Ethephon Effect on Peanut Seed Dormancy Release

Dormancy is undesirable character for the peanut seed(Arachis hypogeae).KK 84-7 and KK 6 varieties are characterized to the Virginia type and its dormant period has been one to two months after harvest.The recommendation for breaking peanut seed dormancy by the International Seed Testing Association(ISTA)rules is preheat at 40°C up to 168 h.The total germination test is 17 d,if breaking dormant seed is required.Effect of ethephon on peanut seed dormancy release was studied in this experiment to reduce the analysis time compared to preheat method.Both varieties of peanut seeds were directly mixed with 0.96%ethephon and preheated at 40°C for 168 h.Standard germinations were conducted for all treated and untreated seeds.Ethephon was the most beneficial to release dormant seed at fresh harvest that achieved 86%and 84%normal seedlings for KK 84-7 and KK 6,respectively.The normal seedlings of preheat treatment showed 75%for KK 84-7,and 66%for KK 6.Only 6%normal seedlings were observed in untreated seeds of KK 84-7 and 56%of KK 6.After storage at 20°C for 28 d,KK 84-7 had over 90%normal seedlings with both ethephon and preheat methods,but only 42%germination was observed in untreated seeds.In KK 6,the highest germination by 90%was found in ethephon,followed by untreated and preheated seeds that were 87%and 83%,respectively.The paired t test of normal seedlings between ethephon and preheat treatments demonstrated that the greater average germination was found in ethephon method for both varieties.This research suggests that ethephon is the advantageous method for breaking peanut seed dormancy.The germination test duration is more rapid,only 10 d,since preheat for 168 h is not necessary.

Use of Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Phenotyping to Predict Pod and Seed Yield in Organic Peanuts

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a highly nutritious food that is an excellent source of protein and is associated with increased coronary health, lower risk of type-2 diabetes, lower risk of breast cancer and a healthy profile of inflammatory biomarkers. The domestic demand for organic peanuts has significantly increased, requiring new breeding efforts to develop peanut varieties adapted to the organic farming system. The use of unmanned aerial system (UAS) has gained scientific attention because of the ability to generate high-throughput phenotypic data. However, it has not been fully investigated for phenotyping agronomic traits of organic peanuts. Peanuts are beneficial for cardio system protection and are widely used. Within the U.S., peanuts are grown in 11 states on roughly 600,000 hectares and averaging 4500 kg/ha. This study’s objective was to test the accuracy of UAS data in the phenotyping pod and seed yield of organic peanuts. UAS data was collected from a field plot with 20 Spanish peanut breeding lines on July 07, 2021 and September 27, 2021. The study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 blocks. Twenty-five vegetation indices (VIs) were calculated. The analysis of variance showed significant genotypic effects on all 25 vegetation indices for both flights (p < 0.05). The vegetation index Red edge (RE) from the first flight was the most significantly correlated with both pod (r = 0.44) and seed yield (r = 0.64). These results can be used to further advance organic peanut breeding efforts with high-throughput data collection.

DOF transcription factors in developing peanut (<i>Arachis hypogaea</i>) seeds

DNA binding with one finger (DOF) transcription factors play important roles in storage material accumulation and morphogenesis of developing seeds. Oil and protein contents varied in different cultivars in important oil crop peanut. DOF proteins have not been studied in this crop. In this paper, we analyzed all the DOF genes expressed in developing seeds from a cDNA library with 20,000 transcripts, cloned and compared similar genes of GW391729 from eight peanut cultivars, and analyzed similar genes expressed in root and leave with control and inoculated with Ralstonia solanacearum. The results indicate that total eight types of DOF genes were expressed in developing seeds of cultivar 063103. Most of DOF transcription factors expressed involved in developmental process in a complicated way. Among them, GW391729 is possible related to the seed number in fruit, and also is possible related to leafspot resistance. Detailed function of these DOF proteins need to be further studied.

