Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside alleviates trimethyltin chloride-induced neurodegeneration by maintaining glutamate homeostasis through modulation of the gut microbiota

Trimethyltin chloride(TMT)is a potent neurotoxin to cause neurodegeneration,especially in hippocampus.This study aimed to identify dietary components that can effectively attenuate TMT-induced neurodegeneration in humans.The predominant anthocyanin in human diets,cyanidin-3-O-glucoside(C3G,5 or 50 mg/kg),was given to mice for 16 days,and TMT(2.7 mg/kg)was injected intraperitoneally once on the eighth day.C3G(50 mg/kg)significantly alleviated TMT-induced seizures and subsequent cognitive impairment by ameliorating hippocampal neurodegeneration and synaptic dysfunction.Furthermore,C3G treatment restored glutamate homeostasis in brain and reversed glutamine synthetase(GS)inhibition in reactive astrogliosis and neuroinflammation,which are critical for C3G's neuroprotective effects.Notably,C3G decreased the lipopolysaccharide,tumor necrosis factor-α,interleukin-6,and interleukin-1βlevels in the mice,which potentially by modulating the relative abundance of Atopobiaceae and Lachnospiraceae in the gut.C3G may be a promising and practical dietary component for reducing TMT-induced neurodegeneration.

Synergistic effects of alginate oligosaccharide and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside on the amelioration of intestinal barrier function in mice

Emerging evidence shows that dietary oligosaccharides are important prebiotics that can improve intestinal flora,while dietary polyphenols can act directly on intestinal cells.However,information about their synergistic effects on gut health is still limited.In this study,alginate oligosaccharide(AOS)and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside(C3G)were selected as a common marine plant oligosaccharide and terrestrial plant polyphenol,respectively,to study their effects on intestinal health.The results show that,in comparison to their individual applications,the combination of AOS and C3G(mass ratio,3:1)displayed a stronger ability to up-regulate the expression of tight junction proteins,while enhanced intestinal epithelial barrier was also observed and levels of mucin-2 andβ-defensins were simultaneously increased in the intestinal mucus.Interestingly,the secretion of immunoglobulin A and immune-related cytokines were approximately doubled by the AOS+C3G mixture.In addition,the AOS+C3G mixture was found to be more conducive to the positive transformation of intestinal flora,which stimulated the growth of beneficial bacteria Akkermansia,Lachnospiraceae and Feacalibaculum while inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria Helicobacter and Turicibacter.The data generated herein thus suggests that dietary oligosaccharides and dietary polyphenols may be more beneficial to intestinal health when applied in combination than their individual effects alone.

反相高效液相色谱法测定草莓天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的含量

为了测定草莓中天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的含量,建立了一种反相高效液相色谱法。采用Waters Symmetry C18色谱柱（5μm,4.6 mm×150 mm）,流动相A为10%甲酸,流动相B为乙腈。线性梯度洗脱设计为：0～13 min,乙腈为0～20%,20 min,乙腈为40%,25 min,乙腈为0。检测波长为520 nm,进样量为每针20μL,柱温25℃,流速为1 mL·min^-1。结果表明,天竺葵素-3-O-葡萄糖苷在浓度为0.25～20μg·mL^-1范围内有良好的线性关系,线性回归方程为y=71 859x＋13 792,相关系数为0.9993,回收率为98.29%～102.69%,相对偏差3.03。本测定方法简便、准确、快速、稳定,适合于测定草莓及其他蔬菜水果中天竺葵素-3-O葡萄糖苷的含量。

超高压处理对天竺葵-3-葡萄糖苷辅色反应的影响

通过测定不同超高压处理条件下儿茶素、芥子酸和阿魏酸与天竺葵-3-葡萄糖苷辅色反应后溶液的吸收光谱及强度,研究不同压力(0.1、50、300、500 MPa)、pH值(1.5、3.6)、温度(20、60℃)、反应时间(5、30min)和天竺葵与多酚浓度比(1∶1、1∶10)对辅色效果的影响规律。结果表明,天竺葵-多酚复合物在pH=1.5溶液中吸光度高于pH=3.6时,儿茶素辅色效果最好,其次为芥子酸和阿魏酸。多因素方差分析结果表明:pH值、压力、时间对儿茶素辅色作用影响显著;温度、浓度对儿茶素辅色反应影响不显著;pH值对芥子酸和阿魏酸辅色反应影响显著;温度、压力、时间和天竺葵与多酚浓度比对辅色作用影响不显著。

Rapid determination of quercetin-3'-O-glucoside in rat plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A method for the quantification of quercetin-3’-O-glucoside in rat plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry（HPLC-MS/MS） was developed and validated.Along with internal standard（carbamazepine）,quercetin-3’-O-glucoside was extracted from plasma samples by simple liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate.The mass spectrometry detection was set in multiple reaction monitoring（MRM） mode via positive electrospray ionization（ESI）.The chromatographic run time was 3.5 min per sample.The calibration curves were linear（r^2 = 0.9992） with a lower limit of quantification（LLOQ） of 10.625 ng/mL,and the limit of detection（LOD） was 4.25 ng/mL.The intra-and inter-day precision and accuracy,in terms of relative standard deviation（RSD）,were all lower than 10.44%.The recovery rate of the analyte and internal standard were higher than 66.80%.After intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg quercetin-3’-O-glucoside,the t1/2 and AUC were（0.02±0.01） h and（1.22±0.28）×10^4 μg/L·h.The method is accurate,stable and sensitive,which is suitable for the pharmacokinetic study of quercetin-3’-O-glucoside in rats.

