花生过敏原蛋白分离纯化方法研究进展

花生中已确定的过敏原蛋白包括Ara h 1～Ara h 11 11种。本文详细介绍花生中主要过敏原蛋白(Ara h 1、Ara h 2、Ara h 3/4、Ara h 6)以及非主要过敏原蛋白(Ara h 7～Ara h 11)的分离纯化方法研究进展。花生过敏原蛋白的分离纯化方法包括硫酸铵沉淀法、柱层析法、电泳法。其中硫酸铵沉淀法主要用于粗提纯化过程,而柱层析法则主要用于花生过敏原蛋白的精制,它包括离子交换层析、凝胶过滤层析、亲和层析、疏水相互作用层析、高效液相色谱。目前离子交换层析和凝胶过滤层析在花生过敏原蛋白分离纯化中应用最为广泛,而电泳法则仅见应用于Ara h 7及油质蛋白(Ara h 10、Ara h 11)的分离纯化。

花生主要致敏物质及其脱敏方法研究进展

花生作为影响部分人群生活质量的主要过敏食物之一,其中含有的过敏原会引起人体强烈的过敏反应,严重时甚至会导致人的死亡。花生过敏反应因其潜在的危险性、长期性以及不断增加的发病率而日益受到各国的广泛关注。研究花生致敏机理及脱敏方法已成为热点,探索有效脱敏方法,对保证花生食品的安全性具有重要的现实意义。本文对花生致敏机制,过敏原致敏组分分析和脱敏方法进行阐述。

酶联免疫吸附分析法检测花生过敏原的研究

本文利用自己研制的花生过敏原免疫新西兰大耳兔,获得效价为200 000的抗花生过敏原特异性抗体,建立了花生过敏原蛋白的间接竞争酶联免疫(ELISA)检测方法。结果表明:花生抗原在0.01～100 ng/mL范围内具有较好的线性关系,其竞争标准曲线为y=-0.1212x+0.9285(r=0.9819),Ic50为34.28 ng/mL,检出限为0.1 ng/mL。

中国花生致敏蛋白的识别

我国对花生过敏方面的研究很少。本实验利用中国常用花生品种识别鉴定了中国主要的致敏蛋白,比较了国内外花生品种致敏蛋白相对含量的差异,期望找到中国花生过敏发病率较低的原因,为临床食物过敏患者的治疗和低过敏花生品种的培育提供理论依据。研究结果表明:Ara h1和三条Ara h3多肽是中国主要的致敏蛋白,并发现了Ara h1的亚基,分子量为58kD的多肽。Ara h1和Ara h3的相对含量各品种之间差异显著,并且低于国外花生品种。因此中国花生主要致敏蛋白相对含量低可能是导致中国花生过敏发病率较低的主要原因。

胶体金免疫层析法检测食品中花生过敏原蛋白成分

建立一种简易快速胶体金免疫层析法(GICA)用于检测食品中花生蛋白成分。采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒、标记抗花生蛋白成分的抗体,制成免疫层析测试条。食品中花生蛋白成分与测试条上金标记抗体结合后沿着硝酸纤维素膜移动,与膜上的固相抗体结合形成肉眼可见的红色线条。自制花生抗原标准品并检测该方法的灵敏度,同时检测19种食品中是否含有花生蛋白成分。结果表明:GICA测试条与花生蛋白抗原呈特异性反应,检测自制的花生抗原标准品的灵敏度可达50ng/mL,用GICA试条检测了19种食品中,其中13种食品标签上标注含有花生过敏原成分的食品检测结果均呈阳性,4种食品标签上标注不含花生过敏原成分的食品检测结果均呈阴性,而2种食品标签上没有标注过敏原成分的食品检测呈阳性。

基于Arah6的花生间接竞争ELISA检测方法的建立

建立了基于花生主要过敏原蛋白Arah6的间接竞争酶联免疫检测法,实现了对食物中花生的定量检测。利用花生过敏原Arah6纯品免疫新西兰大白兔,制得兔抗Arah6的多克隆抗体,以Arah6纯品作为包被抗原、自制抗体为一抗、辣根过氧化物酶标记的羊抗兔IgG为二抗,确定了包被抗原质量浓度为1μg/mL,一抗最佳稀释度为1:50000,酶标二抗稀释度为1:5000。此检测方法对Arah6的定量检测范围为16.5～10000ng/mL(折合成含花生的含量,约为165ng/mL～100μg/mL),抑制方程为抑制率I=21.418lgC-6.0633(C为Arah6的质量浓度,单位ng/mL),IC50为414.6ng/mL,相关系数R2=0.9989。该检测方法灵敏度高,检测范围广,适用于食品中花生现场快速检测。

重组花生过敏原Ara h2的生物合成

为获得重组花生过敏原Ara h2。通过RT-PCR合成cDNA,并以此为模板进行PCR扩增目的基因Ara h2,扩增产物经纯化后克隆至pMD19-TSimple载体中,构建重组质粒pMD19-T-Ara h2。上述重组质粒经酶切纯化后定向克隆到pGEX-4T-1表达载体中,构建原核表达载体pGEX-4T-1-Ara h2,并转化表达宿主菌BL21-codonPlus(DE3)-RIPL中,经IPTG诱导表达。SDS-PAGE电泳结果表明,该表达蛋白大小约为46kD,与理论值相符。通过Glutathione Sepharose 4B凝胶亲和层析方法纯化融合蛋白GST-Ara h2,获得融合蛋白纯度约为90%。Western blotting分析表明,经纯化的融合蛋白能与抗Ara h2兔血清发生特异性反应,说明该蛋白具有良好的免疫原性。

花生交叉过敏反应的研究进展

花生过敏严重影响了过敏人群的生活质量,而在过敏反应中花生的交叉过敏现象非常普遍。本文综述了花生过敏的物质基础、交叉过敏的机理及花生相关的交叉过敏反应研究情况,为花生过敏的进一步研究提供参考。

花生致敏原的研究进展

对近些年来花生致敏反应和花生致敏原基本特性的研究现状以及今后的研究趋势做了概述。