Identification of major QTL for seed number per pod on chromosome A05 of tetraploid peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)

The inheritance of pod-and seed-number traits(PSNT) in peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.) is poorly understood. In the present study, a recombinant inbred line(RIL) population of 188 lines was used to map quantitative trait loci(QTL) for number of seeds per pod(NSP),number of pods per plant(NPP), and numbers of one-, two-, and three-seeded pods per plant(N1 PP, N2 PP, and N3 PP) in four environments. A total of 28 consensus QTL and 14 single QTL were identified, including 11 major and stable QTL. Four major and stable QTL including qN3 PPA5.2, q N3 PPA5.4, qN3 PPA5.5, and qN3 PPA5.7 each explained 12.3%–33.0% of phenotype variation. By use of another integrated linkage map for the A5 group(hereafter referred to as INT A5 group), QTL for PSNT were located in seven intervals of 0.73–9.68 Mb in length on chromosome A05, and candidate genes underlying N3 PP were suggested. These findings shed light on the genetic basis of PSNT. Major QTL for N3 PP could be used as candidates for further positional cloning.

Simple and Efficient Cultivation Technology for the Peanut under the Standardization Mode of Single-seed Sowing

Single-seed sowing is a new,simple and efficient cultivation mode for peanut that realized from cultivation of healthy individual and construction of high-yielding population. The cultivation mode has the obvious advantages in uniform seedling,strong sprouting,seed saving and cost saving,thus it is considered as one of the effective ways for high-yield and high-efficient peanut cultivation in China in the future.Through integrating with other high-efficiency and simple cultivation measures,the single-seed sowing technology system has made conforming to China's national standardization cultivations of peanut and the technology was already applied in the main producing areas of peanut and gained the significant efficiency and abroad application prospects. Based on many years of researches in single-seed sowing technology,high-efficiency fertilization and scientific chemical control in the research team,by combining with the latest research results in plant protection and machinery,this paper described the key points and matters needing attentions from variety selection,planting mode,rational fertilization,planting specifications and field management.

Research of Seed Testa Structure and Storage Material of Peanut Germplasm with Different Resistance to A. flavus

There was an obvious relationship between seed testa structure, storage material and resistance to A. flavus of peanut. Results showed that seed testa of peanut germplasm with high resistance （HR） to A. flavus infection had thicker wax layer, integrated and tight epidermis layer, regular vascular tissue range. However, the seed testa of peanut germplasm with high sensitivity （HS） to A. flavus had the reverse results, and results of those with medium resistance （MR） to A. flavus lay in between, but changes of testa thickness were not significant among different resistance kinds. Results also showed that some seed storage materials were closely related with resistance potential to A. flavus. It seemed that varieties with higher resistance to A. flavus had higher oleic acid and protein content, lower linoleic acid and fat content. Content of palm acid, total sugar and VE did not show positive relationship with the resistance to A. flavus.

不同密度单粒精播对花生开花动态及结实特性的影响

为探讨不同密度单粒精播对花生开花动态及结实特性的影响,以普通大花生品种花育25为材料,在行距相同的条件下设置4个处理,包括单粒播分别为株距9 cm、12 cm和15 cm,折合播种密度分别为27.8万株·hm^(-2)(S9)、20.8万株·hm^(-2)(S12)和16.7万株hm-2(S15)3个处理,和双粒播27.8万株·hm^(-2)(D18,穴距18 cm)1个处理,研究不同密度单粒精播对花生开花习性、果针形成、荚果发育动态、结实范围及产量的影响。结果表明,与双粒播相比,不同密度单粒播均可不同程度地促进花生早开花、多开花,增加有效果针数,促进荚果发育,低密度条件下,效果最为显著;从群体指标看,20.8万株·hm^(-2)的单粒精播模式下,花生开花数、有效果针数、结果数最多,荚果体积最大,荚果饱满度高,产量水平最高。不同密度单粒精播改变了花生的结实范围和荚果空间分布,密度降低,结实范围增加,但不同处理荚果干重(95%以上)仍主要分布在半径6.0 cm以内的空间范围内,密度20.8万株·hm^(-2)(株距12.0 cm)的单粒精播条件下,结实范围与半株距接近,更有利于群体间荚果的均匀分布。