草莓中短波红外干燥动力学拟合及品质变化分析

为了提高草莓干燥效率及产品品质,将中短波红外干燥技术应用于草莓干燥,研究不同干燥温度（60、70、80和90℃）和不同干燥功率（675、1125、1575和2025 W）条件下的干燥特性和品质变化。草莓中短波红外干燥属于降速干燥过程,干燥速度快,且干燥温度较干燥功率影响显著;水分有效扩散系数范围为0.607×10^-9-2.126×10^-9m^2/s,草莓中短波红外干燥的活化能Ea为39.54 k J/mol;通过模型拟合,表明最适合描述草莓中短波红外干燥的模型为Page模型。在干燥温度70℃,干燥功率1 125 W,干燥时间190 min下,草莓产品的色泽较好,复水比为3.59,硬度为3 128.01 N,VC的含量达到了259.93 mg/100 g,矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷的含量为0.23 mg/100 g,天竺葵素-3葡萄糖苷的含量为2.79 mg/100 g,草莓的综合品质较好。

超高效液相色谱法测定矮牵牛中花青苷含量

在参考HPLC条件的基础上,探讨了不同溶剂、洗脱条件、检测波长等对花青苷UPLC定量检测的影响,并对试验方法进行选择,确定植物花青苷快速检测方法.研究表明矮牵牛中花青苷经0.1 mol/L盐酸甲醇提取,加入等体积10％甲酸水经0.45 μm滤膜过滤后即可进行UPLC测定.通过洗脱条件的优化可在8 min内实现3种花青苷的分离,此方法矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷和天竺葵素-3-葡萄糖苷在0.625～25mg/L的范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关性好（r＞0.999）,相对标准偏差为1.984％～3.850％,样品加标回收率为62.1％～100.3％,最低检出限可达0.2 mg/L;飞燕草素在2.5～50 mg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为o.998,最低检出限为0.9mg/L.矮牵牛红色品系‘9702＇中（鲜重）的花青苷含量可达530.527mg/kg.

萝卜红花色苷的高效液相色谱法测定

建立了高效液相色谱法测定萝bE色素中天竺葵-3—O-葡萄糖苷含量的方法。样品用甲醇溶解，净化后用高效液相色谱分析。结果显示，选择合适的流动相可以获得较好的分离效果。实验采用UltimateXB—C18色谱柱（4．6mm×250mm×5μm），乙腈-5％甲酸溶液（体积比24：76）为流动相，流速1．0mL／min，柱温为25℃，紫外检测波长为525nm，进样量为10μL。实验表明，天竺葵-3-O-葡萄糖苷在0．01～0．10g／L范围内线性关系良好，r=0．999，平均加标回收率为97％～100％，检出限为0．0025g／L。方法灵敏、准确、样品处理简单，适用于萝卜红色素中花色苷含量的测定。

Isolation of three cyanins from Lonicera caerulea L. fruits and its anticancer activity

Lonicera caerulea L.fruit is an excellent source of bioactive compounds.An efficient separation method of cyanins is important for the development of many value-added products and functional food ingredients.High-speed counter-current chromatography(HSCCC) was applied to isolate cyanins from Lonicera caerulea fruits with a biphasic solvent system composed of methyl tert-butyl ether/n-butanol/acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid(2:2:1:5:0.01,volume ratio).1.41 mg of cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside,1.08 mg of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside and 6.38 mg of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside were obtained from 40 mg of crude extract.The purities of these compounds were 95.8%,92.4% and 97.6%,respectively,as identified by high-performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection(HPLC-DAD) and high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometryn(HPLC-ESI/MSn).In addition,the dominant anthocyanin,cyanidin 3-O-glucoside was demonstrated cytotoxic response of human hepatocarcinoma SMMC-7721 cells,inducing live cancer cell apoptotic by flow cytometric analysis.

五指山蓝叶中的一种花青甙

<正> 五指山蓝(Peristophe lanceolaria (Roxb.) Nees)系爵床科九头狮子草属植物,分布在缅甸、越南及我国的海南岛和云南西双版纳一带。在我国民间将其叶的水提物与糯米一起煮成紫色饭食用已有悠久的历史,故又称“染饭花”。郑惠兰等已做了有关栽培繁殖技术、色素提取、性能、食用安全性以及应用等方面的试验。王婉瑜等做的毒性试验表明五指山蓝叶的水提物是一种比较安全的食品色素。为了研究其色素成分,我们对其植物叶的水提物(红色素-1号)中的红色素进行了研究,经提取、MCI Gel(CHP 20P)柱层析、纤维素薄层制备层析分离到一种色素成分(1),经UV、颜色反应及其全乙酰化物的MS、~1H NMR等鉴定为天竺葵宁-3-β-葡萄糖甙(pelargonidin-3-β-glucoside)。

