Resistance index and browning mechanism of apple peel under high temperature stress

Apples are one of the most important economic crops worldwide.Because of global warming and an aggravation of environmental,abnormally high temperatures occur frequently in fruit-growing season and seriously affect normal fruit growth and reduce fruit quality and yield.We took five-year-old Ruixue’(Qinfu 1×Pink Lady;CNA20151469.1) fruits as test materials,and the ambient temperature during fruit development was monitored.The results showed that during the fruit-growing season,especially during the rapid growth stage (July to August),the maximum daily temperature exceeded 30℃ and lasted for more than 40 days.To determine the effects of high temperature stress on the apple fruit resistance,we treated expanding,veraison,and maturity-period fruits at different temperatures.It was found that the fruits of the expanding period showed strong resistance to high temperature stress,whereas during veraison and maturity,fruit resistance to high temperature stress decreased,and the fruit peel browning phenotype appeared.Meanwhile,the content of malonaldehyde (MDA),hydrogen peroxide (H_(2)O_(2)),and superoxide anion (O._(2)^(-)) in the peel gradually increased with increasing temperature.The content of total phenols,flavanol,and flavonoids in the peel decreased substantially at 45℃.Moreover,it was found that polyphenol oxidase gene (MdPPO1) was most sensitive to high temperature stress in apple.Furthermore,transient and stable MdPPO1 overexpression significantly promoted peel browning.The transgenic materials were more sensitive to high temperatures,and browning was more severe compared to non-genetically modified organism (WT).Stable MdPPO1 knockout calli obtained via clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) gene knockout technology reduced the browning phenotype,and the resultant fruits were not sensitive to the effects of high temperature stress.Thus,MdPPO1 expression may be a key factor of high temperature-related changes observed in the browning phenotype that provides a scientific theoretical basis for the selection of high temperature-resistant varieties and apple cultivation and management in the future.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Orange and Lemon Peel Extract and Evaluation of Their Antimicrobial Properties

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous extracts of orange and lemon peels, as a reducing agent, and silver nitrate salts as a source of silver ions is a promising field of research due to the versatility of biomedical applications of metal nanoparticles. In this paper, AgNPs were synthetized at different reaction parameters such as the type and concentration of the extracts, metal salt concentration, temperature, speed stirring, and pH. The antibacterial properties of the obtained silver nanoparticles against E. coli, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the synthesized silver nanoparticles, were investigated. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to confirm the formation of AgNPs. In addition to green biogenic synthesis, chemical synthesis of silver nanoparticles was also carried out. The optimal temperature for extraction was 65˚C, while for the synthesis of AgNPs was 35˚C. The synthesis is carried out in an acidic environment (pH = 4.7 orange and pH = 3.8 lemon), neutral (pH = 7) and alkaline (pH = 10), then for different concentrations of silver nitrate solution (0.5 mM - 1 mM), optimal time duration of the reaction was 60 min and optimal stirring speed rotation was 250 rpm on the magnetic stirrer. The physical properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles (conductivity, density and refractive index) were also studied, and the passage of laser light through the obtained solution and distilled water was compared. Positive inhibitory effect on the growth of new Escherichia coli colonies have shown AgNPs synthesized at a basic pH value and at a 0.1 mM AgNO3 using orange or lemon peel extract, while for a 0.5 mM AgNO3 using lemon peel extract.

Optimization of the Pretreatment of the Mixture of Cassava Peelings and Pineapple Fibers Using Response Surface Methodology and a Process Simulator for the Bioethanol Production

The increase in oil prices and greenhouse gas emissions has led to the search for substitutes for fossil fuels. In Cameroon, the abundance of lignocellulosic resources is inherent to agricultural activity. Production of bioethanol remains a challenge given the crystallinity of cellulose and the presence of the complex. The pretreatment aimed to solubilize the lignin fraction and to make cellulose more accessible to the hydrolytic enzymes, was done using the organosolv process. A mathematical modeling was performed to point out the effect of the temperature on the kinetics of the release of the reducing sugars during the pretreatment. Two mathematical model was used, SAEMAN’s model and Response surface methodology. The first show that the kinetic parameters of the hydrolysis of the cellulose and reducing sugar are: 0.05089 min-1, 5358.1461 J·mol-1, 1383.03691 min-1, 51577.6100 J·mol-1 respectively. The second model was used. Temperature is the factor having the most positive influence whereas, ethanol concentration is not an essential factor. To release the maximum, an organosolv pre-treatment of this sub-strate should be carried out at 209.08°C for 47.60 min with an ethanol-water ratio of 24.02%. Organosolv pre-treatment is an effective process for delignification of the lignocellulosic structure.