花生高产攻关实收单产12982 kg/hm^(2)技术分析

为进一步挖掘花生高产潜力,示范带动大面积单产提升,自2013年开始山东省农业科学院花生栽培与生理生态创新团队连续组织高产攻关,产量相继突破实收单产11250 kg/hm^(2)、11700 kg/hm^(2)、12000 kg/hm^(2),其中2023年最高产达到12982 kg/hm^(2)。本文从栽培技术、气候条件、产量构成等方面分析了高产纪录产生原因,并对投入、产出进行了比较。栽培技术方面,集成应用了单粒精播、全程可控施肥、生物菌剂耦合、三防三促调控的高产栽培技术体系,通过充分发挥单株生产潜力、构建高质量群体来实现高产,为下一步单产突破13500 kg/hm^(2)提供技术支撑。

种衣剂处理对低温胁迫下花生种子萌发及幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

花生播种期易受低温胁迫,为明确种衣剂处理对低温胁迫下花生种子萌发、幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,以常温(25℃)处理为对照(CK),设8℃和10℃两个低温胁迫处理,各温度下设种衣剂包衣和清水浸润对照两种处理方式,研究种衣剂处理对低温胁迫下花生种子活力、幼苗干物质积累、根系形态特征和光合生理的影响。结果表明,相对于常温处理,8℃低温胁迫处理显著降低了花生种子发芽势(5.9%)、发芽率(7.7%)、发芽指数(11.0%)、种子活力指数(6.9%)和幼苗叶片SPAD值(11.4%),同时对幼苗根系生长产生抑制作用,其根长、根表面积和根体积较25℃常温和10℃低温胁迫处理分别显著降低50.0%~50.2%、44.9%~48.1%、48.2%~48.5%,但8℃低温胁迫处理对花生幼苗地上部和地下部干物质积累、最大光化学效率及胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔导度、净光合速率和蒸腾速率等光合参数均无显著影响;种衣剂处理显著提高了8℃低温胁迫下花生种子的发芽势(8.2%)、活力指数(10.9%)和花生幼苗根长(45.1%)及根表面积(38.4%),但对10℃低温胁迫和常温处理均无显著影响,同时,种衣剂处理还显著提高了常温处理下花生幼苗干物质积累、最大光化学效率和功能叶片光合特性以及10℃低温下地上部干物质积累和最大光化学效率,但对8℃低温胁迫无显著作用。综上,花生种子萌发和幼苗根系生长对低温胁迫的响应更加显著,而种衣剂处理可以通过改善上述指标缓解低温胁迫,改善轻度低温胁迫和常温处理下花生幼苗生长的干物质积累和光合生理。

单粒精播对花生干物质累积及根冠结构的影响

为明确花生单粒精播增产机理,大田条件下,以花育22为供试花生品种,以双粒穴播(DS)为对照,研究了单粒精播(SS)对花生干物质积累、叶面积系数、冠层结构和根系特征的影响。结果表明,花生生育前期单株和群体干物质重单粒精播和双粒穴播差异不显著,而生育中后期显著高于双粒穴播,结荚期叶面积系数单粒精播显著高于双粒穴播。从结荚期不同冠层结构来看,冠层上、中、下层叶面积系数单粒精播分别比双粒穴播高23.03%、9.34%、86.43%,单株和群体冠层叶片和茎干重单粒精播均显著高于双粒穴播,从冠层不同部位叶片和茎干重占总干重的比例来看,单粒精播冠层下部叶片和茎干重比例高;单株和群体总根干重、根长、根表面积和根体积高于双粒穴播,且中下层根系占比高。相关性分析结果表明,根干重与中下层的叶片干重、下层的茎干重呈显著正相关。综上所述,与双粒播相比,单粒精播花生植株冠层中下部发育健壮且根系大分布深是其增产的重要原因。单粒精播促根扩冠,是花生节本增产的一种有效途径。

