The Extended Non-Elementary Amplitude Functions as Solutions to the Damped Pendulum Equation, the Van der Pol Equation, the Damped Duffing Equation, the Lienard Equation and the Lorenz Equations

In this paper, we define some non-elementary amplitude functions that are giving solutions to some well-known second-order nonlinear ODEs and the Lorenz equations, but not the chaos case. We are giving the solutions a name, a symbol and putting them into a group of functions and into the context of other functions. These solutions are equal to the amplitude, or upper limit of integration in a non-elementary integral that can be arbitrary. In order to define solutions to some short second-order nonlinear ODEs, we will make an extension to the general amplitude function. The only disadvantage is that the first derivative to these solutions contains an integral that disappear at the second derivation. We will also do a second extension: the two-integral amplitude function. With this extension we have the solution to a system of ODEs having a very strange behavior. Using the extended amplitude functions, we can define solutions to many short second-order nonlinear ODEs.

Complex Dynamics in Physical Pendulum Equation with Suspension Axis Vibrations

The physical pendulum equation with suspension axis vibrations is investigated. By using Melnikov＇s method, we prove the conditions for the existence of chaos under periodic perturbations. By using second-order averaging method and Melinikov＇s method, we give the conditions for the existence of chaos in an averaged system under quasi-periodic perturbations for Ω = nω ＋ εv, n = 1 - 4, where ν is not rational to ω. We are not able to prove the existence of chaos for n = 5 - 15, but show the chaotic behavior for n = 5 by numerical simulation. By numerical simulation we check on our theoretical analysis and further exhibit the complex dynamical behavior, including the bifurcation and reverse bifurcation from period-one to period-two orbits; the onset of chaos, the entire chaotic region without periodic windows, chaotic regions with complex periodic windows or with complex quasi-periodic windows; chaotic behaviors suddenly disappearing, or converting to period-one orbit which means that the system can be stabilized to periodic motion by adjusting bifurcation parameters α, δ, f0 and Ω; and the onset of invariant torus or quasi-periodic behaviors, the entire invariant torus region or quasi-periodic region without periodic window, quasi-periodic behaviors or invariant torus behaviors suddenly disappearing or converting to periodic orbit; and the jumping behaviors which including from period- one orbit to anther period-one orbit, from quasi-periodic set to another quasi-periodic set; and the interleaving occurrence of chaotic behaviors and invariant torus behaviors or quasi-periodic behaviors; and the interior crisis; and the symmetry breaking of period-one orbit; and the different nice chaotic attractors. However, we haven＇t find the cascades of period-doubling bifurcations under the quasi-periodic perturbations and show the differences of dynamical behaviors and technics of research between the periodic perturbations and quasi-periodic perturbations.

Bifurcations of Resonant Solutions and Chaos in Physical Pendulum Equation with Suspension Axis Vibrations

This paper is a continuation of ＂Complex Dynamics in Physical Pendulum Equation with Suspension Axis Vibrations＂[1].In this paper,we investigate the existence and the bifurcations of resonant solution for ω0：ω：Ω ≈ 1：1：n,1：2：n,1：3：n,2：1：n and 3：1：n by using second-order averaging method,give a criterion for the existence of resonant solution for ω0：ω：Ω ≈ 1：m：n by using Melnikov＇s method and verify the theoretical analysis by numerical simulations.By numerical simulation,we expose some other interesting dynamical behaviors including the entire invariant torus region,the cascade of invariant torus behaviors,the entire chaos region without periodic windows,chaotic region with complex periodic windows,the entire period-one orbits region;the jumping behaviors including invariant torus behaviors converting to period-one orbits,from chaos to invariant torus behaviors or from invariant torus behaviors to chaos,from period-one to chaos,from invariant torus behaviors to another invariant torus behaviors;the interior crisis;and the different nice invariant torus attractors and chaotic attractors.The numerical results show the difference of dynamical behaviors for the physical pendulum equation with suspension axis vibrations between the cases under the three frequencies resonant condition and under the periodic/quasi-periodic perturbations.It exhibits many invariant torus behaviors under the resonant conditions.We find a lot of chaotic behaviors which are different from those under the periodic/quasi-periodic perturbations.However,we did not find the cascades of period-doubling bifurcation.

The Sufficient and Necessary Condition of Lagrange Stability of Quasi-periodic Pendulum Type Equations

The quasi-periodic pendulum type equations are considered. A sufficient and necessary condition of Lagrange stability for this kind of equations is obtained. The result obtained answers a problem proposed by Moser under the quasi-periodic case.

THE SOLUTIONS OF FORCED PENDULUMS EQUATION WITH SMALL DAMPING

We prove the existence of an arbitrarily large number of periodic solutions of pendulum equation with small damping.

Optimal analytical and numerical approximations to the(un)forced(un)damped parametric pendulum oscillator

The(un)forced(un)damped parametric pendulum oscillator(PPO)is analyzed analytically and numerically using some simple,effective,and more accurate techniques.In the first technique,the ansatz method is employed for analyzing the unforced damped PPO and for deriving some optimal and accurate analytical approximations in the form of angular Mathieu functions.In the second approach,some approximations to(un)forced damped PPO are obtained in the form of trigonometric functions using the ansatz method.In the third approach,He’s frequency-amplitude principle is applied for deriving some approximations to the(un)damped PPO.In the forth approach,He’s homotopy technique is employed for analyzing the forced(un)damped PPO numerically.In the fifth approach,the p-solution Method,which is constructed based on Krylov–Bogoliúbov Mitropolsky method,is introduced for deriving an approximation to the forced damped PPO.In the final approach,the hybrid Padé-finite difference method is carried out for analyzing the damped PPO numerically.All proposed techniques are compared to the fourth-order Runge–Kutta(RK4)numerical solution.Moreover,the global maximum residual distance error is estimated for checking the accuracy of the obtained approximations.The proposed methodologies and approximations can help many researchers in studying and investigating several nonlinear phenomena related to the oscillations that can arise in various branches of science,e.g.waves and oscillations in plasma physics.