Extraction, Production and Quality Evaluation of Margarine from Oil Extracted from Waste Biomass Peels of Avocado and Virgin Coconut Oil, Using Chitosan from Reared Shells as Preservative

The production and consumption of avocado pears generates tons of wastes, mainly the pear peels which are usually discarded, although they have been reported to contain important phyto-chemicals with biological activities. The adverse health effect associated with the consumption of saturated lipid based foods has ignited research on reformulation of lipid based foods to eliminate Trans Fatty Acids (TFAs). This study was thus aimed at the extraction and characterization of oil from Avocado Peels (APO) and evaluation of the quality of margarine produced from it. Five verities of pear were used for oil extraction by soxhlet method and physiochemical, oxidative, functional and antioxidant characterization was done. Margarines were formulated using a central composite design using oil blends of APO and Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) with an oil ratio of 10:90, 40:60, 70:30 respectively, varied blending speed, blending time, and chitosan concentration. Samples were characterized and the effect of process parameters on the physiochemical and functional properties of the margarine studied. Optimized conditions were used to produce samples for sensory evaluation. Color, spreadability, aroma, taste and general acceptability was evaluated using ranking difference test. The results showed that the yield, density, and iodine values of APOs oils ranged from 14.91 ± 0.18 to 11.76 ± 0.46;0.93 ± 0.001 to 0.99 ± 0.1;46.63 ± 1.70 to 52.4 ± 0.63, their acid values, TBA and PV values ranged from 1.42 ± 0.39 to 1.97 ± 0.5;0.11 ± 0.002 to 0.18 ± 0.04;and 2.72 ± 0.14 to 4.43 ± 0.36 respectively, with Brogdon avocado peel variety having the overall best properties prepared blends of trans-free APO margarines showed that increase in APO ratio decreased melting point, increased oxidative stability and reduced moisture content of margarine samples. Chitosan addition leads to decrease moisture content and increase functional properties. VCO lead to increase in phenolic and flavonoid content of the margarines. Samples were spreadable and palatable with R20 being most palatable and the most accepted being R26 with a mean score of 7.07 ± 0.70. Decrease in color intensity increased acceptability. This study therefore demonstrated that avocado peel waste biomass can be valorized by using it as raw material for oil extraction, which can serve as good material for the production of trans-free margarines with good oxidative stability, functional and antioxidant properties.

Physicochemical properties and biological activities of polysaccharides from the peel of Dioscorea opposita Thunb.extracted by four different methods

Polysaccharides are the important biologically active components found in the peel of Dioscorea opposita Thunb.(DTTP).The influences of 4 extraction methods,namely hot water extraction(W),acidic extraction(HA),hot-compressed water extraction(HCW)and enzyme-assisted extraction(EAE),on the yields,physicochemical properties,hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from DTTP were studied and compared.Among these DTTP polysaccharides,DTTP-HA was outstanding in several respects.DTTP-HA was the most water soluble;it had the highest total carbohydrate content(85.08%),the highest uronic acid(13.20%)and the highest thermal stability.DTTP-HA and DTTP-W possessed a triple-helix structure.These 4 kinds of polysaccharides have the same types of monosaccharides,but in different molar percentages.Extraction method had a significant impact on the microstructures of the extracted polysaccharides.DTT-HA exhibited irregular structure with many holes.Among the 4 extracted methods,the DTTP-HA and DTTP-W initially exhibited higher hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities.The better bioactivities of DTTP-HA may be related to the above factors.The findings indicated that acid extraction is an effective method to extract polysaccharides with high biological activities from DTTP.