花生小区播种施肥机设计与试验研究

我国花生育种小区机械化程度低,播种收获等关键环节仍以人工作业为主,劳动强度大,效率低,且易出现混种问题。为此,结合我国花生育种小区种植的农艺要求,设计了多功能花生小区播种施肥机,适宜垄作覆膜的种植模式。其在传统窝眼轮式排种器上加设净种装置,能够清除窝眼轮内剩余的种子,保证了育种小区试验的科学性;创新设计了起垄装置与覆膜装置,能够一次性完成开沟、施肥、起垄、播种及覆膜等多项作业,提高了播种机的效率。试验结果表明:机具作业后花生双粒率为99.16%,漏播率为0.6%,穴距偏差率为12.03%,重播率为0.91%,种子覆土深度合格率为90.32%,排种器清种率为100%,种子出苗率为80.90%,作业质量符合我国花生小区种植的农艺要求。该播种机的使用,提高了花生育种小区种植作业效率,为小区后续作业实施机械化提供了便利,可为育种小区机械的研发提供参考。

锰肥和锌肥种子包衣对花生的降镉效果

花生对土壤中的镉(Cd)具有较强的富集能力,我国花生Cd超标现象局部地区较为严重,Mn、Zn离子可通过拮抗作用降低作物对Cd的吸收,本研究探究Mn肥、Zn肥种子包衣处理对花生Cd吸收转运的影响,以期为花生产地土壤Cd污染风险管控与修复提供技术支撑。首先通过种子萌发试验筛选出3个锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)较适宜的包衣剂浓度,再进一步通过盆栽试验筛选出降镉效果最优的Mn和Zn包衣剂浓度,并探究了Mn肥和Zn肥种子包衣对Cd污染土壤上花生富集转运Cd的影响。种子萌发试验结果表明,中低浓度的Mn肥、Zn肥种子包衣处理不会影响种子发芽率且可以促进根生长,浓度过高则会明显抑制种子萌发。盆栽试验结果表明,Mn肥和Zn肥种子包衣剂中,3%锰肥包衣剂(Mn3)和2%锌肥包衣剂(Zn2)包衣处理籽粒降镉效果最显著,降镉率分别达到19.0%和24.1%,其中Zn2降镉效果更优。与对照相比,Mn3和Zn2处理根系Cd富集系数均显著降低,根向茎叶Cd转运能力明显增加,茎叶向籽粒Cd转运系数呈下降趋势,根系向籽粒Cd转运系数则无明显变化。Mn3和Zn2处理花生植株总Cd吸收量相比对照分别下降了9.18%和13.6%,花生籽粒及根系Cd含量均与根系中Mn、Zn元素含量呈显著负相关关系。综上,利用Mn、Zn种子包衣处理可通过抑制根系对Cd的吸收以及影响Cd在花生体内的转运来降低花生籽粒Cd含量。本研究提出了利用种子包衣来降低花生Cd含量的技术,为花生产地镉污染风险管控提供了新方法。

外源褪黑素对旱胁迫下花生种子萌发及抗性的影响

本研究旨在探索外源褪黑素对干旱胁迫下花生种子萌发及抗性的影响。以干旱敏感型花生品种‘冀花5号’为试验材料,通过筛选种子萌发其适宜的PEG和褪黑素浓度,并设置空白水浸种(CK),褪黑素浸种(T_(1)),10%PEG-6000处理(T_(2))和褪黑素浸种加10%PEG-6000处理(T_(3))等4种处理,于种子萌发后进行抗氧化生理生化指标的测定。研究结果显示,模拟干旱的PEG-6000浓度为10%时,可以模拟干旱环境。同时,100µmol/L的褪黑素浓度是促进花生种子萌发的最佳选择。进一步分析各处理花生种子胚根长度与粗度和抗氧化生理生化指标,发现干旱胁迫下施用100µmol/L的褪黑素处理显著增强胚根生长势,并显著提高种子内SOD、POD和Pro的含量,且有效降低种子内MDA和H_(2)O_(2)的含量。综上所述,本研究表明外源褪黑素可以有效提高干旱胁迫下花生种子的萌发,为进一步探究干旱胁迫下褪黑素促进花生种子萌发的调控机制提供了理论依据。