Health benefits of black rice——A review

Rice has been a staple food across the globe since time immemorial.Generally,different types of rice,such as white,purple,red,brown,and black rice,are named following the physical appearance of the rice bran.The color of the rice bran differs due to the presence of pigments in the rice varieties.Apart from general uses like cooking and fodder for cattle,rice has also been extensively involved in the field of medicine,some of which have been scientifically addressed.Although pigmented rice varieties have a history of heritage and are admired all over the world,awareness concerning the benefits of consuming these types of rice is limited.The main theme of this research article is to define the scientifically proven medicinal properties of black rice.The health properties of black rice are experimentally renowned,and gathered empirical data regarding the physiological and pharmacological activity of black rice remarkably supports the use of black rice in nutritional therapy.

利用秀丽线虫糖/脂损伤模型快速鉴定4种天然产物的修复功效

高糖、高脂饮食会导致各种慢性代谢疾病。以野生型秀丽线虫N2为研究对象,通过分别喂食100 mmol/L蔗糖和100μg/mL硬脂酸,构建糖/脂损伤秀丽线虫模型。利用此模型分析日常膳食中的4种天然活性成分——胡椒碱、贝萼皂苷元、芍药色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷、天竺葵素-3-O-芸香糖苷对糖/脂损伤线虫的修复作用。结果:1)对糖损伤线虫,500μg/mL胡椒碱和1 000μg/mL天竺葵素-3-O-芸香糖苷有较好的修复作用,产卵总量分别提高25%和4.6%,线虫第4天的身长分别提高了16.84%和0.98%,寿命分别延长了8.1%和3.19%;1 000μg/mL芍药色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷对其生殖能力和生长发育有较好的修复作用,产卵总量提高了55.81%,而寿命缩短了22.57%;贝萼皂苷元具有显著的破坏作用。2)对脂损伤线虫,500μg/mL胡椒碱、500μg/mL贝萼皂苷元和500μg/mL芍药色素-3-O-葡萄糖苷均有一定修复作用,子代总量分别提高18.41%,13.41%和29.17%,线虫第3天的身长分别提高6.59%,3.19%和10.98%,寿命分别延长15.4%,2.84%和10.46%;天竺葵素-3-O-芸香糖苷对其生殖能力和生长发育有较好的修复作用,而不影响寿命。实验结果表明:4种天然产物对糖/脂损伤均有一定修复作用。此模型可作为快速鉴定天然产物对糖脂损伤修复作用的一种简单、可行的技术手段。

Effect of Postharvest Methyl Jasmonate Treatment on Early-Matured “Hass” Avocado Fruit Exocarp Colour Development during Ripening

Poor exocarp colour development is a common postharvest problem for early harvested “Hass” avocado fruit during ripening, which affects fruit quality and consumer preference. Therefore, measures to improve “Hass” avocado fruit colour developments are of great importance in the industry. This study investigated the effectiveness of postharvest methyl jasmonate treatment to improve early matured “Hass” avocado fruit exocarp colour during ripening. The results showed that T1 (10 μmol∙L−1) and T2 (100 μmol∙L−1) MeJA treatment increased visual colour, and decreased objective colour parameters (L*, C* and h˚) during ripening when compared with control fruit. Moreover, MeJA treated “Hass” avocado fruits had lower total chlorophyll content and higher total anthocyanin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside concentration during ripening. In conclusion, “Hass” avocado fruit post-harvest treated with either T1 (10 μmol∙L−1) or T2 (100 μmol∙L−1) MeJA concentration improved exocarp quality attributes such as colour parameters (L*, C* h˚ and visual colour) and pigments (total anthocyanin and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside) during ripening, therefore, can be recommended for avocado fruit.

鲜竹沥正丁醇部位化学成分研究

目的研究鲜竹沥正丁醇部位的化学成分。方法运用正相和反相硅胶、凝胶以及制备液相色谱方法进行分离纯化,并根据理化性质、波谱数据鉴定化合物的结构。结果从鲜竹沥正丁醇部位分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为sachaliside 1(1)、(Z)-4-hydroxycinnamylalcohol4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2)、β-hydroxypropiovanillone-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(3)、dihydro-p-coumaryl alcohol γ-O-glucoside(4)、(+)-南烛木树脂酚-3α-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(5)、tortoside B(6)、丁香脂素-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(7)、5,5′-二甲氧基落叶松树脂醇-4′-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(8)、2,4,6-三甲氧基苯酚-1-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖(9)、苯甲醇-β-D-葡萄糖苷(10)、(1′R)-1′-(4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯基)-1-丙醇-4-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(11)、erythro-2,3-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-butoxypropan1-1-ol(12)、threo-2,3-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-butoxypropan1-1-ol(13)、丁香脂素(14)、lirioresinol-A(15)、(E)-p-coumaryl alcoholγ-O-methyl ether(16)。结论其中化合物2~4、6、10~13、15、16为首次从鲜竹沥中分离得到,并通过二维核磁谱补充了化合物4的碳谱数据。