Insights into flavonoid biosynthesis during cucumber fruit peel coloration based on metabolite profiling and transcriptome analyses

The fruit peel color is a crucial trait of cucumber.To better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying cucumber peel coloration,we compared the UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based flavonoid metabolomic and RNA sequencing-based transcriptomic profiling of the brown peeled cucumber line‘PW’at six developmental stages.A total of 210 flavonoid metabolites were identified.Of which,117 flavonoid metabolites were differentially accumulated.In this study,weighted gene co-expression network analysis combined with Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genomes enrichment analysis revealed key genes coding for seven enzymes and eight transcription factors(TFs)associated with flavonoid biosynthesis.Among them,the R2R3MYB CsaV3_4G001130 is the best candidate gene that is responsible for controlling mature fruit colors in cucumber.Sanger sequencing revealed one nonsynonymous SNP in the exon of CsaV3_4G001130 among the selected 11 cucumber lines,which introduced a premature stop codon,generating a truncated protein in pale yellow or creamy peeled fruits.Yeast two-hybrid assays showed a direct interaction of CsaV3_4G001130 with the bHLH TF CsaV3_1G002260 and the WD40 protein CsaV3_5G001800.However,the interactions were influenced by the nonsynonymous SNP we identified.Our finding revealed that the integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis further demonstrated that the abundance of some pigmented flavonoids(especially anthocyanins and chalcones)contributed to the coloration of‘PW’fruits.These findings pave the way for elucidation of flavonoid biosynthesis and improvement of cucumber peel color in the future.

A Preliminary Study on Consumer Sensory Evaluation and Acceptance of Pomelo Peel Jelly

Pomelo peel is a by-product from pomelo consumption, but it is also rich in a variety of nutrients and functional substances. In order to solve the environmental problems caused by the large amount of discarded pomelo peels every year, in this study, we recycled pomelo peels to make pomelo yellow peel jelly (PYPJ) and pomelo white peel jelly (PWPJ) according to their different characteristics in pomelo peels. And the consumer sensory evaluation (n = 50) was carried out to explore the consumers’ evaluation and acceptance for these two innovative products. The results showed that both jellies received high mean scores for all sensory attributes expect PYPJ’ taste, and the consumer acceptances of PYPJ and PWPJ were 62% and 92%, respectively. These results displayed that there is a need to further improve PYPJ, and PWPJ is a product recognized by consumers. .

THE GLOBAL LIPSCHITZ SOLUTION FOR A PEELING MODEL

This paper focusses on a peeling phenomenon governed by a nonlinear wave equation with a free boundary.Under the hypotheses that the total variation of the intial data and the boundary data are small,the global existence of a weak solution to the nonlinear problem(1.1)-(1.3)is proven by a modified Glimm scheme.The regularity of the peeling front is established,and the asymptotic behaviour of the obtained solution and the peeling front at infinity is also studied.

Characterization of Potential Cellulose from Hylocereus Polyrhizus(Dragon Fruit)peel:A Study on Physicochemical and Thermal Properties

The strict environmental regulations to overcome the drawbacks of consumption and disposal of non-renewable synthetic materials have motivated this investigation.The physical,chemical,morphological,and thermal properties of Hylocereus Polyrhizus peel(HPP)powder obtained from the raw materials were examined in this study.The physical properties analyzes of Hylocereus Polyrhizus peel(HPP)powder discovered that the moisture content,density,and water holding capacity were 9.70%,0.45 g/cm^(3),and 98.60%,respectively.Meanwhile,the chemical composition analysis of Hylocereus Polyrhizus peel(HPP)powder revealed that the powder was significantly high in cellulose contents(34.35%)from other bio-peel wastes.The crystallinity index of Hylocereus Polyrhizus peel(HPP)powder was 32.76%,according to further X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis.The thermal stability of Hylocereus Polyrhizus peel(HPP)powder was examined using thermogravimetric analysis(TGA)and found thermally stable at 204℃.The morphological study via scanning electron microscopy(SEM)showed a shriveled and irregular geometry surface.Hylocereus Polyrhizus peel(HPP)powder demonstrated the peak in the range representing the major functional groups responsible for pectin’s properties.Thus,the findings revealed that the Hylocereus Polyrhizus peel(HPP)powder has the potential for the development of biodegradable and renewable materials.