LEC1等转录因子基因在花生小种子突变体种子发育过程中的表达分析

花生突变体ssm1与其对照亲本鲁花11号(LH11)相比,种子皱缩变小,百仁重、单株生产力和含油量显著降低。为了探究导致该突变体种子变小且含油量降低的原因,本试验研究了种子发育关键转录因子基因LCE1等在突变体ssm1及其对照LH11合子受精及种子发育不同阶段的表达情况。结果表明,AhLEC1在花生未受精子房(DBP0)时期表达量较低,且在ssm1和对照LH11中无明显差异,在受精后的子房(DBP1)和入土10 d(DAP10)和20 d(DAP20)种子中表达量上调,并且在LH11中的表达量极显著高于突变体ssm1;转录因子基因AhFUS3、AhABI3、AhAGL15和AhWRI1在ssm1中表达均有不同程度下调。其中,与脂肪酸合成和糖酵解关系密切的AhWRI1基因在ssm1中的表达量显著下调。因此推测,ssm1中AhLEC1基因的表达量显著下调,影响AhFUS3、AhABI3和AhWRI1等基因的表达,进而导致ssm1种子胚胎发育和油脂积累的异常。

气力辅助充种式花生精量排种器设计与试验

针对花生播种向精准、高速方向发展过程中高速作业状态下花生种子充种效果差的问题,设计了一种气力辅助充种式花生精量排种器,重点设计了排种器排种盘结构和气力辅助充种结构。针对颗粒尺寸大、质量大的花生种子,通过对花生种子在排种器中堆积现象与充种时间进行分析,得出花生高速排种充种过程需增强充种性能,从而提高充种效率。通过对花生种子进行充种原理分析,阐明花生种子充种过程中种子与排种器的运动关系与受力关系,分析充种过程影响因素。通过设计带有导种槽的排种盘和带有辅助吹种型孔的辅助充种结构,分析计算排种盘吸种孔、导种槽的关键结构参数以及辅助吹种型孔参数与排列方式。以充种合格率和充种漏充率为指标,进行三因素三水平组合试验,对试验结果进行多元回归分析,以最优目标进行优化,确定排种盘最佳参数组合为排种器吸种负压5.156 kPa、花生高速播种机前进速度8.007 km/h、扰动吹种正压1.149 kPa,此时,花生充种合格率为95.84%、漏充率为4.06%,能够实现花生种子有效充种。

不同地力水平下花生适宜种植模式和种植密度研究

为因地制宜提高花生单产,筛选不同地力水平下花生适宜的种植模式和种植密度,在高产和中低产地力水平下,以花育60(HY60)为材料,设置单粒精播(SS)和双粒穴播(DS)两种种植模式12个种植密度,采用随机区组设计,调查花生农艺性状和产量。结果表明:在高地力水平的板泉,适当降低密度有利于获得高产,种植模式为SS12且密度为20.0万~22.0万穴/hm^(2)(包括SS2-75和SS12-80,即单粒精播、穴距12 cm、垄宽75或80 cm)时,植株生长健壮,干物质积累量高且向荚果的分配率较高,分配率为58.67%~59.07%;表明结果数多、饱果率高、较高的生物积累量和较高的经济系数,最终使产量显著高于其它处理,其中处理SS12-75和SS12-80的荚果产量较产量最低处理DS16-75(双粒穴播、穴距16 cm、垄宽75)分别高17.36%和18.98%,较各处理平均产量分别高5.49%和6.94%。在低地力水平的涝坡,土壤养分不足,植株发育不良,结果数少,饱果率低,单株生产潜力低。该条件下产量最高的种植模式为DS18-70(双粒穴播、穴距18 cm、垄宽70 cm),但密度较低的SS10-70(单粒精播,穴距10cm,垄宽70cm)在用种量减少11.1%的情况下,产量仅比DS18-70低2.48%,净荚果产量低1.99%;表明生产上可选择DS18-70和SS10-70这两种模式。综上,为充分利用自然资源、缓解株间竞争,建议通过缩垄距扩株距的方式进行种植。

杀菌剂和根瘤菌剂拌种对花生根际微生物及荚果产量的影响

为筛选出能替代化学药剂的生物杀菌剂,促进花生绿色生产,本试验以湖南主栽品种湘花2008为试材,开展化学杀菌剂(甲基硫菌灵)、生物杀菌剂(哈茨木霉菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌)单拌及与根瘤菌剂复配拌种大田试验,在花生苗期至结荚期测定根际土壤微生物数量,收获时测定荚果性状及产量。结果表明:(1)甲基硫菌灵单拌能显著促进细菌生长;甲基硫菌灵单拌、根瘤菌剂单拌及3种复配拌种处理在抑制真菌、促进根瘤菌方面表现较好;哈茨木霉单拌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌单拌对放线菌的促生效果更明显;解淀粉芽孢杆菌单拌及其复配显著抑制黄曲霉生长增殖。(2)从微生物群落结构来看,甲基硫菌灵单拌能够在全生育期提高细菌/真菌、放线菌/真菌比值,哈茨木霉单拌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌单拌二者在苗期和结荚期均能提高放线菌/真菌比值。(3)除哈茨木霉单拌及其复配外,各拌种处理均能够增加花生产量,解淀粉芽孢杆菌单拌增产最大,增幅为49.39%;根瘤菌剂单拌增产40.24%,解淀粉芽孢杆菌复配增产32.78%。结论归纳为:甲基硫菌灵单拌、哈茨木霉菌与根瘤菌剂复配、解淀粉芽孢杆菌与根瘤菌剂复配在微生物方面综合表现更好,更适宜改善花生根际土壤微生物群落;解淀粉芽孢杆菌单拌及复配、根瘤菌剂拌种在荚果产量上增幅较大。因此,推荐解淀粉芽孢杆菌单拌及复配、根瘤菌剂拌种在生产上推广使用。

柔性带式花生种子分级装置的设计与试验

针对播种前花生种子分级处理机具较少、筛孔易堵塞等问题,设计了一种柔性带式花生种子分级装置,利用种子随相邻分级带运动从不同间隙处进行分级。对主产区河南省的典型品种豫花22号花生种子物理特性进行测定,确定了分级带的布局、倾斜角度等关键参数范围。采用二次正交旋转组合试验方法设计试验,并用Design-Expert对试验结果进行数据处理,建立了分级准确率的回归数学模型并进行方差分析,得出影响分级装置准确率的主次因素依次为分级带速度、倾斜角度、分级带直径。通过响应曲面方法分析各因素交互作用对分级准确率的影响,得出关键作业参数的最优组合为分级带速度0.32 m/s、倾斜角度4.5°、分级带直径8.09 mm,此时分级准确率为97.27%。将优化参数进行进一步验证,得到分级准确率为95.84%,分级性能较好,能够满足小批量花生种子分级的需求。