Methanolic pomegranate dried peel extract improves cryopreserved semen quality and antioxidant capacity of rams

Objective:To select the appropriate concentrations of methanolic pomegranate extract supplemented in rams’semen extender for obtaining the best-cryopreserved semen quality.Methods:Tris-based semen extender was supplemented with 0.0,0.40,0.48,and 0.56 mg/mL pomegranate peel methanolic extract to extend semen collected from five native rams twice weekly for two months(n=80).Pooled(n=16)post-thaw semen characteristics were determined.Thawed seminal plasma of all supplemented and control groups were used to measure malondialdehyde(MDA),nitric oxide(NO),glutathione peroxidase(GPx),superoxide dismutase(SOD),ascorbic acid,zinc,copper,total cholesterol,low-density lipoproteins(LDL),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),and alkaline phosphatase(ALP).Results:The supplementation of Tris-based semen extender with 0.48 mg/mL semen extender resulted in the highest post-thaw sperm total motility(P<0.001),sperm progressive motility(P<0.001),live sperm(P<0.001),sperm plasma membrane integrity(P<0.001),acrosome integrity(P<0.001),SOD(P<0.05),zinc(P<0.001),total cholesterol(P<0.001),and LDL(P<0.001)with the lowest percentage of abnormal sperm morphology(P<0.001),the lowest lipid peroxidation(MDA,P<0.01),ascorbic acid(P>0.05),and LDH(P>0.05).Conclusions:Pomegranate peel methanolic extract 0.48 mg/mL supplemented to Tris-based semen extender of rams is the best enrichment in preserving the sperm post-thaw characteristics via improving biochemical profiles and antioxidant capacity.

Optimization of Extraction Conditions of Pomegranate Peel Polyphenols and Its Protective Effect on Acute Alcoholic Liver Injury in Mice

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the optimization of ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction of pomegranate peel polyphenols(PPPs),and to study the protective effect of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.[Methods]The optimal extraction conditions of PPPs were determined by single factor and orthogonal experiments,and an acute alcoholic liver injury model in mice was established.Bifendate was used as the positive control group to investigate the protective effect of low,medium and high doses of PPPs on acute alcoholic liver injury.[Results]The optimum extraction process parameters were followed as 60%ethanol concentration,solid-liquid ratio of 1:40(w/v),extraction temperature of 50℃,and extraction time of 1.5 h,and the yield was 1.42%.The results of animal experiments showed that PPPs could effectively reduce the degree of alcoholic liver injury in mice,reduce the levels of serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT)and aspartate aminotransferase(AST),and reduce the inflammation and necrosis of liver tissue in mice.Meanwhile,the total polyphenols from pomegranate peel also significantly reduced the expression levels of malondialdehyde(MDA),tumor necrosis factor(TNF-α)and interleukin-6(IL-6)in mice,and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase(SOD)and reduced glutathione(GSH)in liver tissue of mice,indicating its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects,further illustrating its protective effect on alcoholic liver injury.[Conclusions]PPPs could reduce the expression levels of TNF-α,IL-6 and MDA in mice,and increase the expression levels of SOD and GSH to achieve the protective effect on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice.This study will provide new ideas for the development of new anti-alcoholic liver injury drug resources.

Comparative Study of Biogas Production from Jackfruit Waste, Banana Peels, and Pineapple Peels Co-Digested with Cow Dung

Only 42% of Uganda’s population has access to electricity. The population continues to use firewood and charcoal as a source of energy, which leads to depletion of forests thus to climate change. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of biogas production from jackfruit waste, banana peels, and pineapple peels when co-digested with cow dung as an alternative energy source. Substrates for each waste were co-digested with varying proportions (0%, 25%, and 50%) of cow dung using laboratory-scale 250 mL anaerobic digestors. The total biogas generation for jackfruit waste, banana peels, and pineapple peels after 30 days of anaerobic digestion was 82.3, 189, and 262 mL, respectively. When jack fruit waste, pineapple peels and banana peels were co-digested with 25% cow dung, the total amount of biogas produced increased by a factor of two and three, respectively. However, 50% of cow dung only significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved for jack fruit waste by two folds. Therefore, the results indicated that jackfruit waste, banana and pineapple peels can be used for biogas production to augment energy supply. .

Optimization of extraction of polyphenols from pomegranate peel by orthogonal experiment design and antioxidant activity

The aim of this study was to investigate the extraction process and antioxidant activity of polyphenols from Yunnan Mengzi pomegranate peel.Single factor and orthogonal test were used as optimize the extract rate(ER)of polyphenols from pomegranate peel(PGP).The polyphenols antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH·,·OH and total reducing ability,and compared with that of Vc.The optimum extraction conditions of polyphenols were as follows:ethanol concentration of 50%,liquid-solid ratio of 50:1,extraction temperature of 90°C,extraction for 4 h.Under these conditions,the ER of polyphenols from GPG was 8.15%.The results showed that the scavenging effects of polyphenols and Vc on DPPH·,·OH increased with increasing concentration,and the scavenging effect of polyphenols on DPPH·was higher than Vc in rang of 0.1-1.6µg/mL.When the concentration is greater than 0.6µg/mL,the scavenging effects of plyphenols on·OH is higher than Vc.The total reducing ability of polyphenols from PGP improved with the increase of concentration,and when the concentration was 8µg/mL,the total reducing ability was 114 U/mL.

Peel-away塑料薄膜鞘结合输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗女性输尿管中下段复杂性结石的临床应用价值

目的:探讨Peel-away塑料薄膜鞘结合输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗女性输尿管中下段复杂性结石的临床应用价值。方法:选取2014年5月-2018年5月期间收治的输尿管中下段复杂性结石患者84例,均为女性,根据随机数表法随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各42例,其中对照组患者给予输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗,观察组患者采用Peel-away塑料薄膜鞘结合输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗,比较两组患者碎石成功率,观察两组患者手术相关指标(手术取石时间、出血量、术后住院时间、住院费用),对两组患者肾功能相关指标(SCr、BUN、IgG)进行比较,并观察两组患者并发症发生情况。结果:经过比较,观察组患者碎石成功率和碎石清除率均高于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组患者取石时间、出血量、住院时间、住院费用均明显少于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者SCr、BUN、IgG差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组肾功能指标均降低,且观察组SCr、BUN、IgG降低程度更加明显,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组并发症发生率差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:Peel-away塑料薄膜鞘建立桥鞘通道可改善女性输尿管中下段复杂性结石患者肾功能指标,降低术中出血量、住院时间等指标,且并发症较少,值得临床进一步推广。

PEEL预后指数评估急性心肌梗死危险程度的护理意义

对307例AMI病人采用PEEL预后指数评分方法进行评分,并进行危险程度分级。结果 AMI的病人PEEL预后指数越大,危险程度越高,住院早期病死率越高。随着年龄的增加,既往史、休克、心力衰竭、ECG异常和心律失常程度的加重,AMI病人住院早期病死率亦随之增加,差异有显著性意义(均P<0.01)。提示AMI病人PEEL预后指数与住院早期病死率密切相关,是判断AMI预后简便而可靠的方法。

Peeling与韦登斯基现象

在房室超常传导受到普遍怀疑之后,韦登斯基现象往往被认为是真正的房室超常传导。这一认识是否符合实验和临床电生理研究的结果?本文作一客观的讨论。韦登斯基现象回顾 1986年韦登斯基在神经—肌肉标本上发现,对神经作阈下刺激,肌肉无反应。然而对神经作强刺激引起肌肉收缩后,原来的阈下刺激此时也能引起肌肉收缩,即所谓韦登斯基效应(Wedensky effect)。

Peel预后指数及Norris预后指数对估计急性心肌梗塞病人预后的价值

用 Peel 预后指数及 Norris 预后指数对我院住院急性心肌梗塞80例进行评分,探讨这两套预后指数在 AMI 病人近期预后估计方面的意义。结果提示:Peel 预后指数及 Norris 预后指数平均28天实际死亡率与标准死亡率呈良好相关性(γ分别为0.956和0.977)。因此,我们认为:Peel 预后指数和 Norris 预后指数选用项目容易取得,不需要复杂检查和昂贵的设备、结果可靠,具有实际应用价值,可以作为一般医院住院的 AMI 病人的预后判断的临床依据。

经peel-away鞘输尿管镜下铥激光治疗小儿膀胱尿路上皮癌1例并文献复习

目的报告经peel-away鞘输尿管镜下铥激光治疗小儿膀胱尿路上皮癌1例,并结合文献探讨儿童膀胱尿路上皮癌的诊治要点。方法回顾性分析赣南医学院第一附属医院泌尿外科2019年8月收治的1例膀胱尿路上皮癌患儿的临床资料。患儿确诊为膀胱肿瘤后,于全麻下行经peel-away鞘输尿管镜下铥激光膀胱肿瘤整块切除术,并随访其复发情况。结果患儿手术过程顺利,手术时间20 min,术中估计出血量约5 ml。术后病理诊断:膀胱低级别非肌层浸润性乳头状尿路上皮癌。术后定期膀胱灌注化疗,随访16个月,肿瘤无复发,尿道无狭窄。结论经peel-away鞘输尿管镜下铥激光治疗小儿膀胱低级别非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌安全可行。