微生物菌肥拌种对大豆花生增产效应的影响

为探究微生物菌肥对大豆(Glycine max)和花生(Arachis hypogaea)生长、产量及品质的影响,以大豆品种菏豆13和花生品种开农1760为材料,分别在盆栽和大田中开展微生物菌肥拌种与不拌种处理(CK),测定植株农艺性状、根系性状、叶片光合参数、土壤酶活性、产量构成和籽粒品质的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,菌肥拌种后盆栽菏豆13的株高、茎粗、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)值、干物质积累量在开花期、结荚期显著或极显著增加,盆栽开农1760的株高、茎粗、SPAD值、干物质积累量在开花下针期、饱果期显著或极显著增加;大田内大豆、花生植株在农艺性状上的增长趋势与盆栽表现一致;对于总根长、根系总表面积、根直径、根系总体积,菏豆13较CK在开花期增幅最大,分别为27.09%、32.53%、10.84%、38.07%,开农1760的各根系性状较CK在开花下针期增幅最大,分别为63.94%、50.95%、27.14%、37.94%;菌肥拌种显著增强了植株根际土壤中脲酶、蔗糖酶、磷酸酶的活性,菏豆13较CK分别增加10.26%、45.09%、25.64%,开农1760较CK分别增加29.03%、38.30%、8.93%。同时,菌肥拌种使盆栽菏豆13的饱荚率、单株粒重、百粒重分别提高9.30个百分点、12.94%、7.75%,大田植株的饱荚数、单株粒数、单株粒重、百粒重、籽粒产量分别提高15.88%、4.67%、11.80%、7.51%、11.79%;使盆栽开农1760的单株果重、单株仁重、百仁重分别提高3.00%、9.32%、13.73%,大田植株的百仁重、饱荚率、干物质积累量、荚果产量、籽粒产量分别提高4.33%、2.33个百分点、13.99%、10.49%、9.02%。相关性分析结果表明,土壤酶活性、根系性状、光合参数之间呈现正相关的互作效应。综上,两种豆科作物经微生物菌肥拌种后,均能显著提高土壤酶活性、增强根系对土壤养分的吸收能力及叶片光合能力,并促进植株生长、提升产量和籽粒品质。本研究结果为科学施用与推广微生物菌肥提供了理论依据。

垄上交错种植密度对花生群体生长及产量的影响

为构建高产花生群体模式,根据花生品种类型调整垄上交错单粒种植模式下的合理种植密度。以半匍匐型花生品种扶余四粒红和直立型花生品种吉花17为材料,研究垄上交错单粒种植密度对花生植株性状、群体结构变化及产量的影响。共设置6个种植密度M1(23.85万株/hm^(2))、M2(20.84万株/hm^(2))、M3(18.52万株/hm^(2))、M4(16.66万株/hm^(2))、M5(13.89万株/hm^(2))、M6(11.91万株/hm^(2)),以双粒播种(23.85万株/hm^(2))为对照(CK)。对不同种植密度下各花生品种的植株性状、SPAD值、单株干物质积累量及产量性状等进行测定。随着种植密度的降低,两品种主茎高和侧枝长逐渐增高,半匍匐型花生品种四粒红在M6密度下的主茎高和侧枝长最高,直立型花生品种吉花17会随着种植密度的降低而先增加后降低的趋势,在M5密度下的主茎高和侧枝长最高。随着种植密度的降低,两品种在结荚期和成熟期的SPAD值呈先下降后上升的趋势。四粒红成熟期M4、M5、M6处理的地上和地下单株干物质积累量均显著高于CK。吉花17在生育后期M4处理下的地上和地下单株干物质积累量较CK有显著提升,成熟期分别较对照提高了155.35%、23.31%。此外,随着密度的降低,四粒红的产量呈先上升后下降的趋势,单株饱果数、百果质量和单株荚果产量均呈上升后下降的趋势,千克果数各密度处理低于CK;吉花17的产量整体上呈下降的趋势,单株饱果数、单株荚果产量均呈上升趋势,千克果数各处理均小于CK。垄上交错+单粒播种种植模式相对于双粒种植模式可以增加花生株高、SPAD值、干物质积累量,同时提高了产量。应用垄上交错种植时,应根据花生品种类型选择适宜的播种密度,半匍匐型花生品种以M4密度最佳,直立型花生品种以M2密度最佳。